...Accounting Concepts MODULE - 1 Basic Accounting 2 ACCOUNTING CONCEPTS In the previous lesson, you have studied the meaning and nature of business transactions and objectives of financial accounting. In order to maintain uniformity and consistency in preparing and maintaining books of accounts, certain rules or principles have been evolved. These rules/principles are classified as concepts and conventions. These are foundations of preparing and maintaining accounting records. In this lesson we shall learn about various accounting concepts, their meaning and significance. Notes OBJECTIVES After studying this lesson, you will be able to : explain the term accounting concept; explain the meaning and significance of various accounting concepts : Business Entity, Money Measurement, Going Concern, Accounting Period, Cost Concept, Duality Aspect concept, Realisation Concept, Accrual Concept and Matching Concept. 2.1 MEANING AND BUSINESS ENTITY CONCEPT Let us take an example. In India there is a basic rule to be followed by everyone that one should walk or drive on his/her left hand side of the road. It helps in the smooth flow of traffic. Similarly, there are certain rules that an accountant should follow while recording business transactions and preparing accounts. These may be termed as accounting concept. Thus, this can be said that : Accounting concept refers to the basic assumptions and rules and principles which work as the basis of recording of business transactions...
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...Accounting Concepts MODULE - 1 Basic Accounting 2 ACCOUNTING CONCEPTS In the previous lesson, you have studied the meaning and nature of business transactions and objectives of financial accounting. In order to maintain uniformity and consistency in preparing and maintaining books of accounts, certain rules or principles have been evolved. These rules/principles are classified as concepts and conventions. These are foundations of preparing and maintaining accounting records. In this lesson we shall learn about various accounting concepts, their meaning and significance. Notes OBJECTIVES After studying this lesson, you will be able to : explain the term accounting concept; explain the meaning and significance of various accounting concepts : Business Entity, Money Measurement, Going Concern, Accounting Period, Cost Concept, Duality Aspect concept, Realisation Concept, Accrual Concept and Matching Concept. 2.1 MEANING AND BUSINESS ENTITY CONCEPT Let us take an example. In India there is a basic rule to be followed by everyone that one should walk or drive on his/her left hand side of the road. It helps in the smooth flow of traffic. Similarly, there are certain rules that an accountant should follow while recording business transactions and preparing accounts. These may be termed as accounting concept. Thus, this can be said that : Accounting concept refers to the basic assumptions and rules and principles which work as the basis of recording of business transactions...
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...ACCOUNTING CONCEPTS AND CONVENTIONS INTRODUCTION In all activities (whether business activities or non-business activities) and in all organizations (whether business organizations like a manufacturing entity or trading entity or non-business organizations like schools, colleges, hospitals, libraries,clubs,temples, political parties) which require money and other economic resources, accounting is required to account for these resources. In other words, wherever money is involved, accounting is required to account for it. Accounting is often called the language of business. The basic function of any language is to serve as a means of communication. Accounting serves this function and much more. Accounting is an art of recording, classifying, analyzing and summarizing in a significant manner and in terms of money, transactions and events which are in part, at least, of a financial character, and interpreting and communicating the results thereof. There are certain guidelines and practices that are followed while recording transactions and in preparing financial statements. Such guidelines and practices have been developed on the basis of globally accepted accounting standards. Such principles are called Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP). GAAP’s foundation is built on the basic principles of accounting concepts, conventions and accounting standards. Accounting principles refers to certain rules, procedures and conventions which represent a consensus view by...
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...Principles of Accounting: Volume I Principles of Accounting: Volume I Editor-in-Chief: Steve Wainwright Sponsoring Editor: Christina Ganim Director of Editorial Technology: Peter Galuardi Development Editors: Denis Ralling and Dan Moneypenny Assistant Editor: Nick Devine Editorial Assistant: Laura Wilson Media Editor: Kimberly Purcell Composition: Lachina Publishing Services Cover Image: © T-Pool/Stock4B/Corbis ISBN-10: 1-62178-014-7 ISBN-13: 978-1-62178-014-4 Copyright © 2012, Bridgepoint Education, Inc. All rights reserved. GRANT OF PERMISSION TO PRINT: Bridgepoint Education, Inc., the copyright owner of this material, hereby grants the holder of this publication the right to print these materials for personal use. The holder of this material may print the materials herein for personal use only. Any print, reprint, reproduction or distribution of these materials for commercial use without the express written consent of Bridgepoint Education, Inc. constitutes a violation of the Copyright Law of the United States of 1976 (P.L. 94-553). Brief Contents Chapter 1: Introduction to Accounting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Chapter 2: The Accounting System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Chapter 3: Income Measurement and the Accounting Cycle . . . . . . . 53 Chapter 4: Cash, Receivables, and Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....
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...CHAPTER 2 Generally Accepted Accounting Principles Introduction Need of Accounting Principles Generally Accepted Accounting Principles Characteristics of Accounting Principles Objectivity Application Reliability Feasibility Understandability Accounting Concepts Separate Entity Concept Money Measurement Concept Dual Aspect Concept Going Concern Concept Cost Concept Period Accounting Period Concept Periodic Matching of Costs and Revenues Concept Realisation Concept Accounting Conventions Conservatism Consistency Materiality Full Disclosure Your Check Your Understanding Descriptive Questions Interview Questions Accounting for Managers 24 2.1 INTRODUCTION Accounting is the language of business. When we speak in any language, our intention is our ideas are to be understood by others. Language can be understood only when words used by us convey the same meaning to the listener. Both the speaker and listener should mean the same for the words used. Equally, every language has grammar of its own. When we write or speak, we follow the principles of grammar. Similar is the case with accounting. Most of the activities, be it official, social or personal, are guided by a set of certain rules or conventions. Some of the conventions are as follows: ♦ In India, we always drive on the left hand side of the road. ♦ Overtaking the vehicle, either two-wheeler or four-wheeler, is to be made on the right side, alone. ♦ As a citizen of India...
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...Basis Accounting: Under the accrual basis accounting, business transactions specifically those relating to income and expenses are recognized and recorded in the books the moment the substance of the transaction has been perfected. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) prefers that financial statements are based entirely on the accrual basis accounting instead of the cash basis accounting. In its simplest terms, the accrual basis accounting assumes that income is recognized when earned regardless of the date of payment. On the other hand, expenses are recorded when incurred regardless of whether it was paid in cash or in credit terms. Going Concern Assumption: Every financial statement reports a business firm’s capacity and performance based on the understanding that the business will continue its operations indefinitely – except if there is evidence that the business firm will close its operations in the near future. A business firm whose status is going concern reports assets based on their historical value. Similarly, assets carry a book value equivalent to the difference between their historical value and accumulated depreciation. Under this assumption, market values are ignored as the business firm will continue operating indefinitely. Accounting Entity Assumption: Basically, the accounting entity assumption is the same as the business entity principle. In this system, a business firm is considered a separate and distinct entity from its owner. The accounting entity...
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...Table of Contents 1.1 Accounting Concepts Definition............................................................................................... 2 1.1.1 Business Entity Concept ........................................................................................................ 5 1.1.2 Money Measurement Concept ............................................................................................... 6 1.1.3 Going Concern Concept ......................................................................................................... 8 1.1.4 Accounting Cost Concept .................................................................................................... 10 1.1.5 Accounting Period Concept ................................................................................................. 11 1.1.6 Realization Concept ............................................................................................................. 12 1.1.7 Materiality Concept ............................................................................................................. 13 1.1.8 Accruals Concept ................................................................................................................. 14 1.1.9 Dual Aspect Concept ........................................................................................................... 15 1.1.10 Matching Concept .....................................................................................................
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...Financial Accounting ACCT212 – Week 1 Live Lecture Goals of this Week’s Lecture • Present you with the information you need to begin succeeding in Financial Accounting • Provide a forum for question and answer regarding this week’s material • Begin satisfying our weekly TCO and key concepts ACCT212 Week 1 Lecture 2 How to be Successful? • All the information you need to be successful in this course comes from four primary sources: 1. 2. 3. 4. Your textbook eCollege This lecture, and Your instructor ACCT212 Week 1 Lecture 3 Financial Accounting – Week 1 • • • • • • • • • • Terminal Course Objective for the Week Key Concepts of the Week Business Decisions Accounting is the Language of Business Accounting Principles and Concepts The Accounting Equation The Financial Statements Relationships Among Financial Statements Account Types Getting Started on Project 1A ACCT212 Week 1 Lecture 4 TCO of the Week • TCO 1: “Given financial statements, explain the financial statements’ purpose and components relative to accounting history, assumptions, concepts, principles, and standards.” ACCT212 Week 1 Lecture 5 Key Concepts of the Week • Use accounting vocabulary • Learn accounting concepts and principles • Apply the accounting equation to business organizations • Evaluate business operations • Use financial statements ACCT212 Week 1 Lecture 6 Business Decisions • Suppose you are an investor with $10,000 to invest in any company you choose...
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...BUSINESS ACCOUNTING I TUTORIAL 3: ACCOUNTING CONCEPTS AND CONVENTIONS Adopted from: Wood, F. & Sangster, A. (2012), Business Accounting 1 (12th ed ); Thomas A. & Ward, A. M. (2009), Introduction to Financial Accounting (6th ed); Roshayani, A., Laily, U. & Siti Maznah, M., (2007), Financial Accounting An Introduction (2nd ed); Past year Business Accounting I Questions MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. What accounting concept / principle describe the following statement? “All business transactions shall be expressed in common money terms to facilitate comparison & evaluation purposes”. (Woods, F., 2007, p.108) A Matching B Materiality C Monetary D Substance over form 2. “The business entity concept requires that a business is to be treated as separate from its owner, able to enter into business transactions on its own and be treated as a ‘legal person’” Is this statement true or false? A True B False 3. Which of the following statements are correct? (1) Materiality means that only items having a physical existence may be recognised as assets. (2) The materilaty concept indicated that those items that are not significant should be recorded. (3) The money measurement concept is that only items capable of being measured in monetary terms can be recognized in financial statements. (Woods, F., 2007, p.108 and 112) A 2 only B 1, 2 and 3 C 1 only D 3 only STRUCTURE QUESTIONS 1. Accounting practice...
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...Chapter 01 Environment and Theoretical Structure of Financial Accounting True / False Questions 1. | The primary function of financial accounting is to provide relevant financial information to parties external to business enterprises. True False | 2. | Accrual accounting attempts to measure revenues and expenses that occurred during accounting periods so they equal net operating cash flow. True False | 3. | The FASB is currently the public-sector organization responsible for setting accounting standards in the United States. True False | 4. | The FASB's due process invites various interested parties to indicate their opinions about whether financial accounting standards should be changed. True False | 5. | Accounting for stock-based compensation is an area in which the FASB has received little political interference. True False | 6. | The Public Reform and Investor Protection Act of 2002 (Sarbanes-Oxley) changed the entity responsible for setting auditing standards in the United States. True False | 7. | A rules-based approach to standard setting stresses professional judgment as opposed to following a list of rules. True False | 8. | Under federal securities laws, the SEC has the authority to set accounting standards in the United States. True False | 9. | The primary responsibility for properly applying GAAP when communicating with investors and creditors through...
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... * Such organizations need to take different decisions for their business activities. * Financial information is needed for decision making purpose. * Book keeping and Accounting will provide such information. * Meaning of Financial Accounting * Process of identifying, measuring, classifying, recording, summarizing and interpretation of the transactions of a business in terms of money to ascertain the result and financial position of business activities of particular period. * Accounting is the art of recording, classifying and summarizing, in a significant manner and in terms of money, transactions and events which are in the part at least, of a financial character and interpreting the results there of.- AICPA * Its features are- * Financial language * Financial information * Systematic process * Functions * Information system * The Purposes of Financial Accounting The objectives of accounting are- * To maintain records- * To generate accurate and authentic information, all the financial activities needs to be remembered which will not be possible without keeping records. As accounting helps to memorize all the transactions with records, it is the objective of accounting. * To ascertain operating results- * Accounting ascertains whether the business has earned a profit or suffered a loss by preparing profit and loss statements,...
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...Pre-Test 1. Financial accounting is an information system that: tracks and records an organization's business transactions 2. Jeff Brown is the sole owner of Shoe Central, a small shoe shop. One day, he buys a used car for his personal use, and pays $2,000 from his checking account. The fact that this transaction has no effect on Shoe Central's financial accounts is an application of the: 3. Jeff Brown, owner of Shoe Central, a small shoe store, buys cleaning supplies for his store once every six months. The fact that his accountant writes off, or records as expenses, the full cost of the cleaning supplies when they are purchased, rather than each monthly accounting period as they are used, is an application of the: 4. Oliver Enterprises buys a new stamping machine for $10,000 at an auction held by a company in bankruptcy proceedings. The machine is a very good deal; Oliver would have paid about $12,000 to buy it in the open market. Which of the following statements best describes the application of the historical cost concept? 5. Tournas Sports receives a special order for 100 team jerseys. The customer pays the full amount, $2,000, at the time of the order. The jerseys will be delivered in two weeks. Choose the statement that best reflects the application of the revenue recognition concept at the time of the order: 6. On April 30, Jemison Engineering receives a special order for a swing set, to be delivered to the customer in a month's time. Jemison...
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...Unit I Introduction to Accounting Overview |Background |The evolution of accounting is attributed to the social and economic needs of society. As business and society | | |become more complex, accounting develops new concepts, methods and techniques to meet the ever changing and | | |increasing needs for financial information. Without the necessary information furnished by accounting, many | | |complex social programs and economic development may never have been realized. | | |Information, in any market economy, assists decision-makers in making wise choices regarding the use of limited | | |resources under their control. When decision-makers are able to make well-informed decisions, resources are | | |allocated in a manner that better meets the needs and goals of companies within the given market. | | |The Philippines, being a developing country, would need a great deal of reliable and timely information to compete| | |in the global market and accounting will play an important role in this prevailing competitive global structure of| | |the economy. Companies use accounting information to evaluate the business situations around the world...
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...Financial Accounting: Basic Accounting Concepts: (The Income Statement) This chapter introduces the idea of income as used in financial accounting, and describes the income statement. Course of discussion outline: The last six basic concepts namely the following: 6. Time period 7. Conservatism 8. Realization 9. Matching 10. Consistency 11. Materiality The nature of income Now let us first differentiate the balance sheet and income statement, balance sheet described were which reports the financial condition of an entity as of one moment in time while the income statement described were which summarizes the result of operation for a period of time. Therefore a flow report, as contrasted with the balance sheet, which is a status report. Financial statement can be illustrated in two ways in which any entity can be described, whether it be a business, a human body, or the universe: 1.) in terms of flow through time 2.) in terms of the its status or state as of one moment of time Flows in a business are continuous (see diagram below) Selling Activities Collection Activities Purchasing or Production Activities Financial Accounting: Basic Accounting Concepts: (The Income Statement) There are three commonly types of businesses, namely merchandising, service oriented, and manufacturing. In all of these three types of businesses the income statement focuses on the section the flow diagram is labelled selling activities. In selling activities reporting...
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...Letter Of Transmittal January 20, 2014 Abul Kashem Associate Professor, The Department of Accounting Govt. Shah Sultan College, Bogra. Subject: Submission of the term paper on Accounting Concept of VAT. Dear Sir, I am very delighted to inform you that, I have completed the term paper on Accounting Concept of VAT. Successfully as a partial requirement. I enjoyed preparing this assignment and it helped me to gain knowledge about the Accounting Concept of VAT. I also very grateful for your kind help and advice. Besides, I have finished this task in a friendly environment and the entire team worked very hard while preparing this term paper. I aspire that this study will fulfill your suggestion and expectation. If you need any further assistance to interpret this study, please inform us. It will be our pleasure to clarify your questions. Sincerely Most: Hosnaara Akter Department of Accounting Govt. Shah Sultan College, Bogra. Acknowledgement First of all we would like to thank Almighty whose gracefulness let I complete this term paper. Besides, a comprehensive work like this must owe credit to a multiple of statement. Certainly, I should thank those kind ones whose help and kind support enable me to complete this TERM PAPER. Especially I indebted to our course teacher Abul Kashem who helped me both forming and editing this work. During this period I also worked really hard. Our classmates also shared their knowledge and experience...
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