...It’s clear that people with addictions have seriousissues. In most cases, they have emotional or trauma issues that cause them to medicate their minds and bodies with harmful substances. By eliminating the ability to feel, they deal with their problems the best way they know how. By the time they want treatment and recovery from their addiction, their illness progresses to the point they might need psychological treatment, even anger management counseling. Of all the issues you are dealing with, your anger issues, if any exist, deserve immediate attention. Anger has a way of permeating someone’s life until friends and family are lost forever. Anger also has a way of progressing to the point where innocent people get hurt and laws get broken....
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...Behavioral Theory of Addiction Contrasted With Moral and Disease Theories Theory and Practice in Addiction Counseling The behavioral model of addiction emphasizes conditioning as the primary reason for substance abuse. The individual chooses whether or not to engage in substance-using behavior depending on what they get out of the experience, relative to other options they have. If the substances are more rewarding than other activities within the person’s environment, then the behavior will continue. If this situation reverses, then extinction of the behavior is expected due to lack of reinforcement. Although social and economic context are recognized as factors in substance use, they are not primary causes of the behavior, nor is the presence of a comorbid psychological or medical condition. Interventions are based on the idea that an addicted person wants or expects certain results from substance use, and also wants certain outcomes in other areas of life. These objectives, wants, or needs are referred to as rewards, or reinforcers, in behavioral conditioning. The individual sets the economy of reward by weighing the relative value-cost of engaging in substance using behaviors. Immediacy of consequences, whether positive or negative reinforcement, or actual punishment, is a factor in this internal economy. If punishment for the behavior becomes stronger than the perceived benefits of continuing it, then there is economy of reward to motivate change, or discontinuation...
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...Boot Camps and Shock Treatment Programs Positive Boot camps for juveniles can have pro’s and con’s just like anything else, but do these programs actually benefit these troubled teens? Or is it just another whim that collects tax payer’s money in another form of government despair and abandonment? Some may argue the fact that these unruly children bring it upon themselves to get them there in the first place. This author will first explain about the positives of the boot camp and shock programs. Treatment Centers such as The Academy American Addiction Centers and Wilderness Therapy Treatment Programs (WTTP) is one of the larger treatment operations in the United States, the website states “To help parents, families and professionals seeking help for youth at risk and teenagers with depression, anxiety and oppositional, defiant and conduct disorders, alcohol and other drug and substance abuse, as well as school and academic problems”. (WTTC, 2011) To add to this program statement the website is also listed as a non-profit organization with non-profit interests. The parents that are able to see the trends their children are starting to fall in, can call the above program and set up a meeting time to speak to a counselor for advice or set up an appointment to schedule a time to drop their child off. These in this author’s opinion are the parents and guardians that are responsible, upstanding people who care about their children and their futures. The parents might...
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...DRUG ABUSE The excessive and unregulated use of drugs which is popularly called drug abuse or drug addiction has emerged as a major social problem recently and has crossed the border of caste, class, creed, sex and nation. It is like curse for developing country like India as it has already existing problems like poverty, unemployment and overpopulation. Drug abuse affects individuals, their families and the society as a whole. Drug abuse often leads to crime as a result of reduced impulse control, paranoia and negligence. Thus, affects the law and order, economic production and human welfare. Drug abuse implies physical dependence upon a drug including the development of tolerance and withdrawal. An addict who develops tolerance requires more and more of the drug to transport him to the world of fantasies. If the addict is not allowed to take the drug he suffers from painful and uncontrollable convulsions, vomiting, depression and various other maladies. If one looks at the causes of the spread of this evil, the changes in the traditional pattern of society emerge as the major one. Rapid industrialization and urbanization have ushered in a new way of life with new values like individualism and permissiveness. This has resulted in loosening of informal means of social control, for example, influences of conventional sophistication but have low frustration tolerance. The stresses and strains of modern life with resulting frustration and depression give rise of escapist tendencies...
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...the relationship between addiction and the brain for decades. The motivations behind the core root causes of addiction and how it affects the brain have been speculated over and theorized about. Refraining from drugs can be very difficult for a person to do when they are an addict. Drugs have a way of taking over a person’s life and destroying all of their relationships around them. People start using drugs for different reasons. Some people start using drugs for fun, some use to mask the feelings they are feeling, and some use for pain. This paper is going to discuss the brain structure and functions, the impact of intrinsic factors, and the extrinsic factors, which will include hereditary and the environment. Brain Structure and Functions The brain is the most delicate organ of the body. Drugs release dopamine to the brain. “Dopamine is a monoamine neurotransmitter formed in the brain from the amino acid tyrosine. Dopamine is essential for the healthy functioning of the central nervous system; it has effects on emotion, perception and movement.”(Purse, 2009) This gives a person a feeling of pleasure. The brain makes less dopamine when people continue to use drugs. With this, when people stop using drugs the dopamine is low and your brain has a hard time with pleasure. The ways that drugs motivate the brain are two-fold, chemical and psychological. There are some drugs, such as opiates for example, that cause a chemical, physical addiction within the brain. The drugs...
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...United States Prison System: The War on Drugs The United States of America is no longer the home of the free. It is the home of the locked up and caged. How can this nation embrace the concept of freedom when over 2.4 million of its citizens are locked up in prison? How can Americans have the nerve to utter the words, “racial equality” when over 10% of all African-American men is incarcerated? How can we take pride in a nation that locks up its citizens that suffer from the disease of addiction? This should be an embarrassment to all Americans. The criminal justice system must be reformed and surrender the “War on Drugs.” According to the June 2008 Bureau of Justice Summary, Americans make up only four and a half percent of the world’s population yet boasts twenty-two percent of the world’s incarcerated population. According to the same report, the American Criminal Justice System imprisons six times more of its population than other free nations such as Canada, Australia, Germany, Spain, and Italy. America incarcerates ten times more of its population than Japan, France, and Finland. We have the highest rate of incarceration in the world, much higher than China, Russia, Iran, Cuba, and North Korea whom we consider fascias police states. The 2009 statistics reported in the Prison Index showed that one third of African-American men will serve time in prison at some point in their life. The Bureau of Justice statistics reported, “The number of inmates in...
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...In this essay, I will do a journal article comparison. The articles selected have something in common – treatment of drug. The first article is “Do drug treatment variables predict cognitive performance in multidrug-treated opioid-dependent patients? A regression analysis study” by Pekka Rapeli, Carola Fabritius, Hely Kalska and Hannu Alho. This article was taken from an open access article under Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy 2012, at http://www.substanceabusepolicy.com/content/7/1/45. The second article entitled “Treating Drug Abuse and Addiction in the Criminal Justice System: Improving Public Health and Safety” by Redonna K. Chandler, Bennett W. Fletcher and Nora D. Volkow. It was taken from a public access journal under National Institute of Health: JAMA. 2009 January 14; 301(2): 183–190. doi:10.1001/jama.2008.976. The purpose of the first article was to examine the predictive power of drug treatment variables on specific cognitive performance measures in multidrug-treated opioid dependent patients. Also, the researchers interested in finding out which of the possible significant associations turn out as hypothesized. On the other hand, the purpose of the second article was to summarize relevant neuroscientific findings and evidence-based principles of addiction treatment that, if implemented in the criminal justice system, could help improve public health and reduce criminal behaviour. For methodologies, the first research involved 104 Opioid-Dependent...
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...Ethical Principles and Issues within Addiction Counseling Jennifer Spivey Liberty University Abstract Addiction counselors have many ethical and legal considerations in when providing services to substance abusers. There are ethical principles that including justice, autonomy, nonmaleficence, beneficence, and fidelity. Along with these principles there are federal and state regulations when providing services. As an addiction counselor there should be ethical guidelines to follow with informed consent, compensation, confidentiality, and collection and protection of data. Furthermore, addiction counselors must avoid coercion, provide alternative treatment options, protect vulnerable clients, and select representative participants for addictions research. The ultimate goal of addictions counseling is to benefit the clients and society as a whole. Keywords: ethical, principles, addiction, counselor Introduction There are many counselors that are faced with ethical issues on a regular basis. These issues are intensified for an addiction counselor. There are a number of reasons for ethical issues for addiction counselors. One is that there is a high correlation between addiction and criminal activity. There is also the concern that ethical issues such as informed consent can be complicated by problems arising out of substance abuse. The counselor’s ability to cope with these and other issues is dependent, to a large degree, on their ability to weigh up the inherent risks...
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...Drug courts combine treatment with incentives and sanctions. Sanctions can and do include mandatory, as well as, random drug testing of the offender. Drug courts are a proven tool for improving public health as well as public safety. They provide an innovative way for collaboration between the judiciary, prosecutors, law enforcement and other community corrections agencies, drug treatment providers and community support groups. The effectiveness of these courts is well documented since they first started operating in the United States 20 years ago. In a time of limited resources for local and state budgets, drug courts offer a cost effective way to increase the chances for the nonviolent offender to achieve sustained recovery, thereby reducing recidivism for the offender. The drug court movement began in the 1980s as a response to the growing number of drug cases brought before the court. Law enforcement and corrections agencies policies alone were not having the effect on the drug trade that proponents of the war on drugs had hoped for. An administrative order from the chief judge of Florida’s Eleventh Circuit in 1989 implemented the first drug court in the United States. (Engen, & Steen (2000). The responsibility of the prosecuting attorney is to protect the public’s safety by ensuring that each candidate is appropriate for the program and complies with all drug court requirements. The responsibility of the defense counsel is to protect the participant’s due process rights...
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... Prisoner rehabilitation has gone through many changes over the years. In 1871 the national Congress on prison and reformatory discipline believed “crime was a moral disease, of which punishment was the remedy.” (Foster, 2006) the rehabilitation error, which spanned from the mid-1950s through the middle of the 1970s only took place in a few prisons in the southern states. In 1970, the joint commission on correctional manpower and training developed the medical model. This program would focus on the inmates social, intellectual or emotional deficiencies and Taylor program to rehabilitate them. For most inmates, the rehabilitation error develops three basic functions: classification on entering the prison; assignment to an institution based on that classification; and require participation in varied specialized programs focusing on areas in which change could be targeted. (Foster, 2006) Social impact of punishment and rehabilitation are varied. The biggest concerns being the increasing cost of correctional facilities and the fear to families caused by the eventual release of criminals back into society. In many cases, the impact on the victims carries great concern. Victims’ rights, at times, are overshadowed by the rights of the offender. The majority of society believes in Swift punishment rather than rehabilitation. (A.K.Larrabee, 2013) This writer firmly believes there are changes needed to improve the rehabilitative process both inside and outside the prison walls. First...
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...DRUG ABUSE AND EFFECTIVE MEASURES FOR THE TREATMENT OF THE DRUG ABUSERS IN ASIAN COUNTRIES AN ANALYSIS OF INNOVATIVE MEASURES FOR THE TREATMENT OF DRUG ABUSERS PREFACE Crimes related to drug abuse and the illegal manufacturing and trafficking of drugs are serious problems for virtually every country. The abuse of drugs has an adverse impact, not only on the individual abuser, but also on the economy and society of a country as a whole. Drug use and the problems that accompany it have an extremely deleterious effect on the healthy development of young people, especially. Due to the rapid increase in drug related crime and drug abusers in Asian countries, the establishment of effective countermeasures for demand and supply reduction are a pressing issue. In light of the above-mentioned situation, the United Nations Asia and Far East Institute for the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders (UNAFEI); and the Research Division of the Research and Training Institute, Ministry of Justice jointly conducted a comprehensive study on drug abuser treatment, from 2002 to 2004, entitled “Research on the Trends in Drug Abuse and Effective Measures for the Treatment of the Drug Abusers in Asian Countries - An Analysis of Innovative Measures for the Treatment of Drug Abusers”. The Asian countries included in the study are: China (Hong Kong), Korea, Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand. This is the first phase of the study on drug abuser treatment; the second phase, which begun last year...
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...There are five goals of incarceration, they are: punishment, deterrence, incapacitation, rehabilitation, and restitution. Seiter describes the goals as follows: Punishment is the infliction of pain or suffering. Deterrence is a goal focused on future actions (or the avoidance of certain actions) by both individuals and society. Incapacitation is a goal that reduces offenders’ ability of capacity to commit further crimes. Rehabilitation means to prepare them for a crime free and successful life. Restitution is making right by repaying society or victims for the wrongs done by offenders (Seiter, 2011, pg 17). “The expectations that society has for the criminal justice system is to punish and rehabilitate individuals who commit crimes. Punishment and rehabilitation are also two of the four acknowledged objectives of the criminal justice system, with deterrence and incapacitation being the others. In the United States, punishment has always been the primary goal to achieve when dealing with individuals who commit acts of crime. Many theorists throughout history have argued which is more effective, punishment or rehabilitation. The effectiveness of punishment and rehabilitation has been analyzed to see the effects on victims and offenders and also the social and fiscal impact on our society. The Classical School of Criminology has proposed that punishment is used to create deterrence and the Positive School of Criminology uses the practice of rehabilitation to reduce recidivism...
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...Contents……………………………………………………………………….2 Abstract…….....................................................................................3 A look at why we Imprison Convicts………………………………………….4 Drug Courts and Drug Treatment Programs………………………………4 - 5 Probation…………………………………………………………………………………5 - 6 Fines and Restitution……………………………………………………………….6 -7 Community Service………………………………………………………………….7 Home Confinement…………………………………………………………………7 – 8 Works Cited……………………………………………………………………………9 - 10 Alternatives to Imprisonment 3 Abstract In the following research paper we are going to discuss imprisonment. We are going to discuss why people are incarcerated as well as talk about different alternatives to imprisonment. We will then touch on benefits of each alternative as well as the negative aspects. Alternatives to Imprisonment 4 A look at why we imprison convicts- Imprisonment is defined as “putting someone in prison or in jail as a lawful punishment” (Imprisonment). Ever since the first prison opened in the United States in 1790, incarceration has been the center of the nation’s criminal justice system. The criminal justice...
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...provided material, the text book or a very reputable source (i.e., a research based journal article, you may use the internet). (1) Discuss treatment myths relative to ATOD. There are a number of myths about alcohol and other drug abuse interventions that affect the prevention and treatment of the problem. These myths can be held by clients, the general public, and professionals. One myth is that one treatment program is suitable for all clients. This myth does not seem believable because we are all created differently and respond to situations differently. A myth that is challenged daily is that recovered counselors are much more effective in treating recovering clients than are counselors who personally have not experienced dependency. This can be proven wrong, because the effectiveness of treatment depends on the relationship between counselor and client. The most challenging myth of ATOD treatment is related to the fact that many users also have mental health issues. These users must be treated differently, because some of these users will not respond to any form of normal treatment, and must be handled with extreme care. The treatment of ATOD involves a vast amount of time, and patience. ATOD treatment must include each individual users problems, and ways to help each individual. Some users may respond well to certain treatments, while others will not respond at all. (2) Discuss initial procedures for a counselor at intake with a client, i.e., what kinds of things...
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...The subject of recidivism in the Criminal Justice System has been long studied. It has also been argued over as to the extent of its effectiveness. Recidivism is defined as the repeating of a negative action after experiencing negative consequences from that action or receiving treatment for that action. In regards to the criminal justice system, recidivism occurs when one is rearrested after serving a sentence. With this in mind, recidivism is only discovered when an arrest and or conviction has occurred. Therefore the true number of recidivism cases only covers reported cases. The question develops of just how does incarcerating criminals affect the rates of recidivism? As of mid 2008 there was approximately a population of 2,310,984 held in federal or state prisons or jails in the United States. Of these 1,540,805 were serving out sentences under federal or state jurisdiction. There was an increase of 509 from 506 sentenced prisoners per 100,000 United States residents from yearend 2007. This was an overall increase of 0.8% from the previous yearend. This was however less than the average increase of 2.4% annually for the years 2000 to 2007. (1) These numbers show the growth of the United States inmate population which leads to problems with overcrowding. Within the next year the Federal Bureau of Prisons will open three federal correctional institutions which can hold an approximate 10,500 federal inmates at maximum capacity. (2) According to a national study in 2003 showed...
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