...| UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA Assignment Cover Sheet – Internal | An Assignment cover sheet needs to be included with each assignment. Please complete all details clearly. If you are submitting the assignment on paper, please staple this sheet to the front of each assignment. If you are submitting the assignment online, please ensure this cover sheet is included at the start of your document. (This is preferable to a separate attachment.) Please check your Course Information Booklet or contact your School Office for assignment submission locations. Name: Xueying Sha | Student ID | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 9 | 7 | 2 | 1 | Email: shaxy008@mymail.unisa.edu.au | Course code and title: CONTEMPORARY ISSUES IN ACCOUNTING M | School: | Program Code: | Course Coordinator: Dr. ELVIA SHAUKI | Tutor: Elvia Shauki/Haniff Zainuldin | Day, Time, Location of Tutorial/Practical: | Assignment number: | Due date: May 6, 2013 | Assignment topic: The incorporation of social and environmental factors within external reporting | Further Information: (e.g. state if extension was granted and attach evidence of approval, Revised Submission Date) | I declare that the work contained in this assignment is my own, except where acknowledgement of sources is made. I authorise the University to test any work submitted by me, using text comparison software, for instances of plagiarism. I understand this will involve the University or its contractor copying my work...
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...COUNTRY Governance definition varies from an institution to another, an author to another and from one setting to another. This paper intertwines various definitions of governance as a basis of understanding good governance, outlines the principles of good governance, and discusses the advantage of good governance based on six key principles with variance examples across the continent. 1.1 INTRODUCTION Governance refers to the manner in which public officials and public institutions acquire and exercise the authority to provide public goods and services, including the delivery of basic services, infrastructure, and a sound investment climate (World Bank, 2007). It is also the exercise of power or authority; political, economic, administrative or otherwise to manage a country's resources and affairs (Kefela, 2011). The United Nation (2008) has defined governance in terms of process of government action and how things are done, not just what is done. Governance covers the quality of institutions and their effectiveness in translating policy into successful implementation, which includes the mechanisms, processes and institutions through which citizens and groups articulate their interests, exercise their legal rights, meet their obligations and mediate their differences (Kefela, 2011). The referred institutions are the bodies setting formal rules (property rights, rule of law etc) while taking into account informal constraints (beliefs, traditions and social norms) that...
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...Master Thesis 2006/7 Jacques Gamboni 1 ACCOUNTABILITY OF NGO Accountability for an NGO – like for any institution or even any individual – is a matter of governance, defined as “a mode of governing that is distinct from the hierarchical control model characterizing the interventionist state. Governance is the type of regulation typical of the cooperative State, where State and non-state actors participate in mixed public private partnership networks1”or “the formation of cooperative relationships between government, profit-making firms, and non-profit private organizations to fulfil a policy function.2” Of course governance is more than just a way to manage the interrelations within a public private partnership arrangement. We shall detail this by reference to a catalogue of the different types of accountability mechanisms identified by Erik B. Bluemel (BLUEMEL, 20073). The references cited here are taken from the mentioned article. People find into the Civil Society a playground to express their frustrations towards their national or local government that ordinary democracy fails to resolve. Therefore they feel the right to obtain a higher degree of accountability from the organisation they join or support. Regrettably, they are seldom satisfied. Accountability mechanisms are usually designed to constrain power, whatever its form. In the Communication Society, it has become one of the essential means for all interconnected actors to exert mutual control. It is an essential...
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...European Journal of Accounting, Auditing and Finance Research Vol.4, No.7, pp.23-42, July 2016 ___Published by European Centre for Research Training and Development UK (www.eajournals.org) EFFICIENCY AND ACCOUNTABILITY OF PUBLIC SECTOR REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE IN NIGERIA (1970-2014) Omodero Cordelia Onyinyechi and Prof. M.C. Okafor 1 Doctoral Student of Accounting, Micheal Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria. 2 Department of Accounting, Micheal Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria. ABSTRACT: Nigeria is the sixth largest producer of oil and gas in the world, but the average Nigerian on the street is poor and there is poor infrastructure like power supply, roads, hospitals etc. This study examines the efficiency and accountability of public sector revenue and expenditure in Nigeria (1970-2014). Data on total federal government revenue and expenditure, state governments’ revenue and expenditure were collected from Statistical bulletin from the Central Bank of Nigeria from 1970-2014. The results were analysed using relevant statistical tools. The findings reveals that the level of accountability is very poor in Nigeria because the attributes of accessibility, comprehensiveness, relevance, quality, reliability and timely disclosure of financial information, social and political information about government activities are completely non available or partially available for the citizens to assess the performance...
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...Knowledge Technology People Social Audit: A Toolkit No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without permission in writing from the publisher, except by a reviewer or a research scholar who may quote brief passages in a review in a magazine or a newspaper or for research purposes as the case may be. Copyright CGG 2005 Printed and published by the Director General & Executive Director, Centre for Good Governance Dr MCR HRD IAP Campus, Road No. 25, Jubilee Hills, Hyderabad 500 033. 2 |||Social Audit: A Toolkit| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||Contents|||| |Preface|||| |List of abbreviations|||| SECTION – I. SOCIAL AUDIT EXPLAINED|7|| 1.|Introduction to Social Audit|9| 2.|Accountability Mechanisms: Cases from India|10|| 3.|Social Audit Vs Other Audits|13|| 4.|History of Social Audit|14|| 5.|Stakeholders and Social Audit|15|| 6.|Principles of Social Audit|17|| 7.|Uses and Functions of Social Audit|18|| 8.|Benefits of Social Auditing for Government Departments|19|| 9.|The Design and Methodology|20|| 10.|Social Audit for Government of Andhra Pradesh|21|| 11.|Good Governance and Social Audit|22|| 12.|Social Auditing and Performance Evaluation|24|| 13.|How does Social Audit work?|25|| 14.|Who can use Social Audit?|26|| 15.|Social Audit and Social Capital|27|| 16.|Designing Social Audit|28|| 17.|Designing the Data Collection|29|| 18.|A checklist for designing an Audit|33|| 19.|Group Exercise|33|| 20.|Traditional Social Indicators|34||...
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...Framework. * * Purpose: * Provide the definition of IR& its main purpose. * Select two guiding principles of IR & analyze the relationship between guiding principles and the main purposes of IR. * 2. Definition & main purpose of IR * * 2.1 Definition: A concise communication about how an organization’s strategy, governance, performance, and prospects, in the context of its external environment, lead to the creation of value over the short, medium, and long term (Busco et al. 2013, p.35) * * 2.2 Main purposes * Provide the stakeholders with high-quality information → allocate capitals more effectively (International; Integrated Reporting Council 2013). * Enhance accountability & stewardship for the broad base of capitals (International; Integrated Reporting Council 2013). * Help to make decisions that concentrated on value creation in short, medium and long term ( International; Integrated Reporting Council 2013). * 3. Guiding principles * 3.1 Strategic focus and future orientation * 3.1.1 Main focuses: An integrated report should include strategies of the company & the relationship between the company’s ability to create value and these strategies (International; Integrated Reporting Council 2013). * 3.1.2 Relevance: Advanced FDD techniques possess the most possibility to be widespread in the application of aerospace industry (Zolghadri 2012). * 3.2 Stakeholder...
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...ultimately one of the earliest methods of evaluation since it was adopted in The early 1950s. It aids in forming an organizational map that aids in the valuation of jobs and salaries. Its no longer sufficient one because of it generating very low points. Three factors that Hay evaluates the jobs on are presented in: Know how (technical knowledge, breadth, human relations, etc..) Problem solving ( environmental thinking, challenge thinking, etc...) Accountability (freedom, and impact of type and magnitude) Working conditions (human relations, work load, environment, etc..) Mercer Other evaluation approach that was widely used in the 1970s that came up with enhanced factors, one of these was the risk factor that is no longer applied because that nowadays firms are obeying international standards for risk and safety. Three factors that Mercer evaluates the jobs on are presented in: Expertise (knowledge, experience, breadth, interpersonal traits, etc..) Judgement (job environment, reasoning, etc..) Accountability (impact, independence and influence, involvement, etc..) Towers and Watson Another iterative approach of evaluation of nowadays. It simply spots lights on knowledge, skills, qualifications, and experience of both, organization and employment market. It help organizations manage opportunities and challenges of reward and talent program design and delivery. Many areas Towers and watson offer solutions among as: Effective people Risk and financial...
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...Corporate governance (CG) is an important effort to ensure accountability and responsibility and is a set of principles, which should be incorporated into every part of the organization. The need for corporate governance arises from the potential conflicts of interest among stakeholders in the corporate structure. These conflicts of interest often arise from two main reasons. First, different stakeholders have different goals and preferences. Second, the stakeholders have imperfect information as to each others actions, knowledge, and preferences. Corporate governance (CG) is an important effort to ensure accountability andresponsibility and is a set of principles, which should be incorporated into every part ofthe organization. Though it is viewed as a recent issue, there is, in fact, nothing newabout the concept. Because it has been in existence as long as the corporation itself-aslong as there has been large – scale trade, reflecting the need for responsibility in thehandling money and the conduct of commercial activities. Chapter 2 Literature review 2.1 What is Corporate Governance? Different authors view the meaning of corporate governance differently. For example, one school of thought describe corporate governance as a “system” by which companies are directed and controlled (Cadbury and Greenbury Report, CFACG 1992); another school views corporate governance as “structures and processes for decision making, accountability, control and behavior at the governing body” (Public...
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...Accounting Principles The Sarbanes-Oxley changed current business practices by requiring greater accountability in management reporting financial data. The accounting board job will be to oversee accounting firms that oversee public companies. This changed corporate accountability because it no longer gives them the chance to be able to manipulate the financial numbers of the company by using unethical accounting practices to make it look like the company was making more money than it actually did. It is important for hospitality managers because it makes them more accountable for making sure the business is operating smoothly and that they do what is best to make the business profitable. The yalso will be checked to see if the financial numbers are correct so the managers need to make sure there accountant is doing a good job. This regulation is important to keep the integrity of a business and to not allow what happen with companies such as Enron that caused a catastrophe in the market place because of the lies and deception of their bad accounting tactics. If Juan follows the GAAP principle the amount of 85,000 should be recorded on a balance sheet, because on a balance sheet there is an part to record the amount under the category Furniture, Fixture, and Equipment (FF&E). The Accounting Principle used in this recording is called a Monetary Unit Assumption because it measures economic activities...
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...MY CONTRIBUTION IN CURBING CORRUPTION Corruption has been defined variously by scholars. But the simple meaning of it is that corruption implies perversion of morality, integrity, character or duty out of mercenary motives, i.e. bribery, without any regard to honour, right and justice. Hardly a country is free from the clutches of the devil of corruption. It is true that corruption has become a global phenomenon, found in one shape or the other whether the country is a democratic, kingship, Socialist or Communist, developing or a developed but the common man is not so hardly affected by it as in India. In India, corruption has become a way of life. Corruption in India leads to promotion not prison. Corruption in India has wings not wheels. Corruption is a very big problem. This is also a reason for the poverty of the countries. People are becoming greedy because they want money and for this they are crossing their limits of bad works. At one time, bribe was paid for getting wrong things done but now bribe is paid for getting right things done at right time. In recent Centuries India has earned a place among the THREE most corrupt countries in the world so we all need to stop talking about Corruption and ourself take the initiative and be Brave. There are various ways in which we can stop corruption for e.g. with the help of education we can reduce corruption. According to a survey conducted by India today the least corrupt state is Kerala, the reason being that in...
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...STAGES OF PROCUREMENT * * Receipt of RL * Opening of File * Getting Clarification of Specs * Seeking approval for calling Quotations * Preparation of Bid documents * Selection of suppliers * Inviting Bids * Bid Opening * Bid Evaluation by TEC * PSO recs * Seeking Financial Approval * Entering to contract * Award of Tender Government Policy on procurement * The process be * efficient, effective, speedy, fully transparent * Honesty and integrity in all public procurement * Obtain financially the most advantage and quality item Need best services and supplies for the country * Public Accountability Regulatory frame work governing public procurements * Financial Regulations * Government Procurement Guidelines and Manual * Duly adopted manual of procedure of Public corporations & Government Owned Companies * Provincial Financial Regulations * Rules governing Municipal Councils, Pradeshia sabahs & Urban Councils * Government Procurement Guidelines supersede all other rules, regulations & procedures until such time they are amended Importance of Public Procurement * Procurement of vital inputs for Public Sector Investments which are fundamental for National Development * Such inputs are grouped under works, goods and services * Works covers bridges, Buildings, Harbor, Highways etc * Goods covers equipment and machineries...
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...PFC Racheau Lipscomb Importance of Security of Personal Belongings Accountability without security is definitely not the right answer to a successful business or working environment, take for example; your NCO or boss leaves you in charge of a simple task of moving one piece of equipment to another location without help. While your undergoing this process you leave your previous location where it is unsafe meaning anyone has access to it. Anything could happen within that span of time that your absent from your workspace. When you finish your task and head back to your work area, you discover something missing... This is where accountability would come hand to make sure all your secure work items are there, so that you may be able to hold accountable for what is missing. The Following paragraphs will explain Accountability and Security of personal belongings. Accountability is the act of taking responsibility for that which falls under your domain—in other words, it’s doing what you say you’re going to do. Accountability is the cornerstone of integrity, which is the result of consistent honesty and responsibility in your actions. In the military, it is absolutely imperative that you do what you say you’re going to do and that you agree to be held accountable for those orders that are directed specifically to you or those in your command. A breakdown in leadership and responsibility can be bad anywhere, but it has the potential to be downright catastrophic in the military...
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...Why there’s a need to pass into law the Freedom of Information Bill? For me, the Freedom of Information Bill should be pass into law, because this bill is the most significant and very important law to our country, because it promotes good governance, accountability and to have transparency so we can prevent corruption and also every citizen has a legal right of access to information, records and documents held by the government and other public functions and authorities. But what are the purposes and the true essence of transparency and accountability in good governance of Freedom of Information Bill? They are just like a twin pillars of the good governance, we will put the transparency and accountability as a strategies to fight against corruption, to achieve and to surpass public financial management. These are the steps to generate confidence in government and regaining the people’s trust in it. These essentials will also encourage domestic and foreign investment to our economy. If the Freedom of Information Bill is enacted, there would be a transparency and accountability on government transactions and expenditures of public funds in short the government will be an open book. Everything will be expose, even the corrupt being done by some politicians will be exposed too. Just like the taxes we paid that we worked hard but we don’t know where it goes, where they spent these collected money? Maybe, they are the benefits and spend...
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...Accountability as a Concept Wendie Malkinski Theoretical Foundations of Advanced Nursing Dr. Linda Phelps November 29, 2015 Accountability as a Concept Accountability in the field of nursing is very important as everything we do can either save or take lives. When mistakes are made at this level of care it affects public trust and someone must take responsibility for mistakes and also life saving measures. This is one of the cornerstones of the medical profession as a whole. As we have taken an oath to do no harm. Responsibility equals accountability. Accountability shows in many ways, shapes and forms. This concept also shows up in more than just the medical field, and nursing. It appears in everything from architecture, government, and even our personal lives. All throughout history the concept of accountability has appeared on the canvas. For example, President Truman embraced the term “The buck stops here”. Basically saying that instead of passing the blame or the “buck”, the responsibility lies with him as our leader and president. (The Harry S. Truman Library, n.d.). What the Literature Says During a preliminary literature search, I found the accountability concept displayed in many different disciplines and categories. For example, I found accountability mentioned in the medical field, government, sociology, psychology, and even engineering / architecture. Going a little further...
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...Introduction Freedom of thought, conscience and speech is recognized in the Constitution of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh as one of the fundamental rights and right to information is an inalienable part of freedom of thought, conscience and speech; and whereas all powers of the Republic belong to the people, and it is necessary to ensure right to information for the empowerment of the people; and Whereas if the right to information of the people is ensured, the transparency and accountability of all public, autonomous and statutory organizations and of other private institutions constituted or run by government or foreign financing shall increase, corruption of the same shall decrease and good governance of the same shall be established. Right to Information Act In today’s world, freedom of information is the pre-requisite of sustainable development due to its driving power. Free flow of information and its consumption boosts a country’s progress and prosperity. Effectiveness of democracy and security of human rights vastly depends on freedom of expression and information, in other word, freedom of the press. Understanding the essence many countries- from developed to developing- now open the shutters and nod the people’s right to the access of information resources. In recent years, a number of nations enacted the freedom of information law including neighboring India in 2005, Pakistan in 2002, and Nepal in 2007. After the restoration of democracy in 1990,...
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