...American scholars began to take advantage of the newly opened Manchu archive and constructed a new perspective towards the concept of Sinicization by claiming that China was only a part of the larger Manchu Empire and Manchu were intrinsically foreign ruler in China. My final project aims to further reveal Manchu rulers’ Non-Han nature through the lens of government policies and institutional set up in the Qing dynasty. I will mainly examine The civil service examination, the official method for Qing government to recruit administrative officer; the Eight Banner system, a ruling apparatus for the Qing to govern China in a systematic way based on people’s ethnicity, and Qing’s policies and governmental agencies which were responsible for the supervision and administration of outlying regions. Those three policies and agencies derive from them covers wild range of areas in...
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...ISBN 978-92-64-04632-0 OECD Employment Outlook © OECD 2008 Chapter 3 The Price of Prejudice: Labour Market Discrimination on the Grounds of Gender and Ethnicity Despite some progress, there is still evidence of discrimination on the grounds of gender and ethnic or racial origins in OECD labour markets. Field experiments show pervasive ethnic discrimination in many countries. Indirect evidence shows that on average at least 8% of the gender employment gap and a larger proportion of the gender wage gap can be attributed to discrimination. Virtually all OECD countries have enacted anti-discrimination laws in recent decades, and evaluations as well as cross-country analysis suggest that, if well-designed, these laws can be effective in reducing disparities in labour market outcomes. However, enforcement of antidiscrimination legislation is essentially based on victims’ willingness to claim their rights. Thus, public awareness of legal rules and their expected consequences (notably, victims’ costs and benefits of lodging complaints) is a crucial element of an effective policy strategy to establish a culture of equal treatment. Moreover, legal rules are likely to have more impact if the enforcement is not exclusively dependent on individuals. In this respect, specific agencies may play a key role. 139 3. THE PRICE OF PREJUDICE: LABOUR MARKET DISCRIMINATION ON THE GROUNDS OF GENDER AND ETHNICITY Introduction Employment outcomes are far from being evenly distributed...
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...WORKING PAPER Cultural Perceptions of Community Leadership and Participation in Health Improvement Efforts in Indonesia By J. Douglas Storey Linda C. Kenney Paper presented to the Intercultural/Development Communication and Health Communication Divisions of the International Communication Association 54th Annual Conference New Orleans, LA MAY 2004 The STARH (Sustaining Technical Achievements in Reproductive Health) Program is a fiveyear program funded by the U.S. Agency for International Development under Cooperative Agreement No. 497-A-00-00-00048-00, effective August 22, 2000. The program is implemented by Johns Hopkins Center for Communication Programs. Any part of this document may be reproduced or adapted to meet local needs without prior permission provided the material is made available free or at cost. Any commercial reproduction requires prior permission from STARH. Permission to reproduce materials, which cite a source other than STARH, must be obtained directly from the original source. The analysis and opinions expressed in this report are, unless otherwise stated, those of the authors, and are not necessarily endorsed by the STARH Program or any of its partners, or by USAID. This report is a STARH Working Paper. Working Papers are distributed to facilitate the use of data, create awareness of an issue, or to advice on a current policy issue. Working Papers are usually not finished products. Users are encouraged to check with STARH to see if the re...
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...The following paper will examine the elements of procedural fairness apparent in tribunals and compare this to that of the court system, ultimately coming to a tentative conclusion on the efficacy of each. A broad spectrum of academic literature, case law and legislation has been considered to evaluate the role that tribunals have in the Australian legal system. In light of Kerr J’s remark (above), find and critically analyse a case which considers issues of procedural fairness in a tribunal hearing. The case of Ashmore v Commissioner for Superannuation primarily concerned the decisions to not recognise late election and to not grant an extension of time relating to the preservation of the applicant’s superannuation benefit. At the initial hearing in which the applicant (Carolyn Ashmore) gave oral evidence, only one senior member was present, contrary to the stipulations of the Superannuation Act that the Tribunal be constituted of three members, one of whom is an eligible employee or pensioner. The hearing was then reconstituted with three members, and a transcript of the applicant’s oral evidence was used to ascertain her credibility. Ultimately the Tribunal formed a negative opinion of the applicant’s evidence, leading them to rule against her. By relying on a transcript of Ashmore’s evidence, it was determined by Justice Moore that the other two tribunal members could have been influenced, albeit unintentionally, by the negative bias from the senior member present at the...
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...law may be divided into different categories. Therefore, claims to territory may be based on a number of different grounds, ranging from the traditional method of occupation or prescription to the newer concepts such as self-determination, with various political and legal factors, for example, geographical contiguity, historical demands and economic elements, possibly being relevant. The continuing border-dispute between China and India is a puzzle for many. Arunachal Pradesh, in the Northeast area of India, is territory that is disputed by the two countries. The area around this state is extremely diverse, with many different ethnic groups and identities. It is an extremely strategic area for India. Despite six decades of attempts at resolution, the dispute persists in the face of official booming trade relations between the two rising giants. The paper tries to find out different grounds on which the respective states claim the territory and the relevance of such grounds in the International community. The author also discusses the scope of ICJ in this matter. Under Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice (Statute), when deciding cases “in accordance with international law,”...
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...Political development of Myanmar (Burma) Myanmar’s ethnic governmental issues are the front-side of the legislative issues of national solidarity in late improvement in Burma. Since the Second World War finished no issue had been all the more forever and midway on the political motivation of Burma than the topic of how to adapt to requests of politicized ethnicity while at the same time keeping up the regional uprightness, security and power of the focal state. In any case, it has been the way in which most individuals from Burma's political tip top and also remote students of history and political researchers have seen the subject of ethnicity which had raised its consequences to the peak of common sense and hypothetical concern. Since ethnicity has for the most part been conceptualized as a credited property with the implied supposition of instinctual and primordial hostilities between diverse gatherings as has been standard in Western political however since the ascent of patriotism, instead of as a social characteristic reflecting biological and subcultural attributes(South 2008). A false issue has been postured in the practice and investigation of Burma's legislative and political issues. The late history of present day Burma has been full of vicious clash, quite a bit of which has been propelled by ideas of ethnicity. Classes of ethnic personality have for the most part been viewed as very little of an issue to most, reflecting constant qualities, which characterize an...
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...Global Community Failure to Eradicate Genocide Name: Course: Tutor: Date: Abstract When it comes to global criminology, the subject is fatal in the sense of reprisals accustomed to it. In any case, international criminal activities are largely based geopolitical factors rather than the genuine purpose of ending human to human barbarism. This paper will attempt to prove that ‘global community’ commitment to end genocide events is categorically challenged by lack of sufficient devotion to ‘the pledge’ to eradicate the vice. The paper is structured into three main parts and one secondary part. The background will attempt to examine the scholarly effort attempting to relate the basis of global community pledge and the general act of genocide. A further sub category of this part will introduce the role played by United Nations in minimizing genocide. The second section will be substantial in analyzing past genocide events; courtesy of three relevant examples, Cambodia, Sri Lanka and Rwanda. In this section, the document will examine the various roles played by United Nations in fueling the genocide. The third section will examine 21 century events, and how United Nations has chosen a back player in preventing the occurrences of these genocides. The secondary section will attempt to examine the role played by International Criminal Court and how it has been challenged in limiting genocide events. Background Research has attempted relate the end of the holocaust and the emergence...
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...In “Women in the Workforce,” women undoubtedly face a steeper path to the top than men do, making up less than a quarter of the population of executive positions, while the end result is the same. Men are favored over women when seeking promotions and when negotiating pay. Decades after World War II, women in the workplace have dramatically increased. Before women have only held “traditional female jobs” like teachers, administrative assistants, nurses, childcare providers. Today more women have corporate positions that were previously dominated by males like medicine, law, engineering, finance, factory work, and so forth. This topic relates to other issues because it will shed light on (1) prejudice, (2) sexism, and the (3) glass ceiling....
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...East Pakistan in 1971 was a severe blow. This differentiation led to the call of provincialism which is still a debate on many forums. The idea of creating new province is an old one. For years different ethnic group have been seeking the creation of their own provinces and for years these voices have been ignored democratically, politically ormilitarily. First of all it is the constitution which is a big hurdle in the creation of new province. Article 239(4) of the constitution says “A bill to amend the constitution which would have the effect of altering the limits of a province shall not be presented to the president for assent unless it has been passed by the provincial assembly of that province by the votes of not less than two thirds of its total membership”. (Butt, 2012).It is a clear indication that the constitution is not in favor of new provinces. A two third majority of a province would never accept to limit their boundaries for the sake of a new province to be created. But why have there been cries for new province since inception of Pakistan? From the very start Pakistan was deprived of its true Khan 2 leadership, first Jinnah departed in 1948 and then Liaqat Ali khan in 1951, which could have united whole of Pakistan. Secondly, the geography and multi ethnic population of Pakistan neverlet it be united as it should be. Sense of deprivation is the major reason why cries for new provinces have been raised but looking deep into the matter, does it really solve the...
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...DECENTRALIZATION, GOVERNANCE AND PUBLIC SERVICES THE IMPACT OF INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE Omar Azfar, Satu Kähkönen, Anthony Lanyi, Patrick Meagher, and Diana Rutherford IRIS Center, University of Maryland, College Park September 1999 Table of Contents 1 2 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................1 IMPACT OF DECENTRALIZATION ON PUBLIC SERVICES: THEORY AND EVIDENCE ............................................................................................2 2.1 Theory.............................................................................................................................................. 2 2.1.a Allocative Efficiency............................................................................................................... 2 2.1.b Accountability ......................................................................................................................... 3 2.1.c Cost Recovery ......................................................................................................................... 3 2.2 Evidence........................................................................................................................................... 3 3 FACTORS INFLUENCING THE PERFORMANCE OF DECENTRALIZED SERVICE PROVISION...................................................................................5 3.1 The Political Framework..........
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...differ greatly between the main regions of the United Kingdom. There are also wide variations in average pay levels within regions - in particular within the inner cities. We are planning to the extent which non-discriminatory factors can explain observed wage gaps between racial and ethnic minorities and whites, and between women and men. 1. Male-Female Wage Differentials in Urban Labor Markets. Ronald Oaxaca International Economic Review http://www.jstor.org/stable/2525981?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents Vol. 14, No. 3 (Oct., 1973), pp. 693-709 Published by: Wiley for the Economics Department of the University of Pennsylvania and Institute of Social and Economic Research -- Osaka University Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2525981 Page Count: 17 In this article they are talking how men and women make different wages doing the same job. The ratio went from .48 to .51. On average men make $5000 more than women. 2. On discrimination and the decomposition of wage differentials. Correspondence to: Ronald L. Oaxaca, Department of Economics, McClelland Hall, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0304407694900744 In this paper they examine four alternative methods for estimating the extent of labor market discrimination. All of the methods involve the decomposition of gross (unadjusted) wage differentials into discrimination and productivity components. These methods can be expressed in a single generalized...
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...Leon vs. Liberia………………………………………………………….12 • Democratic Republic of Congo…………………………………………………….13 • South Africa……………………………………………………………………….14 REGIONAL CONFLICTS IN AFRICA Since gaining independence many West African nations have undergone political instability. There have been many wars in Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Liberia, and Cote d’Ivoire. Since the end of colonialism, West African states have often been affected by instability, corruption, violence, and authoritarianism. The region has seen the most brutal and serious conflicts that have ever taken place, such as the Angolan Civil War, First Liberian Civil War, Second Liberian Civil War, Guinea-Bissau Civil War, Ivorian Civil War, and the Sierra Leone Civil War. In this paper we’ll try to analyze the causes, costs and impacts of these regional conflicts and war, while giving a brief history of it. REGIONAL CONFLICT: According to Rightspeak Glossary, “Regional conflict is a war requiring violation of the territorial sovereignty of two or more nation states.” So we can say that when two or more countries get into a conflict either to protect own or invade other’s territorial sovereignty, they are being involved in a regional conflict. ANGOLA : • ANGOLAN WAR OF INDEPENDENCE: Following independence from Portugal, the two primary...
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...Revised Draft Paper #2 Dr. Michael Furlong and Dr. Gale Morrison explore in “The School in School Violence: Definitions and Facts” character qualities that may influence the people involved in school violence, educators and administrative professionals roles in school settings and analyze surveys and other methods of research conducted on school violence in order to clearly define the term “school violence”. Morrison and Furlong give a brief overview of educators and administrative professional’s boundaries by explaining that these educationalists have the right to feel that their attention is best kept in the educational realm. Because of this their response to behavioral issues has become “hands-off”. However, unsupervised areas such as hallways and playgrounds are the places that school violence is most likely to occur because no professional administrator will take responsibility for them. The definitional boundaries by investigated the use of the term “school violence” are explained to have been increasingly researched at an alarming rate over the past 10 years. The authors explain that “it was not until 1992 that the label “school violence” itself was used widely as a term to describe violence and aggressive acts on school campuses”. The author’s also examine character qualities that may play factor in influencing school violence. These characteristics include gender, age and ethnicity/radical identification. Morrison and Furlong found that violent/aggressive acts by...
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...P1 - Describe the recruitment documentation used in a selected organisation Introduction: In this assignment I will describe the recruitment documentation used for the position of a Clerical Assistant in the main office of Featherstone High School. I will describe Application Form, Job Description, and Person Specification, stating why it is used and what the main elements of each are. The recruitment process is when employers find suitable candidates for a specific position. Application form: Application forms are used by companies to help them in the recruitment and selection process. Many application forms are now completed online but it is still possible that an employer will require you to complete a paper based version. An application form is a good opportunity to expand on the information you may have enclosed within a cover letter or CV. In this assignment I will use Ealing application form for school support as an example. The application form is the first document the candidate competes. In this application form they are asking the candidate to write their personal detail section 1. They are asking following things: Surname, First name, Address, Telephone, Mobile number, Email and National insurance Number. They ask you for this information to contact you if you will get selected for this job. Furthermore they will ask you for your immigration status because if you are illegal in this country then the employer will not employ you on any condition. Also they ask...
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...and created over the years, lawmakers have neglected to create a substantial amount of laws that take diversity into account. In the instance of selling drugs, certain drugs such as crack, a drug used primarily by African Americans, result in longer prison sentences and higher penalties. On the other hand, cocaine, a drug used primarily by Whites, ensues fewer penalties. Our laws must take ethnic differences into account because not all crimes result in the same course of punishment. In this paper, I will discuss the impact of culture on the criminal justice system and describe contemporary methods used by the police department and security firms while working with diverse populations. Furthermore, I will detail nondiscriminatory practices within the criminal justice system and outline Sir Robert Peel’s nine principles in relation to police departments. Race and ethnicity are important factors to incorporate into laws. Many of the current laws are outdated in the sense that they do not take cultural differences into account. Current US populations have a different racial and ethnic make-up than when most laws and the Constitution were created. Present day America has numerous immigrants, legal or otherwise, who must live and abide by outdated, and at times, unfair laws. Immigrants, on a whole, are fearful of being a part of the criminal justice system, whether as a witness, perpetrator, or victim; they are fearful of being deported back to their home country where they...
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