...Reserve Fund Mesopotamia Luca Pacioli Provident Fund Depreciati Income & Expenditure Credit TM AccountAble Handbook Budget & Balance Report vFkZ'kkL= Corpus Voucher NGO Fixed Assets Register Grants Accounting Standards Narration Receipts and Revenue Stamps Benedetto Cotrugli Ledgers Regulation Cash Box Revolving Funds Accounting Multiple Cash Books Trial Balance Auditors Computerized Accounts Deficit Endowments Investments Journal Honorarium Form IIIA Bank Reconciliation Account Payee, Not Negotiable ction 10(23C)(iv) Blank Cheque Tax Exemption vkpk;Z dkSfVY; Key Persons ACCOUNTABILITY Contribution in Kind INCOME Transparency Public Disclosure Auditors’ Certificate Debit Stock Register Receipts & Payments Societies Registration Act, 1860 Public Trust TM AccountAid India Section 25 Non-profit Company Section 80G New Delhi Donation Ear-marked Funds Salary Register izfrxzkgdSÜpk;a Gratuity Conflict of Interest About this book (front inside cover) The AccountAble Handbook is a compilation of the individual issues of ‘AccountAble’, released by AccountAid India since 1994. These issues have been designed and circulated on a monthly basis primarily for the partners of our client Agencies. ‘AccountAble’ is circulated to about 1,200 persons, including Chartered Accountants. It is also available through e-mail, on a complimentary basis. The present compilation brings all issues of AccountAble...
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...organization to keep track of assets and measure profits and losses. Control procedures are designed to ensure that the business’s goals are achieved. Risk assessment is an assessment that help the company identify its amount of risk. All companies need internal control procedures. Companies should employ employees that are competent, reliable, and ethical. A business with good internal controls should never overlook important duties. All employees should have certain responsibilities and understand those responsibilities. There should also be separation of duties, this will limit fraud and promote accuracy of the accounting records. No one person should be responsible for every aspect of a job. This will cause mistakes to happen. Audits are also a very important internal control procedure so are documents, and electronic devices. What is The Sarbanes-Oxley Act? The Sarbanes-Oxley Act was passed by congress in 2002 with the aim of preventing an assortment of ills related to corporate finance and reporting. The Enron and WorldCom scandals had a great deal to do with The...
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...chicken poop and bulu ayam) → not only sell the meats. 1. Meats 2. Eggs 3. Fertilizer (poop) 4. Livestock (sell the chicks/breeds to other farmer) 5. Feathers • Improve marketing → use En Selamat’s skill in marketing. • Send reminder to debtor. • Give good credit term. • Cut cost → feed and labour expenses (hire relative). 2. Leadership • Autocratic → laissez faire. • Recommendation: democratic. 3. Conflict of Interest • En Selamat and En Azman (“personally benefit from the deal”). • En Selamat and BOD. Recommendations: • Establish a clear set of policies and procedures within the company. • Develop a whistle blowing policy. • Ensure the independency of the management team. • Conduct internal audit or investigation activities. • Ms Choy: To persuade BOD that the issues in the company can lead to a deterioration of the company’s performance, esp. financially. 4. Internal control • EncikSelamat → had responded to unrelated tasks to him. → approved the credit limit of CG without Ms. Choy’s authorization. → access to Ms. Choy information system....
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...internal control a. What is internal control? Internal control is a process, effected by an entity’s board of directors, management and other personnel, designated to provide reasonable assurance regarding the achievement of objectives in the following three categories: * Reliability of financial reporting * Effectiveness and efficiencies of operations * Compliance with applicable laws and regulations Internal control is design to achieve management objectives in three categories. In financial reporting category, the management objectives are related to producing reliable financial reports and safeguarding assets. In the operations category, same examples of management objectives are maintaining a good business reputation, ensuring a positive return an investment, increasing market share, promoting new products innovation, and using assets effectively and efficiently. In the compliance category, the board of management objective is compliance with the regulation and law that affect the entity. The definition of internal control identifies several important concepts. Internal control provides reasonable assurance, not absolute assurance, that management objectives will be achieved. Because people operate the controls, breakdowns can occur. Internal control can help prevent and detect many errors, but it cannot guarantee that will never happen. Several limitation of internal control system prevents management from obtaining complete assurance that controls are...
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...Petty jealousy may have played a part in her coworkers ignoring or explaining away all of Sachdeva’s high-end purchases. It also mentions that they thought she used family money or her husband’s money to pay for her purchases, but perhaps they didn’t actually get to know her background, or research how much money pediatricians make. As noted above, everyone in this case could have really asked themselves how much pediatricians make, or simply could have asked Sachdeva about her family history in a friendly, non-threatening way and ascertained that she did not come from a wealthy background. Also, the auditor should have vouched invoices related to the costs of goods sold, and inquired of the audit committee about their review of credit card statements, internal control procedures. The audit committee should have been reviewing monthly financial statements, bank...
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...that recognizes him as a reliable body. With the growing conscious recognition of the importance of financial data in the ordering of everyday business and economic life, the need of basic economic facts is providing a constantly enlarging opportunity for the accounting profession. The auditors' reports have an especial capacity to fulfill the need for reliable and authoritative financial material not only because of the reputation or prestige of the certified statements, but also because of the significance generally attached by the business man to the functions of the auditor and his reports. These functions, and the scope of these reports, have in the past been definitely related to the character of and changes in business activity. Audits and reviews are basically procedures performed on the financial statements of a company, for the purpose of determining whether the financial statements include any material misstatements. Misstatements are essentially wrong numbers due to numerical errors, fraud, or errors in interpreting the accounting...
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...Cost Audit Cost Audit in EDP environment When planning the cost audit, the cost auditor should consider an appropriate combination of manual and computer-assisted audit techniques (CAATs). In determining whether to use CAATs, he should take into account: i) His computer knowledge, expertise and experience. ii) Availability of CAATs and suitable computer facilities. iii) Impracticability iv) Effectiveness and efficiency. v) Timing. In an EDP environment, the control procedures take basically two stages: 1. Manual Procedure – i.e. the clerical work done up to the translation of data into machine-sensible form. This stage, being manual, is subjected to usual internal control conditions and the Cost Auditor will have little difficulty in appraising them by means of ‘compliance test’ and ‘substantive’ test’. 2. Computer Procedures – i.e. the computer processing work. Auditing in this area is actually a complex activity, for which the Cost Auditor as a prudent person should develop himself for adequate EDP knowledge. Before the actually starts to conduct his audit in EDP environment he should envisage to maintain an ‘Audit Control File’, as his valuable kit. The Computer Audit control File may be built up containing full details of the system including: i) Copies of all source documents and the details of the checks that have been done to ensure their accuracy. ii) Details of physical control over source documents and any control tools on...
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...ASSESSING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF INTERNAL CONTROL SYSTEM Ascertaining Internal Control System Methods of ascertaining the control systems are summarized as follows: * Examining previous audit work, * Client’s own documentation of the system, * Interviews with client’s staff, * Tracing transactions, * Examining client’s documents, * Observation of procedures. a. Examining previous audit work: The audit work should provide a record of the previous audit and how the system operates. Any change in the audit work should be documented for updating. b. Clients own documentation of the system: Some organizations have their on Standard Operating Procedures (SOP). These Standard Operating Procedures provides source of information and to the existing control systems. It is therefore important to check whether the system as described in the (SOP) is what actually practiced. c. Interview with staff: During various stages of the audit, the auditor will need to some members of the staff of the client and find out how they carry out the assigned duties. These questions will reveal existing control and give indication of potential problems. d. Tracing transactions: Walk through checks allow auditors to identify any examples of actual procedures that vary from intended procedures. It also helps the understanding of the entire process as well as identification of risks. e. Examining client’s documents: The auditor can also ascertain the...
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...Treadway Commission (COSO). Apollo Shoes’ organization has a responsibility to uphold accurate financial statements, keeping effective internal control over financial reporting, and evaluation of internal control over the financial reporting system. __ Auditing Firm is accountable for issuing a professional judgment that will exemplify a complete evaluation of the financial statements, organization’s evaluation, and efficiency and success of the organizations internal control over financial reporting according to the auditing decisions of __ Auditing Firm. ___ Auditing Firm has performed the audit in agreement with the rules and regulations normally accepted accounting principles put forth by the Financial Accounting Standards Board and the Government Accounting Standards Board. The rules and regulations of each standard board want __ Auditing Firm to prepare effectively and carry out the audit to establish reasonable assurance of the financial statements. The financial statements must demonstrate...
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...Prepare common-sized balance sheets and income statements for Just for Feet for the period 1996 – 1998. Also compute key liquidity, solvency, activity, and profitability ratios for 1997 and 1998. Given these data, comment on what you believe were the high-risk financial statement items for the 1998 Should auditors insist that their clients accept all proposed audit adjustment, even those that have an “immaterial” effect on the given financial statements? According to section 312.10 of the PCAOB standards, “the auditor’s consideration of materiality is a matter of professional judgment and is influenced by his or her perception of the needs of a reasonable person who will rely on the financial statements” (Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, 2011). This statement suggests that there are no hard and fast rules with regards to the determination of whether an adjustment is material or immaterial. In my opinion, much of the decisions are left to the auditor’s interpretation of the rule. Given all the rules and standards that both auditors and corporations must abide by, it would be wise to accept the proposed audit adjustments. Whether they are “material” or “immaterial” should not matter, because the fact that the auditor finds it necessary to propose the adjustment must be based on a rule or interpretation of a rule. If the company is secure in the abilities of its chosen auditor, they should allow the auditor to do his job. On the other hand, the auditor is supposed...
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...CPA Program The Practical Experience Guide EVE CHENG CPA SENIOR ANALYST BHP BILLITON Contents Practical experience requirement How to identify if your role is relevant Where do you fit? What skills areas do you need to demonstrate? Your mentoring relationship How to record your experience in the logbook The skills guide Personal effectiveness skills Leadership skills Business skills Technical skills 3 4 6 7 8 10 11 12 13 14 15 MICHELLE ROACH CPA 2 Practical experience requirement Did you know? Our studies show that members consistently perform better in their segments when they are enrolled in the practical experience requirement The practical experience requirement of the CPA Program gives you the opportunity to use the knowledge and skills gained in your education and apply them in your workplace. Combining your education with mentored practical experience will give you the opportunity to develop and demonstrate highly sought after technical and soft-skills that will benefit your entire career. Starting your practical experience requirement means that you are one step closer to your goal of becoming a CPA. CPA Australia recommends that you start the practical experience requirement and the professional level segments at the same time, if you are employed in a relevant role. What are the requirements? • complete a minimum of three years of relevant full-time or equivalent part-time work experience • demonstrate competence in 16 personal effectiveness...
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...risks common to such businesses. How should these risks affect the audit planning decisions for such a client? For the large, high-volume retail stores, I identified the following internal control risks common to such businesses: * Management operating strategy is the top source of all the issues. Most retail stores are pretty decentralized and may not pay much attention to the detailed operating procedures, thus may lead to some potential opportunities for staffs to steal or break the rules. * Inventory is a big issue in large high-volume retail stores, particularly people may intentionally misstate the inventory when counting and valuing it in order to steal or manipulate the earnings. * Cash is also a potential problem for such businesses. The large high-volume stores also tend to have a high volume of cash and transactions as well as some petty cash, so the handling of cash and the cut-off of transactions near period end are issues. * High turnover of the staffs is another issue of retailing industry. Since many entry-level positions has a very high turnover and low pay, those workers may not get well trained and operate as designed In planning the audit, the auditors should give extra attention to the controls surrounding cash and inventory, cut-off procedures, and the year-end inventory counts. Moreover, all of these control environment issues would increase control risk and so the audit procedures would have to be increased to offset these risks so that...
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...1. Each of the following elements make up an integral part of what is meant by "ethics" except for: A. Accepted standards of behavior B. Knowing the difference between right and wrong C. Always following the law D. The moral point of view 2. "Treating others fairly" encompasses treating them: A. Equally, impartially, and responsibly B. Equally, responsibly, and openly C. Impartially, openly, and diligently D. Equally, impartially, and openly 3. The Independence Principle in the AICPA Code applies to: A. All accountants and auditors B. All CPAs regardless of professional services C. All CPAs who render attestation services D. All members of the audit committee 4. In stage 1 of Kohlberg's model, ethical reasoning is motivated by: A. Fear of punishment B. Satisfaction of one's needs C. Following the law D. Acting based on universal ethical principles 5. Professional judgment in accounting includes each of the following attributes except for: A. Exercising due care in carrying out one's professional responsibilities B. Maintaining one's objectivity in decision making C. Maintaining one's integrity in decision making D. Acting in accordance with the moral point of view 6 Each of the following considerations should help to evaluate alternative courses of action in the decision making model except for: A. Whether the alternatives are consistent with professional standards B. Whether the alternatives are consistent with firm policies and its own code of...
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...Affect Being in the accounting profession for close to eight years, I have seen how large of a role ethics plays. While I have never done or been asked to do anything that could be considered unethical, I have come to realize that in accounting there is a lot of gray area. Many principles are left for interpretation and in some cases little guidance is given. In these cases ethics becomes of the upmost importance. Early in the chapter, Mark Cheffers and Micael Pakulauk raise the question of why ethics has become a part of the CPE program. This question might suggest that the accounting profession is inherently unethical or dishonest. This, of course, is not the case. Instead, ethics, or ethical behavior, is the solution to navigating through a complex and changing profession. Out of all the business disciplines, accounting must be the one that keeps all others in check. I have always felt that the role of an accountant is to safeguard the company and to provide an accurate picture of the health of a company. In order to provide this level of service, an accountant has to do it using intrinsic motivation instead of having to be compelled. Because of all the recent scandals involving accountants, it has become ever more important to have a foundation based on sound ethical practices. When confronted with a gray area in accounting and interpretation is needed, if you are bound by ethics and honesty, the outcome will be for the greater good instead of satisfying...
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...entity being audited. C. they are paid by parties outside of the audited entity. D. they report to users outside of the audited entity 5:B 12.Independent auditors perform audits on the financial reports of public companies. This type of auditing can best be described as: A.a discipline that assures financial information presented by management. B.an activity whose purpose is to search for irregularities. C.a regulatory function that prevents the issuance of improper financial information. D.a professional activity that measures and communicates financial and business data. 12: A 17. Which of the following statements is not true concerning assurance services? A. Assurance services focus on improving the quality of information, or its context, for decision makers. B. The growth in assurance services has been driven in part by users' demands for more relevant and reliable information. C. Auditing services can be viewed as a subset of assurance services. D. Unlike audit engagements, an engagement to perform assurance services does not require the auditor to consider information reliability. 17: D 23.The primary responsibility for the adequacy of disclosures in the financial report of a publicly held company rests with the: A.management of the company. B.partner assigned to the audit engagement. C.Securities and Exchange Commission. D.auditor in charge of the fieldwork. 23: A 29. Which of the following best describes why an independent auditor is asked to...
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