...Nicole Cruz Professor Garver Philosophy 303 7 May 2014 The Works Progress Administration: How Federalism Enabled Social Reform Through Art Franklin D. Roosevelt once said, “The test of our progress is not whether we add more to the abundance of those who have much; it is whether we provide enough for those who have too little.” The Works Progress Administration, established by Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1935, aimed to provide an opportunity for both people and the American economy during a time of great struggle within the United States. What made the Works Progress Administration significant in United States history was the fact that it unintentionally stimulated social reform and progress within American society, even though its main purpose was to create jobs for artists and stimulate economic growth. An analysis of artwork from the Works Progress Administration, reveals that, through the United States’ involvement of creating jobs for artists, social, racial and gender barriers were disseminated, which allowed for progress in American society both economically and socially. After being elected into the presidency in 1932, Franklin Delano Roosevelt delivered his New Deal to the American people, which addressed the devastating effects of the Great Depression. A number of bills were passed as part of the New Deal that was meant to alleviate the poverty rate, reduce unemployment, and stimulate economic recovery. Historians consider the Works Progress Administration...
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...Throughout the 1920s and 1930s, the Harlem Renaissance had an enormous effect on African American culture, making it the most important literary movement in African American history. However, what conditions led to this development of culture? The Harlem Renaissance was made possible by the Great Migration. Millions of African Americans left the harsh conditions in the South of the United States starting about 1910 in order to seek economic and educational possibilities in the northern cities, as well as safety from racial violence and discrimination. Major northern cities saw an increase in the black population as a result of this mass movement, which laid the foundation for the thriving cultural environment that would develop in Harlem, New...
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...Jim Crow laws in the south led for blacks in the lower populated areas to move and be apart of the Northern highly populated cities. Negro communities became very tightly knit and sparked the upcoming of a blast of artistic movement of music and art. The city of Harlem in New York became a main hotspot for black artists and writers looking to release their talent and new style. The negroes sought to change their fate in society with the new type of music, jazz. The Harlem Renaissance was a turning point of African...
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...until about 1930 an unprecedented outburst of activity among African-Americans occurred in all field of art. Beginning as a series of literary discussions in the lower Manhattan (Greenwich Village) and upper Manhattan (Harlem) sections of New York City, this African-American cultural movement became known as “The New Negro Movement’’ and later as the Harlem Renaissance. More than a literary movement and more than a social revolt against racism, the Harlem Renaissance exalted the unique culture of African- Americans and redefined African-Americans were encouraged to celebrate their heritage and to become “The New Negro,” a term coined in 1925 by sociologist and critic Alain LeRoy Locke. One of the factors contributing to the rise of the Harlem Renaissance was the great migration of African-Americans to northern cities (such as New York City, Chicago, and Washington, D.C.) between 1919 and 1926. In his influential book The New Negro (1925), Locke described the northward migration of blacks as "something like a spiritual emancipation." One of the factors contributing to the rise of the Harlem Renaissance was the great migration of African-Americans to northern cities (such as New York City, Chicago, and Washington, D.C.) between 1919 and 1926. In his influential book The New Negro (1925), Locke described the northward migration of blacks as "something like a spiritual emancipation." In the 1920's African-Americans seemed to have passed through some rite of passage. As if for...
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...where African American authors, artists, poets, and musicians were giving new ideas on how to live a better life. People like Louis Armstrong , Langston Hughes, Bessie Smith, W.E.B. Dubois, and Countee Cullen was apart of this movement because they wanted their voices to be heard and they also wanted to make a change for today’s society. They were the voice of not only the youth but also for the black African Americans born during this time. The Harlem Renaissance began after the first World War and lasted into the early years of the Great Migration up to the Great Depression in the early 1930’s. It soon came to be known as the great migration and it last for...
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...African Americans Gloria Graham HIS 204 American History Katie Filbeck February 25, 2013 This paper will discuss the progress of African Americans before and after the 1930s. It will also show their struggles and triumphs before and after they were given freedom. African Americans are descendents of Africa, They were brought to America around the 18th century to work and serve as slaves to some of the wealthier whites. They were force to work for little or nothing. They were treated very badly and lived on the plantations of their owners who purchased them through slave trades. African Americans before the 1930s During the Great Depression, blacks suffered a great deal when it came to jobs. Blacks were pushed out of jobs which they held before the depression by whites who would not be caught doing the types of jobs they held. Although Roosevelt administration National Recovery Act (NRA) stated that there was not to be nondiscriminatory in hiring, and blacks should get the same equal pay as whites, it didn’t employ blacks, but it remained to be racist whenever a black was hired. During the Great Depression, unemployment was very high, but there were some like “William Green” President of the American Federation of Labor that opposed segregation, but did nothing to support civil rights. Therefore blacks were forced to organize a separate union. Women during the Great Depression before the 1930s There were also women in the work force. The unemployment was...
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...Fashion of the 1930’s In the 1930’s fashion was at its peak. The fashion showed the elegance and beauty of the United States during a time of depression. During the 1930’s, fashion began to have a ready to wear mentality. The United States was just beginning the Great Depression and trying to adjust to a life with very little. The American people had to find cheaper ways and places to buy and manufacture clothes, especially after the stock market crashed (Dudbrige). Most of the inspiration for the fashion came from films which impacted the culture (Lewis). Most of the designers that designed for these films were located outside of the country where the bulk of the fashion industry was located (Lewis). In the 1930’s, fashion impacted the country...
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...neighborhood of New York City, many French-speaking black writers from African and Caribbean colonies who lived in Paris were also influenced by the Harlem Renaissance.[1][2][3][4] The Harlem Renaissance is unofficially recognized to have spanned from about 1919 until the early or mid-1930s. Many of its ideas lived on much longer. The zenith of this "flowering of Negro literature", as James Weldon Johnson preferred to call the Harlem Renaissance, was placed between 1924 (the year that Opportunity: A Journal of Negro Life hosted a party for black writers where many white publishers were in attendance) and 1929 (the year of the stock market crash and the beginning of the Great Depression). Contents [hide] 1 Background to Harlem 2 Development of African-American community in Harlem 2.1 An explosion of culture in Harlem 3 Music 4 Characteristics and themes 5 Influence of the Harlem Renaissance 5.1 A new black Identity 5.2 Criticism of the movement 6 Notable figures and their works 6.1 Novels 6.2 Short story collections 6.3 Drama 6.4 Poetry 6.5 Leading intellectuals 6.6 Visual artists 6.7 Popular entertainment 6.8 Musicians and composers 7 See also 8 References 9 External links 10 Bibliography Background to Harlem [edit] Until the end of the Civil War, the majority of African Americans had been enslaved and lived in the South. After the end of slavery, the emancipated African Americans began to strive for civic participation, political equality and...
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...Bobby Thrush-Louis AMH2020 Depression and New Deal Minorities 4/14/15 At the end of the 1920s, the United States was the largest economy in the world. With the destruction brought by World War I, Europeans struggled while Americans flourished. Then, in the flash of darkness, everything went downfall. The stock market crash of 1929 was a snowball effect that put us into the worst crisis in history. But then, President Franklin D. Roosevelt sparked an idea, the New Deal, it was the set of federal programs launched by President Franklin D. Roosevelt after taking office in 1933, in response to the calamity of the Great Depression. The new deal had four major goals and achievements: Job creation, investment in public works, civic uplift, and obviously economic recovery. The new deal stabilized banks and all the financial mess from the stock market crash. One in four Americans, were out of work by 1933. The new deal created agencies that would aid jobs to millions of people and this also organized the rights for workers to organize unions. The New Deal built transportation landmarks and public landmarks that would help to bring back America. There was more positives than anything in the new deal; in addition, the new deal improved the lives of ordinary people and reshaped the public outlook. New Dealers and the men and women who worked on New Deal programs believed they were not only serving their families and communities...
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...Ch.12. 1.Speculation-The practice for making high risk investments in hopes of getting a huge return. 2. Black Tuesday-October 29, 1929. Share prices on the New York stock exchange completely collapsed, becoming a pivotal factor in the emergence of the great depression. 3. Herbert Hoover- 31st president of the u’s: in 1929 the stock market crashed and the economy collapsed and Hoover was defeated for reelection by FDR. 4. Great depression- the economic crisis and period of low business activity in the u’s and other countries, roughly beginning with the stock market crash in October, 1929, and continuing through most of the 1930’s. 5. Hawley-smooth tariff- raised import duties to protect American businesses and farmer, adding considerable strain to the international economic climate of the Great Depression. 6. Okies- a migrant agricultural worker from Oklahoma who had been forced to leave during the depression of the 1930’s. 7. Breadline- a group of needy persons waiting in the line for free food to be distributed by a government agency or charitable organization. 8. Hooverville- a shantytown built by unemployed and destitute people during the depression of the early 1930’s. 9. Dust bowl- An area of Oklahoma, Kansas, and northern Texas affected by severe sell erosion caused by windstorms in the early 1930s, which obliged many people to move. 10. migration-movement from one part of something to another. 11. Bonus Army- was the popular name of assemblage of some 43,000...
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...The name “Harlem Renaissance” established in Harlem, New York was introduced to as the inventive, creative, artsy combination of both social and cultural gathering. This crusade gave African Americans the opportunity to express themselves through art within urban areas in the Northeast and Midwest of the United States specifically rooting from the streets of Harlem. Along with Harlem, this gathering of African Americans also thrived in other places such as Chicago and Washing DC. Expanding from a time frame starting from the 1920’s up till the mid 1930’s, this intellectual, literacy movement ignited a new black cultural identity. The Harlem Renaissance not only produced influential legends, rhymesters, and sweet melodies, this movement allowed...
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...In the Makers video about artist Faith Ringgold, Ringgold gives a brief summary of how she came into the world of art and what she fought for while she was an artist. Ringgold was born in the Great Depression in the city of Harlem, the center of African American culture in the United States at the time. The Harlem Renaissance had happened just a couple of years before, and it would have an influence on Ringgold’s career as an artist. She ventured into the world of art when she was young and began creating story quilts. Next, she talked about her movement to get more women representation in art museums, especially the Whitney Museum. While watching the video, I felt inspired and happy because of how Faith Ringgold, despite being a minority...
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... One in particular being Augusta Savage. She was an African American artist and arts educator. She was born Augusta Christine Fells on February 29, 1892,in Green Cove Springs, Florida. As a child began to make art by using the natural clay found in her community. She would sculpt animals and other small objects she could find. Though she loved to sculpt her father greatly disapproved. He tried hi best to stop her from sculpting and focus on something more productive. But despite her father's objections, she continued to make sculptures. In 1915 after her family moved to West Palm Beach, Florida Savage found it difficult to make sculptures due to the lack of clay. She then started to use other materials from the local potter in order to make sculptures. She then created a group of figures that she entered in a local county fair. Her work was well-received, winning a prize and the support of the fair's organizer, George Graham Currie. He encouraged her to study art. Savage moved to New York City during the early 1920s to better establish herself as a sculptor. She studied art at Cooper Union College and after one year at school she recieved a full scholarship which helped with living expenses. She excelled tremendously while there, and was able to finish her course work and graduate in three years instead of four. In 1923, while still attending Cooper Union College, Savage had applied to a special summer program to study art in France, but was rejected because of her race. Outraged...
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...& 2: Yes, photography can be considered a viable form of art. Photography can take what the world sees and instead of having to reproduce it through painting, it can be captured as it is seen and portrayed in nature. A photograph can be considered art by the way the content is portrayed. The photo may show forms of texture, use of lines, use of color and even create a collage. Photography was not accepted as art because it was a copy of what was seen with the eyes. Most people considered art to be created from your mind and with your hands and various mediums. Photography became accepted after many years of being used only for portraits. It was able to be used in many ways and create many different feelings. Essay 2: The Calotype process formed the basis for modern photography. D. W. Griffith was the first to master editing of film and created the standard vocabulary for filmmaking. The magazine Camera Works became an important part of American Photography. “At the Time of the Louisville Flood” is an image of the Great Depression. A large billboard takes over the background. The sign depicts a perfect white family in their new car and perfect home.” Below the sign, is a line of African Americans waiting for any help they can receive. He people in the car are blind to what is really taking place and are about to run into the crowd. The picture portrays the cruel reality of the time during the depression. It is sad that the colored are waiting under a sign that portrays...
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...and inspiration originated, I will discuss two historical art periods and illustrate how one art period is a continuation of, or a reaction to, the earlier art period. However, first I would like to refresh our understanding of what art truly is. Art enables us to find ourselves and lose ourselves at the same time. It is how we see ourselves. It is how we see each other. It is how we see the world. It is how we stay focused and grounded with our roots and beliefs, so that we know where we come from, what we have been through, and where we are heading. It is my intention to prove that the later art period came about as a continuation of the earlier art period. The two art periods that I have chosen are the Renaissance and the Harlem Renaissance art periods. In a nutshell, the Renaissance simply was a period of rebirth. It is a period during the 14th through the 17th century in which the arts were revived. The reason for this revival was because The Middle Ages were over. During that period, territorial struggles throughout Europe had made people more concerned with staying in good graces with whoever was ruling them at that particular time. The rulers, themselves, were more concerned with preoccupying and expanding their control. And with the Roman Catholic Church having its strong foothold in society during this era, no one really had time left over to even think about art. The characteristics of Renaissance art include realism, expression, perspective, classicism, an emphasis...
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