...Jeff Fonou Professor Shearin English 101 24 October 2014 The Negro Education W.E.B Dubois and Booker T. Washington were great leaders to the African American population during their time. Although they both agreed on the progression of black communities and the Negro education; they strongly disagreed on the type of education blacks should receive, strategies to achieve economic prosperity, and the blacks’ social standing in society. Both Booker T. Washington and W.E.B Dubois advocated for the advancement of education in black communities but they had different theories. Washington preached a philosophy of self-help, racial solidarity and accommodation. Washington’s theory of education developed as a result of the path he took in acquiring an education. He believed blacks should get an industrial education based on their living conditions and economic needs. On the other hand W.E.B Dubois focused on a more liberal; intellectual based style of education. DuBois believed in the "the talented tenth" of the black population who, through their intellectual accomplishments, would rise up in society and lead the black masses. Dubois stated Washington's strategy would serve only to perpetuate white oppression. According to Washington, blacks had to start from the bottom and work their way up in society. He postulated that through industrial education blacks would not only be able to work for themselves but also know how to properly perform the tasks needed. Through this they...
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...Americans from obtaining certain types of employment that would have allowed for progression and economic stableness. In addition, a penal system, known as the convict lease system, was created. This system was not meant to benefit those in the system but the state and private entities. In this system convicts were leased out to state or private entities to aid in projects. This allowed these entities complete projects under cost and increase their profits as they had essentially free labor . African Americans and other minorities would be charged with minor crimes and placed in these systems to provide the labor. This system was essentially a new form of slavery and further led to the economic oppression of the African American Community Each...
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...Running head: LITERATURE REVIEW Literature Review Taletta J Wilson Liberty University Abstract The following traditional literature review examines the disproportionate number of young African-American males who have been placed in special education. The articles highlight factors such as cultural misunderstandings and teachers’ perceptions and attitudes towards African- American men. This literature review not only observes the misunderstandings, but it also looks at strategies and techniques that can be used to lessen the gap. Keywords: African American boys, African American males, special education, overrepresentation, disproportionate, educationally disadvantaged, cultural Literature Review Introduction: According to a recent study conducted by the Council of the Great City Schools, Black and Hispanic males constitute almost 80 percent of youth in special education programs. In addition, Black males make up 20 percent of all students in the United States classified as mentally retarded, although they are only nine percent of the student population (Barbarin 2011). Over the years, overrepresentation of African American males placed in special education programs continues to be a growing problem and it has not gone unnoticed that some of these identified minorities have been misplaced and inaccurately diagnosed. This paper reviews peer reviewed journal articles on this phenomenon. The authors attempt to explain, through qualitative and quantitative research...
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...Ruston Christian Professor Smith English 2020 25 November 2014 Du Bois’ and Washington: The Rivalry Both W.E.B Dubois and Booker T. Washington were great African American leaders and writers during the beginning of the 20th century. Booker T. Washington’s “Up from Slavery” provides a great depiction of his experience with slavery and he also expresses his views on education and ways to enhance the citizenship of blacks in society. W.E.B Dubois’ Souls of Black Folk exemplifies the contradictions of the South during that time and he also criticizes Booker T. Washington’s views on racial uplifting and education concept. Now the question stands as follows: Was W.E.B Dubois’ criticism towards Washington unfair or accurate? Well, Dubois’ criticisms towards Washington was both accurate and unfair, but mostly accurate. Up From Slavery depicts Booker T. Washington as both an accommodationist and a realist whom tries to strategize ways for blacks to make it out the struggle even though race relations were at its lowest point at the time. The autobiography also describes in detail his gradual and steady rise from a slave child during the Civil War, to the trials and tribulations he had to conquer to attain an education at the new Hampton University, to his work establishing vocational schools such as the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama, and to helping black people and other disadvantaged minorities learn useful, marketable skills and work to pull themselves, as a race, up out of the...
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...The African American’s History in the United States 1865-Present Gina R. Carter Hist:204 Instructor Ronnie Peacock April 8, 2013 The African American’s struggles have been many as well as continuous throughout the centuries. However, this race despite the trials and tribulations thrown at them, stood fast when faced with adversity, discrimination, oppression and segregation. They are a people once condemned by the country that stole their heritage and identity, forced them into slavery and labeled then subhuman. After imprisonments, the loss of lives, much sacrifice and an undeniable refusal of contentment, they are now America’s doctors, lawyers, priests, educators, judges and Secretary of State. From slavery to the White House, the African American took control over its fate and today continues to orchestrate its own destiny. After many years of involuntary servitude, beating, rapes and hangings, the Thirteenth Amendment was ratified on December 6, 1865, stating, "Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States.", the African American slave finally had a taste of freedom, so he thought. Even though the Thirteenth amendment was the Constitutional end of slavery in the United States, this was not the end of slavery. Instead the American southern states introduced slavery by another name. American History 1865-Present | End of Isolation states;...
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...itTRAD 104-001 Critical Analysis of African American Leaders Alon Robinson During the four years after reconstruction, the Negro problem began to slowly worsen. With the weight of ignorance in life, business, and humanity on its shoulders, the Negro’s position in America began to depreciate (Gates & McKay 697). With the war won and a new president in office, the dreams of obtaining full citizenship ceased when the president restored laws that favored white supremacy (Machibya). The generation of the Jim Crow laws did nothing to aid in this problem, it simply administered murder, lynching, and further discrimination (Machibya). With these new laws to aid them in their troubles, blacks were left at the mercy of the former slaveholders and confederates of the south. With all the issues facing blacks of the time, the problem facing negro leadership became clear; How can the Negro American obtain the first class citizenship like that of his former masters (Machibya)? This was a widely debated issue amongst black leaders. One favored the idea that the Negro races return to Africa (Machibya). While others urged Negroes to become industrial workers, stating that political and social equality would soon follow (Machibya). Others opposed this idea, and instead encouraged blacks to fight for the right to vote, which would then lead to political and social equality (Gates & McKay 698). These two conceptions are the most debated when observing racial equality during...
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...Fatima Ramos 3-25-13 Readers Response: The Souls OF Black Folk W.E.B Dubois was born on Feb. 23, 1863. His entire career mat be understood as unremitting struggle for civil and political rights for African Americans and human rights around the world.(p893) He also felt that the color-line is the problem for the twentieth century. During grade school he realized not only the importance of his education but the difference of him being a high education black child. For a white child it was expected to attend school to start an establishment for himself it was not expected for blacks to want to learn to advance in society especially not in politics even in this century. The psychological mindset that the white people set for the African race more less has always been the same. In a Cultural perspective I get a sense of self actualization when Dubois said “He would not bleach his negro soul in the flood of white Americanism, for he knows that Negro blood has a message for the world. He simply wishes to make it possible for a man be both a Negro and an American, without being cursed and spit upon by his fellows, without having the doors of opportunity closed roughly in his face.” Dubois along with other major icons in black history also helped increase our self value. Always being talked down to as though all human kind do not shed the same blood. How people perceive you starts from ones personality, how you present yourself, and your position in society. Dubois saw two...
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...Influential leaders In the 20th century era there where African Americans that emerged to impact the Negro race in a great influential way. The most known people to have an idea to bring the Negro race to the true potential that they could uphold were three Negros. These three blacks came from different places with a different background story. They were Booker T. Washington, W.E.B. Dubois, and Marcus Garvey. These three were very brilliant, heroic, and memorable men who came to try to change things in the 20th century to gain African American the equal rights they deserved. The 20th century was an era in which the white men were the superiors and the ones of colored although free were still their servants. The colored people were not...
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...Many historians and scholars in the field of African American studies know about the ambitious rivalry between Booker T. Washington and W.E.B DuBouis. This rivalry between two great leaders of the black community in the late 19th and 20th century gave birth to many debates and dissension about which leader actually offered a better way for black people to advance in American society back then. I personally viewed Booker T. Washington’s beliefs about racial equality as somewhat…“colonized”. I believe his ideas were too ground in the white agenda that was going on in that era. I believe W.E.B DuBois ideas were better for the improvement of African American people in American society. Of these two great men, the first to come along was Booker T. Washington. He was a reformer, an educator and one of the most influential black leaders of his time. He preached the philosophy of racial solidarity, self-help and accommodation. He pushed for black people to accept the vicious discrimination that they were going through for the time being and instead concentrate on advancing themselves through material prosperity and hard work....
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...declared, “I leave you a thirst for education. Knowledge is a prime need of the hour.” Most of Bethune’s most successful accomplishments were related to education. In this way, the quote relates perfectly to the crucial impact she had on the world. Bethune proved that black women could be respected and successful during a time when prejudice and racism dominated society. Mary McLeod Bethune was an extremely influential part in society and positively impacted the way African Americans and women are viewed today. Born on July 10, 1875, in Mayesville, South Carolina, Mary McLeod Bethune was the third youngest of seventeen children (“Mary McLeod Bethune 1875-1955”). Even as a child, Bethune was viewed as “different”...
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...The twentieth century has been called the nadir period of African Americans, however it was also a time of growth within the African American people. Scholars have debated that one side should have more emphasis placed on it that the other. On the side of the nadir, Civil rights were lost, racial discrimination took place, and lynchings became more relevant. Yet through all of these struggles African Americans managed to challenge oppression and create their own independence. Black codes and Jim Crow laws were established to enforce racial segregation and limit the rights of black people, such as denying them “the right to vote, testify against whites, serve on juries, or be in town past ten in the evening” (Foner, P.535). Richard Wright’s documented account of “Living Jim crow” entails him being unlawfully searched while he was doing his job as well as providing key concepts in what is was like to be a black during this era, wright states “I learned to play that dual role which every Negro must play if he wants to eat and live”( Wright, “Jim Crow,”1937) this is important because it’s referred to as a Jim crow education which entails that one had to learn to “lie, steal, and dissemble” (Wright, “Jim Crow,”1937)just to make it through daily life....
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...The great Dr. Mary McLeod Bethune was born July 10, 1875 to two former slaves in Mayesville, South Carolina. She was the only child, out of seventeen children, in her family to go to school. Bethune first went to an African American missionary school before continuing her education at the Scotia Seminary and the Dwight Moody’s Institute for home and Foreign Missions. After receiving her education, she worked as a teacher for nearly a decade. During that time, she met and married Albertus Bethune, also a teacher, and later had their only child, Albert Mcleod Bethune. Bethune was a firm believer of in the power of education. She thought that the only way for Africans Americans to advance in society was with the help of education. With that belief,...
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...lifespan cultivating and toiling to certify that African-Americans received the humanoid entitlements and basic rights they deserve. She was an activist, philanthropist, guide, and an educationalist that devoted many decades to battle for civil rights and enhance the African-American community. She was a firm believer that the key to battle misfortunes and hardships that were enfeebling African-Americans was tutelage and education. Bethune undertook and triumphed voluminous superb responsibilities in order to make a significant, encouraging influence on humanity and elevate her community. Bethune was conceived July 10, 1875 in Mayesville, South Carolina to Samuel and Patsy McLeod, who were former slaves that attained land once they were unchained from enslavement. Mary Jane McLeod Bethune was the fifteenth of seventeen children and grew up in a home chock-full of destitution and paucity. Since she was a child, she toiled on the cotton field and assisted her mother with doing laundry for white folk. The poverty that her family endured prevented her from pursuing an education. Bethune went through an occurrence that stimulated her to break the cycle in her community and befit into a cultivated African-American woman. While distributing the laundry she washed with her mother to a white client, Bethune picked up a book and began to look at it. A white child became infuriated by this and told her to stop looking at the book since African-Americans were illiterate and that she couldn’t even...
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...The Harlem Renaissance's Impact on American Literature The Harlem Renaissance also known as the "New Negro Movement," was a cultural movement that spanned in the 1920's to the mid 1930's. It was a time in history that displayed the unique culture of African American expression, through literature, art, music, and dance. This African American culture grew out of Harlem, New York and symbolized freedom from the oppression of slavery. It was described as the spiritual coming of age in which African Americans had a chance to express their creativity. The Harlem Renaissance is noted as being a literary movement were African Americans could celebrate their heritage and reveal the truth about their life and the first time their literature was taken seriously by critics and publishers. The birth of the Harlem Renaissance came out of Harlem, New York in the early 1920's, "it was a time for a cultural celebration. African Americans had endured centuries of slavery and the struggle for abolition." (U.S History, 2008) It is described as racial pride and an intense desire for equality. It represented a time by the end of the war in 1919 where African Americans was going to be much more aggressive than their prewar brothers. Harlem was considered the capital of the black world, because it attracted thousands of blacks from the South and the West indies. It provided economic and education for African American artist. In Harlem, people demanded respect from those who continued to keep racist...
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...The Great Migration was the relocation of African Americans from the South to mostly the North. From 1915 to 1918, roughly seven hundred thousand African Americans moved in hopes for a better life. There are many reasons why African Americans migrated from the South to the North in large numbers. Because of the Great Migration, African Americans experience some positive and negative realities once they move North. Moreover, the Great Migration has a drastic effect on the entire country as a whole and to the black population. In the South, colored people were placed into harsh environments. African Americans would work long, hard hours tending to fields and/or cooking and caring for their owner’s family for the return of the basic necessities...
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