...RUNNING HEAD: AFRICAN AMERICAN STRUGGLES 1 African American Struggles Shaneisa Smith Soc 308: Racial & Ethnic Groups Risa Garelick November 23, 2011 AFRICAN AMERICAN STRUGGLES 2 African American Struggles African Americans are knows to face various issues throughout their lives. From being discriminated against, to trying to fit into society, African Americans still have problems because they are considered to be the minority (McGhee, 2010). African Americans are citizens or residents of the United States who have at least partial ancestry from any of the native populations of Sub-Saharan Africa and are the direct descendents of enslaved Africans within the boundaries of the present United States. Most African Americans are of West African descent and make up the single largest racial minority in the United States (African American Studies, 2001). Due to the fact that African Americans are minorities, they face problems in today’s world. Unlike the civil rights movement in the 1960s, African Americans today are not fighting for basic civil rights such as the right to vote and the right to attend non segregated schools. Many of the challenges are more subtle. The struggle would involve things like fighting negative stereotypes, pushing against institutional barriers that have been strengthened by those in favor of maintaining a historical precedent...
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...The African-American Civil Rights Movement or 1960s Civil Rights Movement encompasses social movements in the United States whose goals were to end racial segregation and discrimination against black Americans and to secure legal recognition and federal protection of the citizenship rights enumerated in the Constitution and federal law. This article covers the phase of the movement between 1954 and 1968, particularly in the South. The leadership was African-American, much of the political and financial support came from labor unions (led by Walter Reuther), major religious denominations, and prominent white politicians such as Hubert Humphrey and Lyndon B. Johnson. The movement was characterized by major campaigns of civil resistance. Between 1955 and 1968, acts of nonviolent protest and civil disobedience produced crisis situations and productive dialogues between activists and government authorities. Federal, state, and local governments, businesses, and communities often had to respond immediately to these situations that highlighted the inequities faced by African Americans. Forms of protest and/or civil disobedience included boycotts such as the successful Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955–56) in Alabama; "sit-ins" such as the influential Greensboro sit-ins (1960) in North Carolina; marches, such as the Selma to Montgomery marches (1965) in Alabama; and a wide range of other nonviolent activities. Noted legislative achievements during this phase of the civil rights movement...
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...These schools were huge targets of white mobs or racist Police officers that were in the Ku Klux Klan as well homes of African-American families. The University of Utah stated that “In the summer of 1964, 30 black homes and 37 black churches were firebombed”.(University of Utah) According to the University of Utah “Over 80 people who volunteered at the freedom schools were beaten by white mobs and racist police officers” (Utah state University 2). There were three men that were named: James Chancey, Andrew Goodman and Michael Schwerner. These men were murdered by the iron fist of the Ku Klux Klan on 21st June 1964. The Ku Klux Klan caused many murders of African-American families. These African-Americans were tortured especially by the KKK....
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...1. ATOMS I can… 1. identify the parts of an atom; protons, neutrons, electrons. 2. properties of an atom; charges (anion & cation), atomic number, atomic mass & isotopes. 3. determine the number of subatomic particles in a neutral atom and charged atom. 4. the development of atomic models including, the Dalton, Thomson, Rutherford, and Bohr. 5. represent elements using the modified Bohr model of an atom. 6. examine the spectra of common atom(s) to determine that each element has a unique pattern of light emitted & absorbed. 7. model and explain Rutherford’s gold foil experiment. 2. PERIODIC TRENDS I can… 8. describe how elements are organized on the periodic table. 9. identify metals, non-metals and metalloids on the periodic table. 10. identify elements that belong in the same group/family and explain shared characteristics. 11. identify alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, halogens and noble gases on the periodic table and describe their distinguishing characteristics. 12. identify and predict physical and chemical properties of elements based on their location on the periodic table. 13. determine the number of valence electrons for a given element. 3. BONDING & COMPOUNDS I can… 14. define and illustrate ionic bonds. 15. given a compound’s name, determine the ionic formula. 16. use the periodic table to predict what ionic formula will result when two elements bond. 17. show how ions...
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...African-American College Students: Personal History, Struggles, and Graduation Rheon Gibson Northern Illinois University Abstract In this report, I discuss the importance of African-American college students in higher education realms and why the topic appeals to my interests. I will also identify trends in research questions, methodology, and research findings; regarding three identified themes; Personal History, Struggles, and Graduation. In addition, I will provide the reader with an evaluation/critique of the existing literature, including; 1) contributions of literature to the field, 2) overall strengths, 3) overall weaknesses, 4) missing elements, and 5) what are the next steps for research. African-American College Students: Personal History, Struggles, and Graduation Introduction Importance to the Field Educational attainment amongst African-Americans is a crucial concept that not only affects African-American communities but it also affects society as a whole. Education provides a solid foundation for individuals to experience personal growth, increase one’s socioeconomic status, and obtain professional careers and licensures. Obtaining higher education does not begin upon admission to an accredited college or university; instead, it begins when one is first introduced to the educational system. This introduction can be in Kindergarten, Pre-K, the first year of home school, or wherever the first fundamental steps of acquiring a higher knowledge of comprehension...
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...reading Pero Dagbovie’s What is African American History? has been an eye-opener regarding the historiographical struggles and the methodological and conceptual aspects of doing African American history properly. While I have come across some of Dagbovie’s work before, and covered parts of the historical fight to integrate the history curriculum in primary and secondary schools during the mid-twentieth century in my M.A. thesis, I gained a lot of new insight by reading Dagbovie’s illustration of the coming of age of the field and the various debates along the way. His work made me think harder about what African American history is, and what it is not. This has helped me a lot in developing and redirecting my own research focus over the last couple of months. I think that sometimes the scarcity of Black sources or the difficulties to access them, compared to white official and public records, can increase the danger to fall back into narrating the story...
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...Running head: AFRICAN AMERICANS African Americans Past to Present HIS204 Tyrone Johnson Professor Kimberly Hornback June 18, 2012 Before the American Civil War, medical observers deemed psychosis to be rare in slaves, but common in free blacks of the North and of Caribbean descent. After 1865, the prevailing psychiatric perception of African Americans was that psychosis was increasing at an alarming rate. Basically observers that many African Americans had some sort of mental illness, which lead to them being over diagnosis, which created very much false impressions of who they were. Jarvis (2008), Reasons for the increasing rates were initially scribed to the effects of emancipation, but as researchers reported rates of psychosis to be on the rise through the first half of the 20th century, the stress of internal migration and social adversity were increasingly invoked as explanatory factors. Even though many changes and the challenges did not seemly to actually change. The involvement in the ending of isolation among African Americans, as well being one of the culture groups of people involved in the struggles, segregation, civil rights movement...
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...as Intracultural Critique,” which covers James Baldwin’s 1957 intuitive short story, “Sonny’s Blues,” she conveys that Baldwin created the title to be questioned for its connection to jazz or more specifically Bebop, so Baldwin’s intent of broadcasting African American struggles throughout history can be conveyed through a pair of brothers connected by this music, which acts as a medium for his ultimate message. The author portrays his story of the two brothers where, through music, they eventually accept their living conditions and overcome the emotional barriers that were placed on them due to not only their African American history, but also the conditions they were...
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...The Radical Reconstruction period from1868 to1877 provided suffrage to the African American community in tremendous ways. This Reconstruction period provided new prospects for the African American community for example, voting, labor, ownership of property, education and restoration of family life. In addition, to providing many opportunities the Radical Reconstruction made it very challenging for African American’s to take advantage of their “freedom”. In this paper my aim is to prove that African American women were relentless individuals, who controlled voting in southern African American communities through the use of their counterparts. Furthermore, African American women overcame the challenges that came along with the opportunities’ that were given during the reconstruction period, they utilized many strategies particularly violent ones. Elsa Barkley Brown article The Labor of Politics, substantially supports my argument. Brown provides numerous testimonies and examples of how African American women manipulated the vote through African American men. Throughout the article Brown uses African American women to emphasize her argument that ex-slaves developed their politics differently from their white Republicans allies. After the Civil War African American’s reconceptualizatize their role to vote in politics and one may wonder how can a group of people who have been recently emancipated do such a thing? Well Brown argues that the Black Richmonders, operated in two different...
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...ESL 1600 PEIYUAN YAN Final Paper Intolerance Problem Part 1 - 1: There are many different cultures, religions and political parties in the world. Everyone is different, different people have different cultures, religions and experiences, so intolerance is a major problem in our lives. Intolerance is the act of not liking someone, or respecting them, because they are different. An intolerant person wants everybody to act in the same way. Intolerance is a principal problem all over the world. It has been an international problem within last 10 years, as all of the wars originate from problems such as religion, race, politics and so on. “Religious oppression and intolerance in China”, “African in America” and “Ghost Dance at Wounded Knee” all talk about intolerance problems. Firstly, I will talk about the “Religious oppression and intolerance in china”. In the last 10 years, the Chinese government relentlessly suppressed non-registered religious groups. Falun Gong is a good example of the suppressed. In order to suppress the Falun Gong and other non-registered religious movements, the Chinese government used the anti-cult movement to limit and suppress them. The Chinese government said: “Falun Gong is a cult, cults do not obey the law, they upset the social order, and they often use the deceit of creating a religious freedom and a stable society to deceive more people to join their religion. They participate in political activities, some of them even tax evasion, drug trafficking...
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...The struggle for the recognition of equality of women has been well documented in the history of the United States. One of the greatest and longest struggles have included African Americans. The effort to be seen as equal and respected for African American women is twofold. First, they were women and second, they were black women. They not only had to fight for the right to be equal to a man but race was a huge component on a larger stage. African Americans, both men and women were seen as inferior to whites during the age of slavery. African American women struggled during slavery because they were seen as property along with their male counterparts, however their sexuality proved to interweave them in a more violent and often misdirected...
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...social arena more inclusive than many other arenas in American society.” (SOURCE HERE). However, the prejudice that has existed within our society is still equally as evident in music. When examining race relations throughout history, it is clear that while music was a tool used to liberate people of color it additionally has been utilized to suppress them. This suppression is apparent in the stereotypical imagery employed in song lyrics, performance styles like blackface, and the misappropriating of the credit...
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...purports to explain African American's long winded struggle for voting rights, as inspired by “Amazing Grace”. The Library of Congress describes the historical formation of the “Amazing Grace” hymn as, “the joy and peace of a soul uplifted from despair to salvation through the gift of grace” (The Creation of “Amazing Grace”). Considering that interpretation of “Amazing Grace”, the photographs in the presentation serve to exemplify the dynamic of both discouragement and jubilance in the African American struggle for voting rights. For example, on the sixth slide of the presentation, a photograph of a black male being lynched for voting is displayed. This photograph represents American (black people’s) moments of despair as a result of manipulative social relations between blacks and whites and the American government’s neglect of concern for African Americans. In contrast, on the thirteenth slide is a photograph of the African American First Family of the United States and other leaders and activists marching across the Edmund Pettus Bridge (in Selma, Al) to commemorate 50 years of secured voting rights. This photograph represents the jubilance...
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...contemporary United States? History tells us that African Americans were discriminated for many years in the United States, and today we celebrate the achievements that were fought for and gained. The marking of civil rights anniversaries are an important part of identity and represent a truly extraordinary shift in the American culture and politics (Romano, 2014). The politics of race has been a long fought fight for African Americans to achieve given rights like the right for voting, they celebrate this through anniversaries for remembrances of given occasions and for celebration. This is emphasized by the civil rights anniversary to show the history of struggle for freedom, to show racial progress and reconciliation in increasingly multi-racial society (Romano, 2014). History shows African Americans has been fighting for the achievement of equality and justice within the state and for possible peaceful changes within the system (Romano, 2014). This can be proved by the anniversary celebration as it represent the movements of struggle for civil rights and much attention given for ending the legal segregation over the economic justice demand. History even shows, how some given deaths of prominent people occurred who were in the race fighting for the freedom of achievement of their rights (Romano, 2014). The history of politics shows the achievements that have been achieved by the African Americans like the nomination of African American president Barack Obama for two consecutive...
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...The African American voice overtime has evolved to write about only one grievance, instead of many like its predecessors. The reason for this evolution is the African American voice gained freedom and equality, leading authors to explain only one theme they have instead of the many that they face in their daily life. Frederick Douglass who faced slavery and the challenge of teaching himself to read and write, has more themes than that of Langston Hughes, who faced the burden of his faith. But both of these authors faced more challenges than Henry Louis Gates Jr. whose main grievance addressed in his writing is that of African Americans in the school systems. Because of the freedoms and equalities that the African Americans gained they...
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