...and leadership styles. The literature points to a varied views regarding the universal uniformity or cultural specificity of leadership attributes and effectiveness. Many researchers have argued for a direct impact of culture on leadership styles, arguing that specific cultural traditions and norms are bound to differentiate leadership styles. The leadership profile in a country is strongly influenced by its cultural values. This paper will define culture and will use the Hofstende culture determinants to describe African culture. This will be followed by the expansion of how the determinants of culture influence the leadership style that is experienced in Africa. Culture is “the collective programming of the mind, which distinguishes the member of one category of people from another” (Geert Hofstende). Other authors have defined culture as the system of shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviours, and artifacts that the members of society use to cope with their world and with one another Determinants of culture as described in the Hofstende model are Collectivism Vs. Individualism, large V small power distance, strong Vs. weak uncertainty avoidance, masculinity v femininity. The African culture has been described as collectivism where claims of groups, associations, or the state must normally supersede the claims of individuals. The practice makes the group rather than the individual the fundamental unit of political, social, and economic concern. The leadership style...
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...VIRTOUS SPIRALLING The L.F.S model aptly captures the new thinking in Leadership studies. The efficacy of the model is found in its instruction that organisational effectivenesss is a function of the leader, followers and the situation within a strategic framework. Much as competencies and skills ( Hughes, Ginnet and Curphy, 2009:265 ) that can make a leader effective have been identified and prescribed, the quality followership and an understanding of the situations are germane to leadership and organisational success. One important definition of leadership is that a leader achieves the set goals of especially an organised group by the leader influencing (Hughes, Ginnet and Curphy, 2009: 4) others.. This definition underscores the importance of the need for collaborative efforts in the achievement of great goals . Charismatic leadership often builds passion and galvanisethem into enthusisatically collaborating for the common good of all, even in the face of compelling diversity. Followers have been known to influence the process of leadership. In the same vein that leadership is complex, leadership situations can also be complex.. The external and organisational environment have continued to chang and influence leadership context. The potency of situation in leadership effectiveness and business succes is also underscored by the observation that the success of a leader in a context is not a guaurantee for the success of the same leader in a different context...
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...Dwayne A. Grant ELRC 7603 Interview Paper: Leadership at an Anarchical Community College Dr. Owens November 30, 2014 Louisiana State University Though tempered by culture, history, and tradition that shape beliefs in particular directions and away from others, the presence of multiple realities within organized anarchies is undeniable (Manning, 2013). Louisiana’s oldest and largest community college sits in the heart of New Orleans. Delgado Community College is known for distinctive programs and an extremely rich culture. Recently, Delgado has experienced changes in leadership during a time of expansion and transition. Faculty at Delgado Community College are outraged that they have not received pay in seven weeks and would like the new Chancellor to reconcile this issue immediately. This interview paper will discuss the issues faced by newly appointed Chancellor Joan Davis and her leadership in this anarchical institution. An organized anarchy exhibits three characteristics: problematic goals, an unclear technology, and fluid participation (Birnbaum, 1988). Problematic goals and unclear technology lie at the forefront of Chancellor Davis’ service: prior to Davis’s arrival in May 2013, Delgado faced a budget deficit of $8 million, which led to the announcement of the layoff of 115 employees, including 64 non-tenured faculty members (Lipinski, 2014). Research had shown the underpaid status for both faculty and staff, in addition to the lack of growth or pay increases...
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...Byrd (2014) discovered that working in a leadership position is a legitimate part that incorporates a specific measure of force or impact inside of an association. Prevalently European Americans hold these sorts of positions (Byrd, 2014). Byrd highlighted that African American women thought to be regulated from leadership positions based on their gender, race, and social class. European Americans undermine African Americans women in leadership positions in the workplace. Byrd expressed that European Americans use their privileges to overrule and control the actions of African Americans in the workplace. Despite the fact that the numbers of African American women leaders in prevalently European American organizations is increasing, there is still a huge disparity and...
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...research done over the years on leadership and there were many reports and articles made, however there was no one common definition. According to Stogdill 1974, his research shows that there are endless definitions of leadership than there are people trying to define it. There may not be one definition of leadership, however the standard definition can be defined as “leadership is the lifting of people’s vision to a higher sight, the raising of their performance to a higher standard, the building of their personality beyond its normal limitations” (Drucker, 1985). As one would be able to agree is that the basis of the concept is about ‘people’ and ‘vision’. One of the many famous political leaders was Nelson Mandela. His leadership style was being a charismatic leader. Charismatic leaders adopts the style of gathering their followers by impressing them with their personality and grace, not by trying to be the authority figure or power. (David Straker, 2010). There were many leadership qualities Nelson Mandela had that lead the South African people through the hardships of apartheid through to democracy which lead them to peace. He encouraged his people by providing a vision for a better future in South Africa and that everyone would be treated as equal, as one nation. Along with his motivational speeches and acts, his leadership encouraged the people came together to form a common goal which was to rid the nation of apartheid. South Africans viewed him as a symbol of resistance...
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...Strategic Change. Dynamism of South African context As South African organisations move into the international business arena, behaviour developed in the apartheid era is not appropriate for competing with the global market. Leaders have to adapt their cultures and be able to respond to an “ever changing” environment. (RV Weeks 2002). In a study conducted by Maritz (2000, p. 18) on South African organisations compared to their international counterparts, it was found that South African leaders are reluctant to move away from a conventional transactional leadership. Leaders who were more transformational lead to long-term positive implications for an organisation. (3) Osborn, Hunt & Jauch (2002) state that transformational leadership will be more effective under traumatic situations as the emotional centre of brain is activated by trauma and this ability is helpful when organizational members experience change and anxiety. Leadership is a critical factor in managing strategic change. The successful managing of people issues will determine success or failure in strategic realignment of business institutions within a global context. (RV Weeks 2002) Strategic leaders effectiveness is dependent on environmental dynamism. Environmental dynamism increases uncertainty that is characterized by stress, anxiety and risk. (2) Transformational leadership encourage individuals to view a turbulent environment as an opportunity not a hindrance. Dynamic environments can generate...
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...major problem is lack of good and effective leadership. Effective leadership is a pivotal element in the success of any group. Without this skill every attempt of development is at risk of dilapidating, staying dwarfed or not taking off at all. It is indubitable that the need for effective leadership in Africa is skyrocketing. It is bad leadership that has led to most of the problems that Africa is facing. Why do Africans languish in poverty yet Africa is so rich with natural resources? Why is brain drain on the rise in Africa? Why are our skilled intellectuals deserting mama Africa? Why is Africa isolated from social and economic development while other continents are developing at the speed of light? Do our leaders ever stop and think about the genesis of all these? We must stop whining, complaining and blaming the West for our problems but look at what we can do to salvage the pitiable situation. The solution lies in good leadership. Africa needs more than just foreign aid to solve her problems. If foreign aid would develop anywhere then Africa would be the most developed continent in the world because Africa has been awash in foreign aid. But that’s not the case. Africa’s medicine is good leadership; leadership that can channelize socio-economic development, a leadership that is visionary and is passionate about alleviating the myriad of challenges facing this lovely continent, while setting their priorities right. If I was an African leader, whether a political leader or a...
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...Definition of Leadership 10 2.2 Type of Leadership 10 2.2.1 Autocratic Leadership 10 2.2.2 Bureaucratic Leadership 10 2.2.3 Charismatic Leadership 10 2.2.4 Democratic Leadership or Participative Leadership 11 2.2.5 Laissez-Faire Leadership 11 2.2.6 People-Oriented Leadership or Relations-Oriented Leadership 11 2.2.7 Servant Leadership 12 2.2.8 Task-Oriented Leadership 12 2.2.9 Transactional Leadership 12 2.2.10 Transformational Leadership 13 2.3 Using the Right Style Situational Leadership 13 2.4 Three Classic Leadership Styles 14 2.4.1 The Laissez Faire Leadership Style 14 2.4.2 The Autocratic Leadership Style 14 2.4.3 The Participative Leadership Style 14 CHAPTER III 15 FINDING AND RESULT 15 2.1 Political Activity 15 3.1.1 Armed anti-apartheid activities 16 3.1.2 Arrest and Rivonia trial 17 3.1.3 Imprisonment 19 3.1.4 Release 21 3.1.5 Negotiations 22 3.1.6 Presidency of South Africa 23 3.1.7 Lockerbie trial 26 CHAPTER IV 28 CONCLUSION 28 BIBLIOGRAPHY 32 CHAPTER I FIGURE PROFILE Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (Xhosa pronunciation: [xoˈliːɬaɬa manˈdeːla]; born 18 July 1918) is a South African politician who served as president of South Africa from 1994 to 1999, the first ever to be elected in a fully representative democratic election. Before being elected president, Mandela was a militant anti-apartheid activist, and the leader and co-founder of Umkhonto we Sizwe, the armed wing of the African National...
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...Introduction According to the theory of leadership, there are many definitions relating to the trait of leaders. The concept of leadership can be defined as a potential to motivate their followers and be able to drive them to accomplish their objective (Robbins et al, 2010:316). Moreover, the main characteristics of leaders should consist of the ability to illustrate the beneficial ways for the majority and persuade their followers to accept the most significant aim to be successfully (Yukl 2013:22). This report will investigate about the leadership style of the President of the South African leader Invictus (Nelson Mandela), as depicted in the film directed by Clint Eastwood, “Invictus” (2009). Invictus represents the story of President Nelson Mandela and is based on historical true story while he was the President of South Africa. The story began before the World Cup Rugby during his term in 1994. The significant of movie is shown in three parts which involved with Mandela’s life during he was the nation’s leader. The first part began with Mandela’s personal traits, which are Conscientiousness, Openness, Extraversion, Agreeableness and Emotional stability. He has a leader behavior that can lead people to accept and respect him. The second part demonstrates how Mandela uses the potential leader’s power to manage the problems in the nation. He achieved his goal by using referent power in the right way. He can use the power to inspire people to follow his objective in term...
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...Malcolm X A Controversial Leader Iris Robinson Central Michigan University PSC 785 Dr. Robert Boggs Abstract This paper is going analyze the leadership traits, behavior and power that made Malcolm X the type of leader that he was. Malcolm X was considered a great leader to some people because of what he believed in. Malcolm X was a very controversial leader because of his views on different subject. This paper will show how Malcolm X went from follower to a leader. Malcolm X possess a lot of good trait that people look for in good leader such as motivator, responsible, assertive, self-confidence, firm and task orientate and most of all honesty. Leadership can be defined as a process of social influence in which one person can enlist the aid and support of others in the accomplishment of a common task. Leadership is also a process by which a person influences others to accomplish an objective and directs the organization in a way that makes it more cohesive and coherent. There are certain trait that a good leader must possessed such as excellent communication skills, be direct, be fair, capable and kind yet firm. Good leader also possess certain personal qualities. A good leader needs to have an exemplary character. A good leader should be enthusiastic about their work or cause and also about their role as leader. A good leader should be confident. A leader also needs to function in an orderly and purposeful manner in situations of uncertainty. Good leaders...
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...2012 NELOSN MANDELA’S LEADERSHIP . . Microsoft 06.06.2012 6/6/2012 NELOSN MANDELA’S LEADERSHIP June 6, 2012 TITLE PAGE CAUCASUS UNIVERSITY CAUCASUS SCHOOL OF BUSINESS COURSE TITLE: Developing effective leadership skills COURSE CODE: MGS-3211 INSTRUCTOR: Dara Ahmed GROUP PRESENTATION: N1 PRESENTATION TITLE: NELSON MANDELA’S LEADERSHIP GROUP MEMBERS: Tamar Geladze DATE: 6th of June, 2012 12 Page 2 NELOSN MANDELA’S LEADERSHIP June 6, 2012 TABLE OF CONTENT TITLE PAGE............................................................................................................................................. 2 TABLE OF FIGURES................................................................................................................................. 4 ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................................. 5 LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................................................. 6 NELSON MANDELLA’S BRIEF BIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................. 7 NELSON MANDELLA’S LEADERSHIP ....................................................................................................... 8 SUMMARY ..................................................................................................................
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...EUSEBIO AFRICANO DOS REIS VARELA Leadership Concepts, Theories And Issues CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF NELSON MANDELA’S LEADERSHIP STYLE 1. Introduction Leadership is a concept that has evolved over time. Individuals such as Mahatma Ghandi, Martin Luther King and Mother Theresa have emerged as defensors of the social issues of their time. This essay looks at one of the most prominent leaders of our time Nelson Mandela, from 1963 to 1999. First it will critically analyse Mandela’s Leadership style in the perspective of two leadership theories: Leadership as a Career, including its four stages of leadership: Formation, Accession, Incumbency and Divestiture. Then it will analyse it in terms of Transformational Leadership Theories, which was Mandela’s Leadership style during his governance. This will cover aspects of Idealised Influence, Inspirational Motivation, Intellectual Simulation and Individualised Consideration. Ultimately, this review will show that Mandela’s chosen leadership style reveals both his successes and failures as a leader. 2. Nelson Mandela and his Social Context When the National Party achieved power in South Africa in 1948, the government usually composed by “white people” created a policy of racial segregation under a legislated system denominated by apartheid. According to this regime the black South Africans were forced to live in separate areas from whites and to use separate public facilities. Despite consistent struggles to defeat the apartheid...
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...------------------------------------------------- Task 1: Organization and Leadership Analysis Table of Content Organization Overview 3 Organization Description 3 Leadership Practices 4 Relationship Between Leadership and Organizational Culture 6 SWOT Analysis 7 Organizational Strengths 7 Organizational Weaknesses 8 Organizational Opportunities 8 Organizational Threats 9 Leadership Evaluation 10 Leadership Strengths 10 Leadership Weaknesses 11 Recommendations for Leadership Development 13 References 14 Organization Overview In this section, I will give you a detailed description of my Chosen organization, leadership practices of its primary leader, and how the practice of the primary leader relates to the organization culture. My chosen organization is Weiser Park Youth Center (WPYC): an after school facility located in Fort Wayne Indiana. I will do an evaluation on Mr. Kweku Akan, who was the site director. I choose this organization because I was once an employee there for several years and will like to better understand how having Mr. Akan as a leader affected the organization culture. Organization Description Weiser Park Youth Center is a community center located in Fort Wayne Indiana. It is under the supervision of the City of Fort Wayne Parks and Recreation department. This organization was established on 1998 to serve as an after school program and a safe haven for children living in the neighborhood and surrounding areas. Due to its location...
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...“THE CHALLENGES OF LEADERSHIP IN POST- CONFLICT AFRICA: THE CASE OF LIBERIA.” BY HER EXCELLENCY ELLEN JOHNSON SIRLEAF PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF LIBERIA AT THE INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR STRATEGIC STUDIES, LONDON, MAY 31, 2006 Mr. Chairman Distinguished Ladies and Gentlemen: Let me begin by thanking the distinguished Governing Board, the membership and the staff of your Institute for this invitation to dialogue with you and, by so doing, join the array of other world leaders who have addressed this body. I will also use this opportunity to express thanks and appreciation to the British public for keeping faith with us as a people by way of the immutable public broadcasting body, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), which over the past several years played no small role in bringing the plight of our people and country to the attention of a global audience. Today, I invite you and the rest of the good people of this great country to join us in savoring the dawn of a new dispensation in my country – one that embodies the hopes and aspirations of the majority of Liberians. I am confident that my Government can also count on the support of the Government and people of this country to see us through our journey toward achieving national renewal after decades of conflict. Academic studies on the evolution of leadership in Africa take note of the fact that the liberation leaders of the continent were nationalistic, selfless and visionary—leaders who put...
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...Task 1: Organization and Leadership Analysis Assessment Code: C200 Date: 9/1/14 Organization Overview In this section, I will give you a detailed description of my Chosen organization, leadership practices of its primary leader, and how the practice of the primary leader relates to the organization culture. My chosen organization is Smith Youth Center: an after school facility located in Denver. I will do an evaluation on Mr. John Smith, who was the site director. I choose this organization because I was once an employee there for several years and will like to better understand how having Mr. Smith as a leader affected the organization culture. Organization Description Smith Youth Center is a community center located in Denver. It is under the supervision of the Denver Parks and Recreation department. This organization was established on 1998 to serve as an after school program and a safe haven for children living in the neighborhood and surrounding areas. Due to its location, Smith Youth Center provides services to mostly children and families of the African American demographic. Serving the children warm meals are a routine part of everyday at the center. They are also assisted with homework and also have time to play games and have access to computers and the internet. On some Saturdays during the school year, the children are encouraged to participate in a Saturday school (Tutoring Program) where they learn about African and African American history and culture...
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