...Aggression: Social Learning Theory: Gabriel Tarde 1912: Characteristics of imitation: * Behaviour of role model * Copying of behaviour * Degree of contact w/ role model * Degree of understanding behaviour These are ways in which our social behaviour and responses could be shaped by the actions of others Bandura’s SLT: Behaviour is motivated by inherited psychological factors and socio-environmental factors Believed there were four basic processes: * Attention * Retention * Reproduction * Motivation STUDY: Bandura, Ross and Ross (1961) Aim: to find out if human behaviour is shaped by sociocultural processes of social learning Process: 72 children (36 f/m) * Bench mark for comparisons= teachers rated children’s level of aggressiveness * Child and adult enter room with toys * Agg = mallet and gun * Non agg = construction set * Agg = plays aggressively with bobo doll using physical and verbal violence * Non agg = didn’t interact with doll * To create frustration child was taken to a room w/ better toys and told they couldn’t play w/ them * Then taken to a room with similar toys to first room Findings: Children who witnessed the aggressive model were more likely to act aggressively * Boys were more aggressive if their role model was same sex * Girls had similar trend but was weaker * The girls in the aggressive model condition showed more physical aggressive responses if the model was male...
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...Aggression is the physical or verbal behavior intended to cause harm. This could be unintentional or intentional harm. Some theories of aggression are: there is a biologically rooted aggressive drive, it is a natural response to frustration, and it is learned. There are 7 major influences on aggression. An influence on aggression is aggression cues. Violence tends to happen more often aggressive cues release pent-up behavior. Research shoes that children who play with toy guns tend to be violent towards other children. Another study showed that when a gun was showed during an experiment a person tended to deliver more electrical shocks versus if a tennis racket was displayed. Weapons, to include guns, are seen as a violent instrument and not seen as a recreational item even though we use guns and knives for hunting. It has been proven that if a law is put into place to restrict handgun possession, the murder rate would drop. Examples of aggression cues are pictures of guns or the actual gun, pictures of alcohol, and violent games. When people see acts of aggression they tend to be aggressive themselves. Another influence on aggression is media influence, such as video games. Video games are a huge part of children’s life nowadays. Children pay close attention to video games and use them as a learning tool. The video games today have excellent graphics and show more realism. In video games people actually play the role of the character so the are enacting the violence. They...
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...to reproduce the same behaviours when they were later allowed to interact with the doll; the children even improvised their own aggressive actions towards the doll. This was particularly the case when they saw the adult rewarded for their aggressive behaviour, thus supporting the claim that the expectation of reward influences the likelihood of a behaviour being performed. However, this study lacks validity because the children may have been aware of what was expected of them, leading to them displaying demand characteristics when they were allowed to play with the doll. The study also focuses on aggression toward a doll rather than real-life aggression, meaning the same results may not apply to other settings. However, a subsequent study using a live clown instead of a doll found similarly high levels of imitation among children, showing that SLT does apply to violence aggression towards other people. A...
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...PSY150A 05 October 2012 Exposure to Aggression The question I have is: Does the age at which a child is first exposed to aggression influence that child's future aggressive tendencies? According to the chapter "See Aggression... Do Aggression!," what is currently known is that a child can acquire specific behaviors just by observing adults. One such behavior includes aggression, which Bandura, Ross, and Ross found to be learned through the observation and imitation of an adult model. My question goes beyond what is currently known because the researchers of the described study only looked for aggressive behaviors on children between three to six years of age, and used gender as the major variable rather than age. Following is my experimental proposal to my question. In order to determine whether age of exposure onset affects how aggressive a child's behavior results. To construct this experiment, 300 children from non-aggressive backgrounds will be divided into ten groups of thirty children each, with each group containing children all of the same year of age from three to twelve (i.e., thirty 3 year old children, thirty 4 year old children, thirty five year old children, etc.). All ten groups will be further divided into thirds, such that ten children per group will be exposed to an aggressive adult model, another ten children from that group will be exposed to a non-aggressive model, and the remaining ten children from that group will serve as the experimental...
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...PSYCHOLOGY - AGGRESSION JANUARY 2011 ; discuss evolutionary explanations of human aggression (8+16marks) Aggression is behaviour directed towards another intended to harm (hostile) or as a means to an end (instrumental). The evolutionary theory explains aggression as an adaptive response to a series of threats to an individual’s survival and reproduction. Aggression is a way of tackling the threats posed to an individual, by eliminating them or reducing the level of their interference. Mate retention is the act of guarding against mate poaching and maintaining a partner’s interest. This includes direct guarding and negative inducements. Direct guarding is when the male restricts his partner’s sexual autonomy. Coming home early from work, for example, to check on his partner is an act of direct guarding. Shackleford (2005) found men who used mate retention are more aggressive. This suggests that mate retention is the main reason for aggression towards a partner. However, this is criticised as a clear cause and effect relationship cannot be established as it doesn’t explain what caused the mate retention in the first place. It is also reductionist as it doesn’t take into psychodynamic factors that may lead to over protective behaviour (like checking up on partners) which could be a result of previous control-related experiences in an individual’s early childhood. Negative inducement includes threats of infidelity (unfaithfulness), and research has found through questionnaires...
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... · [->18] · [->19] · [->20] · [->21] · [->22] · [->23] · digital humanities[->24] · [->25] · [->26] · · [->27] · [->28] · play[->29] · [->30] Home[->31] › Blogs[->32] › SerendipUpdate's blog[->33] › Theories of Aggression && Submitted by SerendipUpdate on Fri, 01/11/2008 - 10:20am · Biology 202[->34] Biology 202[->35] 1999 Final Web Reports[->36] On Serendip Theories of Aggression Alexandra K. Smith "Two Gunman at Colorado School Reportedly Kill Up to 23 Before Dying in a Siege." On Tuesday, April 20, 1999, two students, Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold, of Columbine High School, shocked the nation when they entered the school armed with guns and explosives, killing fellow students and a teacher before...
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...Term Paper: Aggression and the Brain Aggression as a general term refers to the act of inflicting physical or verbal harm with the intentions of causing pain. It is very questionable why people choose to harm each other especially if there is no reason, such as self defense, involved, but research has been evolving on that issue to show how the biology of the brain is related to aggression and how different the neurochemistry of the brain of an aggressive person to a non aggressive one. “Violent behavior never erupts from a single cause, rather it results from a combination of risk factors — among them inherited tendencies, a traumatic childhood and other negative experiences — that interact and aggravate one another” (Strueber). Basically putting together this combination of likely explanations of aggression may let one see the whole picture of why people become so aggressive. The biology of the brain and aggression seek to be explained in two different ways, in terms of androgens which are male hormones and the level of serotonin in the brain. In general it is important to talk about aggression and understand its possible manifestations because aggression is important in human existence therefore being aware of its likely biological causes will help us understand better why there is a high rate of aggression, violence and suicide and make us perceive it from the biological aspect rather than from the cultural or the individual context. First of all, the first linkage...
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...Institutional Aggression: Importation The Importation Model (Irwin and Cressey) This explanation focuses on the personality characteristics that prison inmates take into the prison with them. For example inmates with values, attitudes, experiences, and social norms that tend towards violent behaviour towards other people will be more likely to engage in interpersonal violence than inmates with less violent personalities and experiences. Often it is younger inmates that tend to behave violently as they are more likely to find it harder to adjust to prison life, and may therefore engage in more conflicts with others, and are more likely to view aggression as an appropriate way of dealing with conflict. The importation model argues therefore that it is not situational pressures of prison that causes aggression, but rather the personalities of the individuals within it. AO2 evaluation There is research evidence to support the model. Adams found that in American prisons, black inmates were more likely to be associates with violent acts than white inmates. The argument for this is that black prisoners tended to come from poorer backgrounds with higher rates of crime, and so imported their cultural norms into the prison. Harer and Steffensmeier found that in US prisons, black inmates were significantly more aggressive than white inmates, but that white inmates were significantly more likely to engage in alcohol and drug taking than black inmates. They argued that this behaviour...
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...Media’s Influence on the Aggression of Children Sometimes, the use of visual technology can impact a child’s behavior. Television today is a widely used use of technology by our children. It is said that young children spend at minimum a 16 to 17 average hours of viewing weekly, beginning as early as age 2 (Victor C. Strasburger, Edward Donnerstein, 2012). But, when you add video games to the issue, some children will spend on average 35 to 55 average hours weekly (Victor C. Strasburger,Edward Donnerstein,2012). What the children are watching, or what type of video game they are playing influences them much. This is a topic that is being focused on due to the increasing aggression of children based on the media. Extensive research indicates that media does in fact have an influence on violent behavior such as, nightmares, desensitization to violence, or attain a fear of being harmed (Kyla Boyse & Brad Bushman, 2010). Sometimes, children will imitate the violence they see on television. Children under age eight cannot really tell the difference between reality and fantasy, which will sometimes make them more vulnerable to adopt the behavior as reality (Kyla Boyse & Brad Bushman, 2010). Also, it is said that repeated exposure to television violence will more likely make children less sensitive toward its effects on victims and the suffering it causes in the end (Kyla Boyse & Brad Bushman, 2010). Another big reason that children are more likely to adopt an aggressive behavior...
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...These emotions can manifest into feelings of aggression, which is “physical or verbal behavior intended to cause harm” (Myers, 2013, p. 354). There are two distinct types of aggression: hostile aggression and instrumental aggression. Hostile aggression is when the verbal or physical act is provoked by emotion; instrumental aggression is when the verbal or physical act is done with another goal in mind. In the anime, My Hero Academia, Katsuki Bakugou, displays an immense amount of aggression towards the main character Izuku Midoriya. Katsuki and Izuku are childhood friends who drifted apart once Katsuki’s quirk began to show and Izuku was labeled “quirkless” in kindergarten. The main idea behind the anime is that Izuku and Katsuki are living in a world full of people with “quirks”, or superpowers. Seeing that Katsuki got an amazingly, strong quirk and Izuku no quirk, Katsuki and the other children begin to bully Izuku up into high school....
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...The changing face of aggression: the effect of personalized avatars in a violent video game on levels of aggressive behavior. Analysis 1.1 Alexis Walker Selitto Playing a video game is a good stress reliever it works especially well when you can immerse yourself in a world of fantasy. Being able to go a step further and create a likeness of yourself makes the experience all the more entertaining and relaxing. There are groups who say that making a likeness of yourself in a video game has a negative effect on a person even when playing a non-violent game they say that the effects on children are worse than in adults. It is said that because one has a likeness in the game they can carry out violent tendencies that would in the real world be illegal. When the player has stopped playing the game their mind is still focused on what they did when playing wither it was raiding a village, killing hordes of demons or suplexing someone from behind. Having an avatar that looks like the player does not cause one to become violent it is the fact that people with aggression problems pick games that would allow them to express their anger and aggression and can not come back to reality once they have been playing and they carry this over into other activities in their lives such as school...
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...The Effects of Video Game Aggression on Adolescence Aggression Adrienne Nichole Abercrombie Research Methods PSY: 326 Prof. Jennifer Madsen January 7, 2013 The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of video game violence on adolescence aggression. Over the years, the gaming industry has become more advanced and influential. Video games in the past years have advanced with better graphics and more capabilities than ever before. The increasing growth of video game industry has left many of its customers questioning most of the contents of the games that are being purchased. The main concern of many of these customers is the violence that is associated with the games. There have been several studies that have examined the effects that violent video games have on aggression. Huesmann, (2010) conducted a study on violent video games. The studies from this meta-analysis found that violent video games stimulated aggression in the players in the short run and increased the risk for aggressive behaviors by the players later in life. The effects occur for both males and females and for children growing up in Eastern and Western cultures. Konijn, Nije, and Bushman, (2007) conducted a study to examine if violent video games increased aggression if the player identified with the violent game characters. The authors concluded that the most aggressive participants were those who played a violent game and wished they were like a violent character in the game....
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...Introduction Introduction Outline and evaluate the role of genetic factors in aggressive behaviour (5+16 marks) Moghaddom (1998) distinguishes between explanations of aggression which are normative, and those which are causal. Causal explanations, as in this case, suggest aggression is determined by particular factors e.g. genes and are usually biological explanations. The genetic explanation of aggression suggests that it is influenced through our genes, and that such behaviour is therefore inherited. Para 1 A01 Para 1 A01 It is thought that aggression is due to a defective gene that is inherited by following generations. One possible gene is the Monoamine Oxidase A gene, which produces Monoamine Oxidase A enzyme that breaks down neurotransmitters associated with aggression. It is thought that a build-up of serotonin and dopamine can cause an individual to act aggressively to stress in the fight or flight response. There are two forms of the gene, MAOA-H (produces a high level of the enzyme) and MAOA-L (produces a low amount of the enzyme). The presence of the MAOA-L gene is related to an increase likelihood of aggression. One third of people in Western countries have the MAOA-L gene, compared to two thirds in countries with a history of warfare; leading the gene to be dubbed with the term “warrior gene”. Para 2 A02 Para 2 A02 Research to support the role of the MAOA gene comes from Cases et al who disabled the gene in the X chromosome of mice. As no enzyme was produced...
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...behavior that significantly impairs everyday functioning in the contexts of the school, home and the community. Preventing and treating aggressive behaviors in children and youth encompasses a combination of cognitive, behavioral interventions, and parental training and increased school involvement and is targeted to the reduction of dysfunctional cognitive, behavioral, and problem-solving patterns of aggressive youths. Keywords: aggression, antisocial behavior, children, adolescence, conduct disorders, behavioral problems, development and intervention. Introduction The display of aggressive behaviors by children and youths in Trinidad and Tobago is one of the most pressing concerns facing parents and teachers today. As a result, students with significant behavioral concerns or educational disabilities are clustered together into alternative educational programs. As a result, increased inclusion of disturbed and socially maladjusted students, including those with histories of aggression and violence, is related to an overall increase in school aggression and violence. Aggressive antisocial behavior appears to be a developmental trait that begins early in life and often continues into adolescence and adulthood. For many youths, stable manifestations of antisocial behavior begin as early as pre-elementary school (Emond, Ormel, Veenstra, & Oldehinkel, 2007). Research into the nature of aggressive behavior in youths has shown that many aggressive youths are also often the victims...
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...Introduction Is human aggression learned? Was the cruelty that led to the offenses committed by our grandparents in World War II in their genes? Or did Hitler and the Nazis use the moment of the huge economic crisis and great shame of Germany after the Treaty of Versailles to integrate power, shut down the conflict, and through mass propaganda persuade German people to follow them in their achievement of Europe and the greater Third Reich? In this research paper, I will give an imperative assessment of the extent to which human beings are learned towards aggression, or conditioned for aggression by their environment. My goal is to present evidence that will show that humans are not biologically or inherently aggressive, but the aggression is something that is learned from everyday life experience. The first part of the paper will present theories and evidence that punctuate biological factors as the main causes of aggression in humans. The second part will present theories and evidence that demand that “aggression and hostility are diseases of development,” as Buss (1961: 190) puts it, and are affected by the external environment. Aggression in Human Beings Aggression is defined as physical or verbal behavior intended to harm. Aggression can either be ordered inside by self-mutilation or self-murder, or ordered apparently at another person. There are many things that human aggression has been blamed on, including broken homes, discrimination, poverty, chemical inequalities...
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