...Within the prison system, older offenders cannot be considered a homogeneous group in terms of characteristics and needs, which will be explored later in the analysis. The first step for change is to develop a comprehensive understanding of the population at hand. Throughout the literature, we recognized that older offenders are often categorized differently from researcher to researcher. However, there has been a general trend to categorize the older offender population into three subgroups. The first category encompasses individuals who were charged with life sentences. The second category consists of offenders that have a long- history of crime; many researchers consider this category as career criminals. In fact, often these individuals are in and out of prison throughout their lifetime for drug crimes, sexual offences and assaults (Sapers, 2015)....
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...Brinkley Donna M. Davis July 30, 2012 Prisons in America face many problems today. One such problem is the amount of elderly inmates. Elderly inmates represent the fastest growing segment of the federal and state prisons. The aging inmate population has created new challenges for the American corrections system. The population of aging and elderly prisoners in the United States prisons exploded over the past three decades, with nearly 125,000 inmates aged 55 or older now behind bars, according to a recent report published by the American Civil Liberties Union. This represents an increase of over 1,300 percent since the early 1980s. (Graying in Prison). Some contributing factors to the increase in elderly inmates are, get tough on crime reforms of the 1980s and 1990s, mandatory minimum sentences, three strikes rules and truth in sentence laws established in recent decades are keeping more offenders in prison for longer periods of time. Inmates are living longer and this also contributes to prison overcrowding. (Elderly Prisoners, 2012). In passing some of these laws, such as the three strikes laws, the courts and the Criminal Justice System did not think about the aging inmates and the problems that go with it. As people age, generally they develop health problems and within the prison system, this is no different. Prisons aren’t geared to the needs and vulnerabilities of older people. In the prison environment, there are a number of unique physical...
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...these disorders are a person’s descent, chemical imbalances in the brain, childhood experiences, illnesses, stress, and prenatal exposures while one is still in their mother’s womb. Psychological disorders are serious and can be very detrimental to that person that has it as well as society. One psychological disorder that will be discussed in this paper is anxiety disorder, more specifically obsessive-compulsive disorder. This paper will discuss the relationship between human development and socialization, along with how this relationship affects obsessive-compulsive disorder. Throughout history Elderly Offenders Behind Bars While Reducing the Cost Over time offenders that have been sent to correctional institutions in the United States are sometimes forced to live out the rest of their lives behind bars, in the end causing overcrowding in facilities, increase numbers of aging prisoners and tax payers millions of dollars (Aday, 1994). In 2008 alone, the cost for correctional systems for federal, state, and local systems was $75 billion, much of it spent on older inmates (Warner, Schmitt, & Gupta, 2010). This is money that could have been spent on more beneficial projects like...
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...surrounding what a correctional institution is and what it does. Ideally, mentally ill offenders that are assigned to a correctional facility are supposedly “rehabilitated” through such an assignment. However, as a state or sheriff office representatives- we as a community of professional are not at liberty to mistreat other human beings- morally and ethically. Conversely, prison, jail, and correctional environment are different. This is a subculture within a subculture- with its own rules, regulation, and policies for both employee’s and inmates a like. (Mash, 2013, Para. 2) International Association for Correctional Psychology and Forensic (IACFP) standards discussed in chapter 12 of Bartol and Bartol (2012) holds an institutional psychologist responsible for their actions even though the client population are in secure custody, and in most events in segregation. As the authors elaborate on page (pp. 411-413)… “Both jails and prisons… can be violent, noisy… demeaning places that promote isolation, helplessness and subservience through the use of overwhelming power, often by instilling fear”( Bartol and Bartol, 2012, p. 411). In collaboration, all these feelings can help and generate thoughts of suicide, thoughts of inadequacy, lack of self-worth, and loss of humanity. Needless to say, Bartol and Bartol (2012) further state… “Correctional professionals maintain that both jails and prisons also can be operated in a humane fashion and can achieve society’s dual hope protecting...
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...During the late 1800’s early 1900’s youth at one point were locked up with adult offenders, and those that were mentally ill. “Delinquent, neglected, and runaway children in the United States were treated in the same way as adult criminal offenders” (Siegel & Welsh, 2011). They were punished for minute offenses and some for non-criminal behavior simply because there was no other solution. “The adult criminal code applied to children, and no juvenile court existed” (Siegel & Welsh, 2011). Because of this Houses of Refuge were created. Houses of refuge were the early introduction to juvenile justice. A house of refuge was ‘the first institution designed to house poor, destitute and vagrant youth who were deemed by authorities to be on the path towards delinquency” (Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice, 2013). They were created and designed by the child savers to target youth who showed signs of delinquent behavior. Houses of refuge were located in impoverished or urban areas. They eventually became overpopulated because it, like adult prisons, was housing delinquent juveniles with not form of rehabilitation. A new plan of action had to take place to correct this system. The top goal of the juvenile justice system is to prevent crime and by juveniles and rehabilitate those that were accused of offenses. The juvenile justice system began finding alternative ways to deal with deviant youth. In 1874 The Society for the prevention of cruelty to children or SPCC was created in...
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...cuts faced by all levels of government, and explain how to justify to the tax-paying public an increase in expenditures on prison treatment and rehabilitation programs. To respond to this assignment, the student undertook desk research, wrote and submitted this paper. Keywords: prison treatment, rehabilitation programs, cost, expense, investment Introduction: The context for extra spending Many sections of the United States government over the past several years have experienced severe budget cuts due the Great Recession. Some education departments have experienced double digit percentage cuts, leading to layoffs among both faculty and administrative personnel. Hospitals, public transportation, and many other government departments have experienced layoffs, working hour reductions, cuts in pay, and cuts in resourcing. With these cost-reduction measures imposed in many government departments, it would be difficult to persuade the tax-paying public that anything currently deserves an increase in spending. If most parts of society must cut back on budgets and services, why should the public tolerate extra spending to help those who have actively broken the law? Many would argue that preference should be given to extra spending for law-abiding citizens. This paper explores how to justify to the tax-paying public an increase in expenditure on prison treatment and rehabilitation programs, and finds that the most effective method is to demonstrate to the public that increased...
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...positive inmates and conjugal visits. An example of a current problem that keeps growing worse in prisons is the issue of health care and medical problems in prison. The get tough attitude has led to many longer sentences for offenders in prison. This means that there is a larger aging population in prison. This in turn leads to more prisoners who develop health problems while in prison (Muraskin & Roberts, 2009). Health care can be very costly and increases the budget of running prisons. One-third of inmates incarcerated report a chronic medical condition. The most common medical conditions are HIV, hypertension, asthma, arthritis, cervical cancer, and hepatitis (Bingswanger, 2009). Administrators must hire more prison health providers and allocate much of their limited resources toward early detection and management toward health conditions among the inmates (Bingswanger, 2009). Inmates with communicable diseases and in particular HIV must be kept separate from the other inmates. People diagnosed as HIV positive in the prison population is five times higher than in the general population (Calderon, 2006). Segregation reduces harassments of infected prisoners by noninfected inmates and allows prison guards to take proper precautions. The problem of segregation for these inmates brings up human rights violations. Conjugal visits are another current and future problem that prisons have to deal with. Only a handful of states allow conjugal visits and the public generally...
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...or education is the main cause of people committing crimes. While others will argue that a negative environment is a much stronger influence, and that an education can just make it easier to commit such crimes. According to the U.S. Department of Justice, about 41% of inmates in the Nation’s state and federal prisons and local jails in 1997 and 31% of probationers had not completed high school or its equivalent. In comparison, 18% of the general population age 18 or older had not finished the 12th grade. Between 1991 and 1997, the percent of inmates in State prison without a high school diploma or GED remained the same — 40% in 1997 and 41% in 1991. Of inmates in State prisons, 293,000 in 1991 and 420,600 in 1997 had entered prison without a high school diploma, a 44% increase. With statistics like this one could argue that education plays an enormous role in the likelihood of one committing a crime. According to an article published in the “OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS” in 2013, Traditional biological theories state that individuals commit criminal acts due to biological or genetic defects. Crime is a result of these abnormalities, and not a choice made by the offender. Crime can be prevented by isolating, treating, separating, sterilizing, or killing the individual. Modern biosocial theories believe that an individual with an inherited trait can benefit from social programs, and that an inherited trait alone is not sufficient to doom an individual to a life of crime. It is important...
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...Problem/solution paper Over the years, prison conditions have improved in many ways, but the present correctional system is still struggling to deal with some of the same problems that has been going on for a while, and that’s prison overcrowding. In the United States, prison crowding has not always been a factor. All across the world there are many correctional institutes that are operating at maximum capacity, and there are also many institutes operating three times over the capacity, and this is according to John Howard of Harvard institute (John Howard). In the United States we have many options other than jail, so why are the prisons still overcrowded? In this situation, with an increasing inmate population, comes a decline in the corrections spending budget, and that results in overcrowded prisons. Today prisons are growing all across the world, and with the growth is coming failure of the correctional institutes. My purpose of this paper is to stress some of the major problems, that are evolving in our correction institutes. With overcrowded prisons, there will be a lot of talk, and a lot of problems that will evolve. One of the biggest problems with these overcrowded prisons is the lack of space to hold the prisoners. Total population of prisons and jails in the United States neared the 2.1 million mark in June 2003, according to the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS), indicating the largest increase from year to year in four years. The latest BJS...
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...JADM 430 Complete Course - DeVry ( All Assignments - DQs AND MidTerm Exam) IF You Want To Purchase A+ Work Then Click The Link Below , Instant Download http://acehomework.com/JADM-430-Complete-Course-DeVry-1211112.htm?categoryId=-1 If You Face Any Problem E- Mail Us At JohnMate1122@gmail.com Course Project: Managing the Prison Environment Objectives Back to Top The Course Project is designed to provide you with an opportunity to research a topic of interest related to some aspect of correctional administration. This project is an effort to allow you to fully explore issues related to either correctional officials or prison inmates. This project incorporates all TCOs. Guidelines Back to Top The course project is worth 320 total points and will be graded on APA formatting; quality of research topic; quality of paper information; proper use of text citations; proper grammar, punctuation, usage, and sentence structure; and the deliverable components for Weeks 1, 2, 5, and 6. There are four components to the Course Project. • title page, topic discussion, and a list of three references • annotated outline • annotated bibliography • Final Paper Requirements • APA guidelines must be followed for all course component deliverables. • At least six authoritative, outside references are required for the annotated bibliography and the Final Paper. • All DeVry University policies are in effect, including the plagiarism policy. • The Final Paper isdue in Week...
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...Trait Theory and Aggression Abstract This paper reviews how trait theories account for anger and aggression and it provides an opinion on whether or not the anger management programs provided at San Quentin prison can be effective in changing offender's behaviors. Keywords: Trait Theory. Trait theory states that our personality traits, and our genetics can predispose us to crime. The theory states that some individuals are born criminal and can be identified by primitive physical traits. There are several theories that were developed early on. In this paper we will briefly discuss early studies in the field of criminal anthropology led by Cesare Lambroso. The content of this paper will then focus on psychological trait theories, and biosocial trait theories of crime. Lastly, this paper will provide my opinion on the video that was presented to us in this week's assignment, "Inside San Quentin – Anger Management Behind Bars", and the effectiveness of anger management programs provided to inmates in an attempt to control their anger and aggression. There are several studies that were conducted by many renowned scientists in the field of personality traits and how they account for anger, aggression, and criminality. The earliest research into criminality and psychological, as well as physical traits was conducted by Cesare Lambroso. Born in 18th century, Lambroso was an Italian university professor and a criminologist. His early...
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...who they are and what they stand for. Role Diffusion occurs when youths spread themselves too thin, experience personal uncertainly, and place themselves at the mercy of leaders who promise to give them a sense of identity they cannot develop for themselves. At risk youths- young people who are extremely vulnerable to the negative consequences of school failure, substance abuse, and early sexuality. Juvenile delinquency- participation in illegal behavior by a minor who falls under a statutory age limit. Chronic juvenile offenders- youths who have been arrested four or more time during their minority and perpetuate a striking majority of serious criminal acts. This small group known as the chronic 6 percent is believed to engage in a significant portion of all delinquent behavior. Juvenile justice system- the segment of the justice system, including law enforcement officers, the courts, and correctional agencies, designed to treat youthful offenders. FBI- Federal Bureau of Investigation- is the arm of the U.S. Dept. of Justice that investigates violations of federal law, gathers crime statistics, runs a comprehensive crime laboratory, and helps train local law enforcement officers. UCR- Uniform Crime Reports- complied by the FBI, the UCR is the most widely used source of national crime and delinquency statistics Sampling- selecting a limited number of people for study as representative of a larger group Population- all people who share a particular characteristic, such...
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...|[pic] | |[pic] | |[pic] | |CORRECTIONAL FACILITY PLANNING AND DESIGN | | | | | | | | ...
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...Running head: CALIFORNIA PRISON COSTS 1 California Prison Health Care Costs CALIFORNIA PRISON COSTS Health care is defined as (CDC, 2013) the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention 2 of disease, illness, injury, and other physical and mental impairments in humans. Everyone has to deal with it in one way or another. Once a person becomes an adult they are responsible for their own health. Within the state of California, in looking at the stats from the Center for Disease and Control (CDC, 2013) adults from the ages of 18-64, 21.3%, do not have any type of health insurance. 64.2% have private insurance and 15.9% have public insurance. Specifically looking at the California Department of Corrections 100% of all inmates are 100% covered with health care requirements. Currently there are approximately (Onishi, 2013) 120,000 inmates in the 33 California Prisons and the average cost is $16,000 a year per inmate with a state budget of $2 billion dollars. It is absolutely unbelievable to comprehend the situation. In a recent article by KPBS (Faryon, 2010) they identified that Richard Lauranzano an inmate at California Medical Facility, Vacaville, one of 35,000 inmates serving a life sentence learned he had stage 4 non-hodgkins lymphoma. Richard Lauranzano now states "The prison system saved my life. They sent me to outside hospitals, they never hesitated. I went through extreme chemo. And I beat it," said Lauranzano. (Faryon, 2010) stated last year, the state spent $500 million...
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...comparable to those associated with the imprisonment of an adult. ” –Justice Marshall for the minority in Schall v. Martin, 1984. “Detention: A form of locked custody of youth pre-trial who are arrested— juvenile detention centers are the juvenile justice system’s version of “jail, in which most young people are being held before the court has ” judged them delinquent. Some youth in detention are there because they fail the conditions of their probation or parole, or they may be waiting in detention before their final disposition (i.e. sentence to a community program, or juvenile correctional facility). 3 ” The increased and unnecessary use of secure detention exposes troubled young people to an environment that more closely resembles adult prisons and jails than the kinds of community and family-based interventions proven to be...
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