...Infectious Disease Victoria Jay HCA/240 June 8, 2014 Natasha Brown Infectious Disease What is the inflammatory response? According to "Definition of Inflammatory Response" (1996-2014), it is “a fundamental type of response by the body to disease and injury, a response characterized by the classical signs of ‘dolor, calor, rubor, and tumor’ -- pain, heat (localized warmth), redness, and swelling.” A very important part of the body’s defense system is inflammation; this is when there is a crucial protective response by the body’s system of self-defense (Definition of Inflammatory Response, 1996-2014). Acute inflammation lasts only a few days, it is short-lived whereas chronic inflammation lasts longer; like weeks, months, and maybe even years. When the inflammatory process is involved in healing and repair it may cause tissue damage. Inflammation can play a role in many disorders; for example Alzheimer’s, asthma, diabetes, osteoporosis, and even HIV/AIDS. According to U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. (2012), “More than 1.1 million people living in the United States are infected with HIV and almost 1 in 6 are unaware of their infection.” Gay and bisexual men of all races are affected by HIV the most. Those are a couple of statistics to think about. HIV stand for human immunodeficiency virus. HIV hinders the body’s ability to fight the organisms that cause disease by harming the immune system. HIV is a sexually transmitted infection and it can also be spread...
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...1. IMPACTS OF HIV/AIDS The impacts of HIV/AIDS on poor rural populations are many and intertwined. The impacts can be felt most dramatically in entrenched poverty, food insecurity and malnutrition, in the reduction of the labour force, and in the loss of essential knowledge that is transmitted from generation to generation. And the impacts are felt disproportionately among women. What's more, these same consequences of HIV/AIDS - poverty, food insecurity, malnutrition, reduced labour force and loss of knowledge - contribute to making the rural poor more vulnerable to HIV/AIDS infection. This devastating cycle must be broken, and the agricultural sector has a critical role to play. It is estimated that 42 million people in the world are infected with the HIV virus. Assuming that each HIV/AIDS case directly influences the lives of four other individuals, at least 168 million people are likely to be affected by the epidemic. And approximately 95 percent of them live in develping countries. Food security HIV/AIDS takes its toll on food security in a number of ways. For example: HIV increases fatigue and decreases work productivity, which means less food on the table. In households coping with sick family members, food consumption generally decreases. As adults fall ill, families face increasing medical and health care costs, thus reducing the possibility for them to purchase the food that they can no longer produce. While the number of productive family members decline...
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...AIDS RESEARCH FOR A VIABLE VACCINE 1 AIDS RESEARCH FOR A VIABLE VACCINE 2 Abstract AIDS is a global issue. The virus ravages communities, families and lives. As it continues to spread, several countries have made the commitment to work continuously to find ways to stop it. This ongoing quest has brought forth many ideologies, some of single theories others collaborations of theories. It is thought that a single method could be utilized to stop the spread of this deadly virus. It is also thought that the virus is curable and that pharmaceutical companies, governments and corporate entities, rather see the virus continue its’ path for their financial gain. This paper will introduce information that leads to another thought: “AIDS Research and the development of a viable vaccine”, is not being preempted by any entity except, the virus itself. There are factors that hinder the development of a viable vaccine to prevent the transmission of AIDS further research needs to be pursued. AIDS RESEARCH FOR A VIABLE VACCINE 3 AIDS Research for a Viable Vaccine The Problem AIDS is a public health problem that has been adding to its’ numbers since 1981, when it was “first recognized”. (Rowland) Since, 1996, the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, CDC has noted, “over one million people are HIV positive and nearly half of that number has AIDS”. In 2007, this number was represented at 33.2 million people worldwide with approximately 25 million...
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...version used in health behaviour and health promotion; however, it is still often referred to as Social Learning Theory. The impetus for this special issue on HIV came from a discussion a few years ago during which we established a shared interest in a revival of the sort of scholarly innovation that characterized the early years of the HIV epidemic. As far back as the early 1980s, social theorists, cultural, critics, artists and others created a vibrant body of work on HIV/AIDS. Working from various theoretical and disciplinary sites they steadfastly emphasized the ‘social’ for understanding the significance of AIDS and opened up new avenues for critiquing and re-imagining scientific, cultural and social responses to infectious disease. At its best, this work served also as an impetus for queer theory, various feminist critiques and a range of research under the rubric of science, medicine and technology studies. The contributions made by this early work and its effects on public discourse on HIV/AIDS were multiple. Among the more groundbreaking contributions worth underscoring here were analyses that destabilized the neutrality of scientific knowledge and practice, emphasizing the malleability and culture-bound nature of its disease definitions (Martin, 1994) as well as...
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...HIV/AIDS social and behavioural research: past advances and thoughts about the future Authors: J P Moatti, Y Souteyrand Journal: Social Science [?] Medicine This paper is an introduction to the various contributions in this special issue of Social Science & Medicine which are an attempt to synthesise the main debates of the 2nd European Conference on Social and Behavioural Research on AIDS held in Paris, in January 1998. The paper discusses how the recent advent of highly active antiretroviral therapies (HAART) and new trends in the epidemic (its concentration in the socially most vulnerable groups and countries) have affected the research agenda of European social and behavioural sciences (SBS) in HIV/AIDS. Questions which had already been thoroughly studied by SBS (like determinants of HIV-related risk behaviours, or impact of gender and socio-economic inequities as well as discrimination on the diffusion of HIV) will have to be "revisited" in light of these recent changes. New issues (such as risk behaviours among already infected patients. impact of therapeutic advances on psychosocial and daily life management of their disease by people living with HIV/AIDS, adherence to treatment, or "normalisation" of AIDS public policies) will have to be strongly and quickly dealt with, in order for SSB to keep the pace with the rapid evolution of the epidemic and of the societal responses to it. Finally, the paper argues that to face these challenges, new theoretical and methodological...
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...And the Band Played On “And the band played on” is a movie based on the historical happening toward the occurrence and public health response towards the HIV/AIDS disease. It deals with a broad range of issues in public health through the emergence of information and the reaction to the new disease. It touches on issues concerning the heterosexual community, gay community and the medical community. It did show not only research in AIDS but also the way the federal government responded to it. The movie gives general overview of how medical research was carried out during those days. The main themes in this movie are the plight of the medical community dealing with research, government response to research and social alienation in health care. The gay community experienced a lot of suffering due to social isolation. The center for disease control singled out the gay community as the only ones who were at high risks of...
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...AIDS LEGAL Network Q A Publication of the AIDS Legal Network • September/November 2008 Patrick Eba One size punishes all… A critical appraisal of the criminalisation of HIV transmission Lauded by lawmakers as an expression of their strong will to ‘fight AIDS’, HIV-specific laws have become a ubiquitous feature of the legal response to HIV in sub-Saharan Africa1 As of 1st December 2008, twenty countries in ECOWAS Parliament, the West African Health Organisation sub-Saharan Africa had adopted HIV-specific laws.2 (WAHO), the Center for Studies and Research on HIV-specific laws or ‘omnibus HIV laws’, as they are Population for Development (CERPOD), the Network of sometimes ironically referred to, are legislative provisions Parliamentarians in Chad for Population and Development that regulate, in a single document, several aspects of HIV and the USAID West African Regional Programme.3 and The stated objective of these HIV-specific laws, as communication; HIV testing, prevention treatment, care provided under several of their preambulary provisions, and support; HIV-related research; and the protection of is to and AIDS, including HIV-related education people living with HIV. The emergence of HIV-specific …ensure that every person living with HIV or laws in sub-Saharan Africa can be traced to the adoption presumed to be living with HIV enjoys the full of the Model Law on STI/HIV/AIDS for West...
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...HIV infection, primarily through safe sex and needle-exchange programs, is a key strategy to control the spread of the disease. There is no cure or vaccine; however, antiretroviral treatment can slow the course of the disease and may lead to a near-normal life expectancy. While antiretroviral treatment reduces the risk of death and complications from the disease, these medications are expensive and may be associated with side effects. Genetic research indicates that HIV originated in west-central Africa during the early twentieth century. AIDS was first recognized by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in 1981 and its cause—HIV infection—was identified in the early part of the decade. Since its discovery, AIDS has caused nearly 30 million deaths . As of 2010, approximately 34 million people are living with HIV globally. Signs and symptoms There are three main stages of HIV infection: acute infection, clinical latency and AIDS. Acute infection The initial period following the contraction of HIV is called acute HIV, primary HIV or acute retroviral syndrome. Clinical...
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...HIV/AIDS AWARENESS AND ATTITUDES OF STANDARD EIGHT PUPILS IN MATHIRA EAST CONSTITUENCY: A CASE STUDY OF RAGATI, KARURA, KIRIGU AND D.E.B PRIMARY SCHOOL PUPILS PRESENTED BY: GRACE MUNGA EDU/DECD/5018/09 A RESEARCH PROPOSAL SUBMITTED TO KARATINA UNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF A DIPLOMA IN EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION (ECDE) May-August 2011 Supervisor: SW Macharia DECLARATION I, Grace Munga, ADM NO. EDU/DECD/5018/09 declare that this proposal is my own original work and has not been presented for a degree in any college or university. ______________________________ Date_____________________ GRACE MUNGA ADM NO. EDU/DECD/5018/09 This research proposal has been submitted for the examination with my approval as the supervisor. ___________________________ Date ______________________ Sw Macharia Dedication I dedicate this research project to my family, especially my mom and dad who offered me great emotional and financial support while I was carrying out the study. Acknowledgement I would like to acknowledge the standard eight pupils who took part in this research study and willingly answered the research questions that I asked them. Also the school heads for allowing their students to be part of this research. Without their participation, this study would not have been successful. I also acknowledge my lecturer Mr. Macharia for offering academic guidance and corrections when I was carrying out the study. ...
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...Infectious Disease HIV/AIDS Julie Maple HCA/240 October 7, 2012 Elizabeth Day Infectious Disease HIV/AIDS The Human Immunodeficiency Virus was discovered in 1985. HIV is a virus that is transmitted from one person to another by many different ways. For example, HIV can be transmitted by bodily fluids. It could be fluids like blood or semen that transmits the virus, because they came from the infected person into the other person. HIV/AIDS is commonly spread by sexual intercourse. I have also seen people get HIV/AIDS by sharing needles when using them for street drugs. HIV/AIDS reproduces, and as it reproduces, it tears down the body’s immune system, thus leaving the body susceptible to other illnesses and infections. The only environmental factors that could make a person vulnerable to HIV/AIDS would be the lack of recreational activities in the environment. There are also places in our neighborhoods that allow people to use drugs and engage in sexual activity. In my hometown there was this place at the community park called the rock. It was this huge rock that all the “cool” kids went to so they wouldn’t get caught doing their drugs or having sex. With HIV/AIDS there are two inflammatory responses. According to Brown (1995), “the production by B cells of antibodies which circulate all around the body in the bloodstream, and eventually bind to the agent. There are mechanics available which are very good at destroying anything which has antibody bound to...
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...unexplained immunodeficiency, 121 individuals had died. The unknown disease was dubbed GRID (Gay-Related ImmunoDeficiency) by the American media, and this was the root of much stigmatization against HIV-positive individuals and homosexuals that unfortunately remains today. It was obvious that a national health crisis was developing, however, current United States President Ronald Reagan remain oddly silent, no national response or policy was established, and stigma was allow to run rampant, severely impacting...
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...“The Quest for an AIDS Vaccine” Sha’Quita Septs August 25, 2012 “Abstract” Over the past two decades doctors and research scientists have been trying to find a cure for the incurable virus of AIDS. Millions of people worldwide including infants have contracted this disease from birth. AIDS was first identified in the early 1980’s in America and most of its victims were drug users and gay African American men. Over sixteen thousand African American men and women have been diagnosed with AIDS which is over 50% of the world of the African American population. By 1990, over 30 million people were diagnosed with this disease. The need for an AIDS vaccine is very imperative because the death toll for people with AIDS is drastically increasing every year at a towering rate. Ever since AIDS was discovered, there have been several attempts to find a cure for this disease. Unfortunately, after twenty years of research; doctors and scientists are still no closer to finding a cure than when AIDS was first identified. “The Quest for an AIDS Vaccine” Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is a medical condition that one must have tested positive on a HIV test and have another disease that is known as an "AIDS defining disease." These diseases include: yeast infections (candida), cervical cancer, Kaposis Sarcoma, tuberculosis, cytomegalovirus, and pneumonia. AIDS was first identified in the United States during the early 1980’s. In 1981, the first cases of AIDS were detected...
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...Sample APA Annotated Bibliography With Instructions APA means American Psychological Association and often refers to the style of documentation adopted by that professional group, a style that features the date of publication more prominently than other forms of documentation. See the Hodges’ Harbrace Handbook (pp. 652-679***) and the PowerPoint presentation on APA under the Research Writing Resources in the Web Resources section of the ENC 1135 on-line syllabus for details. Since annotated means enhanced or clarified with notes, an annotated bibliography is a list of sources presented with comments on content and usefulness to the research under way. The list must be presented in alphabetical order by the author’s last name or the first word of the title (for a resource that shows no author), regardless of form of the source; that is book, journal, Internet page, and CD-ROM—with author(s) or without Sources—all appear together on one list. Do not number the entries on the References list. The forms for the electronic resources appear accurately and carefully on the Learning Resources pages of the IRCC site, or you may pick up the printed “Documenting Electronic Resources APA STYLE” at the Ft. Pierce campus library and at the sites. Carefully note that the title of an APA bibliography is “References.” All items on the sample list below are pure fiction, as are all comments; they are offered to provide example of proper form. A 750-1000 word APA must...
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...The film "And the Band Played On" was a very graphic portrayal of the beginning of the AIDS epidemic in the United States. It vividly depicted the medical, social, government, and political forces behind the AIDS epidemic's origin and rapid spread. It tells the political as well as the scientific struggle that occurred with the discovery of AIDS. The main character, Dr. Don Francis, heads the research of AIDS with little money and little help. The reason for the lack of funding was because AIDS was considered the “gay man’s disease” and there was more emphasis on who discovered the disease rather than actually helping those who had it. This movie was about the government and many other individuals being ignorant and looking the other way because homosexual males were seen as a lesser priority and an inferior group. CDC officials ran into a large barrier during their investigation; homosexual men refused to allow themselves to be submitted for testing, and the tracing of their sexual encounters. The CDC took a very long time to trace the spread of the disease to a single person, who turned out to be a homosexual flight attendant who was extremely promiscuous with other men. This was a large accomplishment at the time, but was only a small success in the process as a whole. Other major factors impeded the progress of effectively handling the epidemic. These included the initial lack of interest by media and politicians...
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...In 1983, the amount of known deaths in the United States related to Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, or AIDS, was 853. By 1985, the number of people dying of AIDS would skyrocket to 5,636. In just two years, 4,783 new deaths were reported, and most Americans turned a blind eye. The 1980s AIDS epidemic in America would have been much less destructive and extensive had it not been for the cultural stigma surrounding the disease, the lack of research and funding provided for the issue, and a U.S government that ignored the dire situation. Cultural Stigma: There are countless reasons why AIDS was so stigmatized during the pandemic, but the contraction of the disease through homosexual contact and drug use were the main reasons why the stigma...
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