...most efficient ones: C3/MR, C3/MR followed by nitrogen cycle, dual mixed refrigerant process with spiral wound exchangers. To compare properly one process to another, it must be done with the same gas, with the same site conditions, with the same gas turbines and with the same cooling medium temperature (air or water). That done, to compare processes like for like is still not that easy. For instance, it seems fair to take the same efficiencies for the compressors, however, axial and centrifugal compressors do have different efficiencies. Similarly, equal basis leads to have the same temperature approach for the air-cooler (or water coolers), however between mixed refrigerant and propane, the heat exchange area will be much lower for mixed refrigerant if the approach is kept identical. The end flash vapour quantity has also a big influence on the process efficiency, but each process has a different fuel gas consumption. Those added factors may lead to wide differences. Axens has calculated the effect of all those parameters on efficiency. The equipment characteristics play also an important role in the comparison: the limitations of axial compressors, of centrifugal compressors (Mach number) and possibly spiral-wound exchangers maximum size do have to be taken into account. Even the gas turbines or alternative drivers chosen can be well adapted to one process, but not to the other. Another important parameter is the LPG recovery: a large LPG recovery will decrease the efficiency...
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...forced induction system is a supercharger. There are different types of superchargers. The first type is a root supercharger which is the oldest by far. Root type superchargers push extra oxygen into an engine by using meshed-lobe rotors. The rotors rotate in opposite direction trapping the air into pockets and forcing it from the inlet to the compressor chamber where it is compressed and moved into the engine. Root type chargers are simple and have few parts which results in reliability and require very few repairs. They are also good for adding power to an engine at low rpm’s. The second type of supercharger is the Screw. The screw type supercharger works very similarly to root type chargers. Screw superchargers are very good at moving air and lose very little of it. They can compress air as they move using their screws. The last type of supercharger is a Centrifugal supercharger. They are very similar to many pumps or fans. They pull air through an intake or compressor housing using an impeller which collects the air and forces it out into a progressively smaller Hodges 2 area, compressing it and leading it to the engine. Centrifugal chargers are excellent at moving large volumes of air. They are amongst the most efficient and effective...
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...Air Conditioning and Heat Pump Systems Clinton Ward COM155 February 17, 2013 Joyce Keeling Air Conditioning and Heat Pump Systems Air conditioners and heat pump systems are used by most people in the world today. They are used to cool in the summer time and to heat in the winter time. These machines are bought and used when most people do not even understand the principle on which they work. The machines are expected do what they are designed to do, and when they cease to do this, they can be costly to repair. Air conditioners and heat pumps are similar in appearance and operation, but while using the same components they can perform completely different tasks. Knowing the difference between the two and the principle in which they perform their tasks will enable each person to make an informed decision when the time comes to repair or replace a piece of equipment. Air conditioners and heat pumps have several components that work in the same way. The compressor is the heart of the system. It is present in both an air conditioner and a heat pump. The compressor pumps the refrigerant throughout the system and enables the system to heat and cool. A few other components in an air conditioner and a heat pump are the metering device, the indoor coil, and the outdoor coil. These four basic components must be present for the cooling process to take place. There are a few components in heat pumps that do not show up in air conditioners. These devices are what make the...
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...Question With the aid of a suitable diagram, describe the operation and construction of a reciprocating compressor employed in a VCR system (30 marks). Introduction A compressor is the most important and often the costliest component of any vapour compression refrigeration system (VCRS). The function of a compressor in a VCRS is to continuously draw the refrigerant vapour from the evaporator, so that a low pressure and low temperature can be maintained in the evaporator at which the refrigerant can boil extracting heat from the refrigerated space. The compressor then has to raise the pressure of the refrigerant to a level at which it can condense by rejecting heat to the cooling medium in the condenser. Reciprocating compressors Description Reciprocating compressor is the workhorse of the refrigeration and air conditioning industry. It is the most widely used compressor with cooling capacities ranging from a few Watts to hundreds of kilowatts. Modern day reciprocating compressors are high speed (≈ 3000 to 3600 rpm), single acting, single or multi-cylinder (up to 16 cylinders) type. Construction features and Principle of Operation Fig. 1 Figure 1 shows the schematic of a reciprocating compressor. Reciprocating compressors consist of a piston moving back and forth in a cylinder, with suction (Sv) and discharge (Dv) valves to achieve suction and compression of the refrigerant vapour. Its construction and working are somewhat similar to a two-stroke engine, as...
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...Rolls Royce – Power By the Hour Project Report Prepared by NUPUR MITTAL (WMP7106), PANKAJ GUPTA (WMP7107), PHANESH V. R. ATMURI (WMP7108), PIYUSH RAJESH GUPTA (WMP7109), POULASTYA DUTTA (WMP7110), PRAMUKH SINGH RAWAL (WMP7111)) and PRASHANT JOSHI (WMP7112) Section B, WMP 2011-14, INDIAN INSTITUTE OF LUCKNOW – NOIDA CAMPUS Rolls Royce – Power By the Hour 1 Executive Summary Today most Multi National Companies that are operating globally are realizing that they have to take complete control of After-Sales-Service, in order to compete effectively and synergize their operations with profitability. Earlier days, much of the service operations were handled by third parties. Companies have identified that after-salesservice is a significant source of revenue for the organization. With this paradigm shift and change in the culture, Rolls Royce pioneered and conceptualized ‘Power by the Hour’, an after-sales-service program that helps focus customer in their core business activities & offers peace of mind. In order to achieve this, Rolls Royce had to restructure and revamp its various operations including vertical integration of various divisions. The after-sales services provided by Roll-Royce helped its customers reduce maintenance costs and downtime. The service also enabled the company to improve its aero engine designs and build good relationships with customers. Moreover, the company gained a steady long-term revenue stream from the maintenance contracts. Analysts felt...
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...Introduction 3 2.0 Basic Components of a Jet Engine 4 2.2 Compressor 4 2.3 Combustor 5 2.4 Turbine 5 2.5 Exhaust Duct/Nozzle 5 4.0 Creation of Thrust in a Turbojet Engine 7 5.0 Conclusion 9 6.0 References 10 1.0 Introduction According to Hunecke (1997), jet engines, also known as gas turbine engines, are the most widespread and most efficient method used for airplane propulsion currently. The Jet engine uses basic principles and concepts of motion but applying it using a combination of complex mechanical systems to achieve thrust. There are many types of jet engines; however, this paper will concentrate on the Turbojet Engine to explain the workings of the jet engine to achieve thrust and propulsion. 1.1 How the turbojet Engine Works Turbojet Engines apply Newton’s Third Law of Motion that states, “For every motion there is an equal and opposite reaction” (Hünecke, 1997, p. 4). Simply, when a burnt mixture is ejected backwards from an engine, a forward force is generated on the engine and thus on the aircraft. The bigger the backward force the bigger the forward force (reaction force). Thrust is created when the burnt mixture pushed out the back is ejected at higher velocity than that of the air being sucked in. (Hünecke, 1997, p. 4) The engine’s fans suck air in at the front. A compressor, made up of fans with many blades and attached to the shaft, elevates the pressure of the air. The compressed air is then sprayed with fuel and an electric spark ignites...
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...Professional English Engineering Cambridge English for UNIT 1 CASE STUDY Capsule pipelines Capsule Pipelines – Essential Facts Capsule pipelines are underground pipes designed to transport hollow cylindrical containers (capsules). The function of the capsules is to transport things from A to B. Potential applications include carrying items such as mail (letters and parcels), minerals, for example coal, agricultural products, for example wheat, packaged products (in boxes or bags), and waste (household garbage or industrial waste). There are two main types of system: pneumatic capsule pipelines (PCPs) and hydraulic capsule pipelines (HCPs). In PCPs, the capsules are propelled by air, which is blown into the pipeline at one end and flows along it, driving the capsule forward. In order to limit friction between the outside of the capsule and the inside of the pipeline, capsules can be fitted with wheels (see the picture). In HCPs the pipeline is filled with water which is pumped along the pipeline. The capsules are watertight and are immersed in the water. They are driven along the pipeline by the flow of water. Small-diameter PCPs were popular in the second half of the 19th century and in the first half of the 20th century, for carrying documents – used mainly by government departments and postal authorities in large cities. Such systems were used in Berlin, Hamburg, London and Paris. A network in Prague is still in use today. A largediameter PCP was built...
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...M.T SUNLIGHT VENTURE MAJURO HAND OVER NOTES: DAILY: * Drain F.O service and Settling tank. * Drain Main Air 1&2 Reservoir Tank. * Checked Main Air Compressor 1&2 crankcase oil level. * Check oil level of all purifier,filled up if necessary. * Blow water gauges of Auxiliary boiler. * Check and top up Aux.Boiler feed water filter tank. * Daily chemically dose of oxygen control 1.0 liter and condensate control 0.6 liter to hot well chemical dose tank. * Check fresh water tanks portside and stardboard side tank and distillate tank maintain at max.level. * Conduct Boiler water treatment analysis every three days then log on into waterproof in ecr computer. * Add chemical vaptreat for dosage unit of F.W Generator. * Every maintenance work done must be log on into shipsure in ecr computer. Weekly: * Chemical treatment dosing 0.25kg gamazyme 700 FN direct to sewage tank. * Took sounding of all F.O & D.O tanks as per c/e adviced. END OF THE MONTH ( MONHTLY REPORT) * Monthly Running hrs.of Auxilliary engine. * Boiler Water treatment test result. * Auxilliary Engine 1,2 &3 performance data P-max.(Tec.13) * C.O.P.T and Stripping pump running hours. MONTHLY MAINTENANCE ( 3/E responsibility) * Auxilliary Engine 1,2,3 with all system. * Auxilliary Boiler with its system and pumps. * F.O Purifier 1,2 Fuel...
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...Refrigeration Cycles Absorption Refrigeration Systems Refrigerants Selection Refrigeration affects many areas of your life The obvious: Refrigerator/Freezers allow food preservation Air conditioning Refrigerated fishing boats allow preservation of catch Refrigerated trucks are used to ship fruits/meats Refrigeration makes possible medical procedures that call for lowering body temperatures Refrigerator and Heat Pump The objective of a refrigerator is to remove heat (QL) from the cold medium; the objective of a heat pump is to supply heat (QH) to a warm medium. Schematic diagram of the ideal vaporcompression refrigeration cycle Compressor Condenser Evaporator Simple view of household refrigerator T-s Diagram of the Ideal Refrigeration Cycle Process 1-2 Isentropic Compression Process Process 2-3 P = const. Heat Rejection Process const. Process 3-4 Expansion under Throttling Process, h = const Process 4-1 P = const. Heat Addition Process const. P-h Diagram of the Ideal Refrigeration Cycle Process 1-2 Isentropic Compression Process Process 2-3 P = const. Heat Rejection Process const. Process 3-4 Expansion under Throttling Process, h = const Process 4-1 P = const. Heat Addition Process const. Coefficient of Performance in Refrigeration Cycles For Refrigerators and Air Conditioners: COPR = Desired output Cooling effect = Required input Work input q h −h COPR = L = 1 4 wnet,in h2 − h1 For Heat Pumps: COPHP = COPHP = Desired output Heating...
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...Auto Body Auto Repairs and Engineering Technology Name: Oran Guthrie Course: Auto Repairs & Engineering Technology Date: October 25, 2015 Air Compressor Auto body shops utilize compressed air for fast tire inflation and finishing services, such as painting. The compressed air is capable of vaporizing, and then propelling paint through paint guns or automated sprayers. Using this method, vehicles are given precision paint jobs in shorter amounts of time—without exposing workers to potentially hazardous materials. Additionally, most of the hand tools found in auto body shops run on compressed air. Air compressors are also very useful for handless tools; compressed air is used to power air-operated robots to assist in automated tasks, such as assembly, painting, structural repairing, and others. In vehicle repair facilities, air compressors heighten the rapidity and reliability of plasma cutting and welding operations. Air compressors are also utilized to power tools including drills, screwdrivers, nut runner sockets, fasteners, and sanders. Disk Sander Any hot rodder worth his salt will consider a disc sander an invaluable part of the toolbox. This is one of the most versatile of power tools, and fills the need for a lightweight, heavy-duty grinder on the toughest of jobs. Good used sanders can often be purchased at very low prices from a body shop with newer equipment. Often, broken sanders require only minor repairs, and can be bought at bargain prices. ...
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...combustion engine that uses air as the working fluid. The engine extracts chemical energy from fuel and converts it to mechanical energy using the gaseous energy of the working fluid (air) to drive the engine and propeller, which, in turn, propel the airplane. THE GAS TURBINE CYCLE The basic principle of the airplane turbine engine is identical to any and all engines that extract energy from chemical fuel. The basic 4 steps for any internal combustion engine are: 1. Intake of air (and possibly fuel). 2. Compression of the air (and possibly fuel). 3. Combustion, where fuel is injected (if it was not drawn in with the intake air) and burned to convert the stored energy. 4. Expansion and exhaust, where the converted energy is put to use. In the case of a piston engine, such as the engine in a car or reciprocating airplane engine, the intake, compression, combustion, and exhaust steps occur in the same place (cylinder head) at different times as the piston goes up and down. In the turbine engine, however, these same four steps occur at the same time but in different places. As a result of this fundamental difference, the turbine has engine sections called: 1. 2. 3. 4. The inlet section The compressor section The combustion section (the combustor) The turbine (and exhaust) section. The turbine section of the gas turbine engine has the task of producing usable output shaft power to drive the propeller. In addition, it must also provide power to drive the compressor and all engine accessories...
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...ENERGY PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF COMPRESSORS 8.1 Introduction The compressed air system is not only an energy intensive utility but also one of the least energy efficient. Over a period of time, both performance of compressors and compressed air system reduces drastically. The causes are many such as poor maintenance, wear and tear etc. All these lead to additional compressors installations leading to more inefficiencies. A periodic performance assessment is essential to minimize the cost of compressed air. 8.2 Purpose of the Performance Test To find out: • Actual Free Air Delivery (FAD) of the compressor • Isothermal power required • Volumetric efficiency • Specific power requirement The actual performance of the plant is to be compared with design / standard values for assessing the plant energy efficiency. 8.3 Performance Terms and Definitions Compression ratio : Absolute discharge pressure of last stage Absolute intake pressure Isothermal Power : It is the least power required to compress the air assuming isothermal conditions. Isothermal Efficiency : The ratio of Isothermal power to shaft power Volumetric efficiency : The ratio of Free air delivered to compressor swept volume Specific power requirement: The ratio of power consumption (in kW ) to the volume delivered at ambient conditions. 8.4 Field Testing 8.4.1 Measurement of Free Air Delivery (FAD) by Nozzle method Principle: If specially shaped nozzle discharge air to the atmosphere from a receiver...
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...Ingersoll-Rand (India) Ltd.: The Air Compressors Business at the Crossroad About Ingersoll-Rand (India) Ltd.:- Ingersoll-Rand, Inc., USA is a global major in the manufacture of a wide range of equipment catering to diverse industries. Its equipment have been used in a number of prestigious projects all around the globe like the Panama Canal, the Hoover Dam and the English Channel Tunnel. Ingersoll-Rand’s business in India dates back to 1871. But, it began major operations when it incorporated a private limited company under the name Ingersoll Rand (India) Pvt. Ltd. at Calcutta in 1921. Some of the key points to note about the company are:- * At first it was only a trading company but in 1965, owing to upbeat demand for engineering equipment, its first manufacturing plant was set up in Naroda, Gujrat to manufacture reciprocating compressors. * Went public in 1977. * In 1978, a second production unit was set up in Bangalore to manufacture engineering tools. * Major capacity expansion of both plants between 1993 and 1997. * A number of additions were made to the product portfolio in 2000. The current situation (2002):- * Turnover of Rs. 406.2 crores * Employee strength of 1000 * Rs. 80 crores worth of exports. * 22 company offices and more than 80 distributors. IRL’s Air Compressor Business:- Air compressors are used in all types of manufacturing industries. They’re classified according to capacity as low (0.5-40 HP), middle (40-100HP)...
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...UK with its main line of products include Sulfuric Acid, Aluminum Sulfate, Silicate and Pharmaceutical Products. With its various plants located in Nigeria – West Africa with dedicated workforce of 3000 employees. Work Profile: • Production: Monitoring the daily production at the plant and keeping all the records of daily production as well as the problems regarding the production, Troubleshooting and fixing the problems. Prepare Maintenance reporting of Plant Equipment and handling team to work in plant. • Maintenance: To monitoring plant equipments daily maintenance and report to Manager about problems and trouble shooting of problems. Equipment like, Pump, Heat Exchanger, Evaporator, Cooling Tower, Main Blower, Compressors. • Purchase Planning: Budgeting and planning the funds for procurement and...
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...DESCRIPTION OF MECHANISM Compressor are similar to pumps both increase the pressure on a fluid and both can transport the fluid through a pipe. Parts of Compressor Electric Motor The electric motor powers the compressor pump. The motor drive a pulley and two belts, which transfer power from the motor to the pump pistons via flywheel and a crank shaft. The flywheel fan helps cool the compressor pump. Compressor Pump The pump compresses the air and discharges it into the receiver. Two-stage air compressors have a minimum of two pump cylinders. Receiver The receiver (tank) stores the compressed air A check valve at the receiver inlet prevents the compressed air in the receiver from flowing back Into the compressor pump. Pressure Switch When the air pressure in the receiver reaches the factory-set limit, the pressure switch shuts down the motor. As compressed air Is used and the pressure level in the tank drops to a pre-set level, the pressure switch restarts the motor and the compressor resumes pumping air. Air Pressure Regulation The air pressure gauge on the pressure switch measures air pressure inside the receiver, not pressure in the airline. Shut-Off Valves Install shut-off valves in each drop line, to isolate the too land Its accessories for servicing You can also Install a bypass line around an accessory DESCRIPTION OF PROCESS: Process how to operate a compressor: 1. ------------------------------------------------- ...
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