...Name: Ramiro Rivera Date: 31 August 2013 Module 3 Aircraft Systems and Aircraft Maintenance LOB 8: Explain how an operator can fly an aircraft with inoperable instruments or equipment within the limits of an approved minimum equipment list (MEL). Web Support link: http://www.nbaa.org/ops/maint/inoperative-equipment/minimum-equipment-list.php Inoperable Equipment and Minimum Equipment List I have chose to use NBAA.org as a good resourceful tool for learning in general when it comes to aviation. This web link will teach you an easy and simple way the definition and use of a MEL. Definition of MEL: A Minimum Equipment List (MEL) is one method aircraft operators may use to obtain relief from Federal Aviation Regulations that generally require that all equipment installed on the aircraft be operative at the time of flight. A MEL is a precise listing of instruments, equipment and procedures that allows an aircraft to be operated under specific conditions with inoperative equipment. It will explain you step by step the procedure and use of an MEL, such as: * Obtaining FAA approval * Conducting operations with an MEL * Correcting MEL inoperative items * Record keeping requirements NBAA.org is an excellent website for any professional in aviation or for anyone interest in aviation. Using this beside you can find information from student material, airport operations, security, maintenance, job search and much more. As a professional pilot...
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...An aircraft is a machine that is able to fly by gaining support from the air, or, in general, the atmosphere of a planet. It counters the force of gravity by using either static lift or by using the dynamic lift of an airfoil, or in a few cases the downward thrust from jet engines. The human activity that surrounds aircraft is called aviation. Crewed aircraft are flown by an onboard pilot, but unmanned aerial vehicles may be remotely controlled or self-controlled by onboard computers. Aircraft may be classified by different criteria, such as lift type, aircraft propulsion, usage and others. History Flying model craft and stories of manned flight go back many centuries, however the first manned ascent – and safe descent – in modern times took place by hot-air balloon in the 18th century. Each of the two World Wars led to great technical advances. Consequently the history of aircraft can be divided into five eras: Pioneers of flight, from the earliest experiments to 1914. First World War, 1914 to 1918. Aviation between the World Wars, 1918 to 1939. Second World War, 1939 to 1945. Postwar era, also called the jet age, 1945 to the present day. Methods of lift Lighter than air – aerostats Aerostats use buoyancy to float in the air in much the same way that ships float on the water. They are characterized by one or more large gasbags or canopies, filled with a relatively low-density gas such as helium, hydrogen, or hot air, which is less dense than the surrounding...
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...Aircraft fuel and its alternatives Introduction: Air travel has become most desirable part of today’s world. Due to the rising fuel prices, the industry has changed itself to survive and sustain the impact. Remembering the fact that the fuel prices do not remain contant in the upcoming years, Governments are encouraging the companies to develop more efficient and cleaner solutions. Airline companies are facing pressure to reduce their aircraft emissions because governments are worrying about global warming. Synthetic fuels have been tested on aircrafts and are treated as an alternative. However, producing these fuels is far more costly and not advisable when compared to common aviation fuel. Using electricity as an alternative to fossil fuels is the best alternative present for the existing problems. Use of Electrical Power Systems: The use of electrical power as an alternative to drive the aircraft systems and its sub-systems that had earlier been driven by hydraulic, and mechanical systems is becoming a ruling trend in the aerospace industry. Devolopment in the power electronics provide the technology to improve the overall efficiency,functioning and safety of aircraft systems operation. The More Electric Aircraft (MEA) is being devoloped with a goal of distribution of electrical power across the frame of the aircraft. The electrical power requirement will be significantly increase to replace the existing systems with electrical equivalents. The use of MEA on aeroplane will...
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...WHITE PAPER Design faster, better and more naturally with T-Splines >The complex challenges of aircraft design illustrate the revolutionary benefits of modeling with T-Splines. Introduction Schuyler ‘Sky’ Greenawalt is a designer and the owner of School Street Design Company, which specializes in custom and prototype tooling and production of composite structures for the homebuilt and experimental aircraft community. One of his recent projects was a conceptual model for a Formula 1 Reno Racer, a small competitive aircraft designed to compete in the Formula 1 class of air races at speeds of over 200 mph. Aircraft design poses unusual challenges for surface modelers, since the wings and tails need to be very accurate representations of airfoils, but the rest of the surfaces—fuselages and other secondary structures—need to be very smooth and fair. The blends between the two can be particularly difficult to edit and modify. The reason for the difficulty in modeling these surfaces is not the complexity of the design. Airfoil and fuselage profiles and shapes are well understood. Rather, the challenge comes from the inherent difficulty in creating complex shapes using traditional NURBS surfacing; specifically surfaces with varying level of detail, high accuracy requirements and complex blend transitions. Almost every surface and solid modeling application on the market today is based on a technology called non-uniform rational BSplines (NURBS). Not until the availability of T-Splines...
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...Module 3 Aircraft Systems and Aircraft Maintenance Learning Objective #10 Determine the requirements for maintenance records, compliance with Airworthiness Directives (AD), preventive maintenance, and alterations. Web Support link: http://www.avweb.com/news/savvyaviator/190596-1.html The Savvy Aviator While browsing the Internet and reading through various FAA websites, I came across a column by a passionate pilot that likes to spread the good, educated, aviation word. I chose column #23: Maintenance Records highlighting the importance of detailed and accurate records, and compliance with FARs. One thing I found refreshing was how casual the author speaks to his audience, yet delivers a wealth of knowledge that is typically only gained through years of experience, both on and off the ground. The author goes into great detail as to what is required from the regulatory sense and what is required per good pilot and mechanic sense. He further breaks it down by addressing complying with airworthiness directives and how to annotate them properly, alterations and the depth at which they need to be captured, and preventive and routine maintenance. I found this article to be very informative and challenged my current maintenance practices, both personally and professionally. The article was simplistic enough that the youngest of aviator or manager would glean the basics, and maybe a few inches deeper of aviation knowledge, and those that have been at this for more than a...
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...have reduction gearing to the propeller shafts and drive beach craft model 279 full-feathering, constant-speed propellers with aluminum blades. This is intended to be a guide for some of the procedures for this specific aircraft. Servicing fuel tanks- the airplane fuel system should be serviced with 30/87 octane fuel. The fuel system is suitable for aromatic fuels. Fuel system access doors are of the flush type and are located on the upper surface of each outboard wing panel and each side of the wing center section. Expanding-type filler caps with neoprene seals are used on each filler opening. The fuel tanks are not interconnected and each tank must be serviced separately. Hoisting airplane the aircraft may be hoisted for mantenance or parts replacement through the use of a three-cable sling attached to the hoisting lugs and eyebolt. A minimum overhead clearance of 12 feet 6 inches and a hoist of at least 3 tons capacity is required .To hoist engine remove the propeller and cowling and attaching a hoist to the engine lifting eyes provided on top of engine. Jacking provision is made for a three-point jack-pad system the two aft pads are located on the center section rear spar in board of each nacelle(a streamlined housing or tank on the outside of an aircraft). Leveling the twin-bonanza while its resting on its wheels is greatly simplified by its tricycle gear; it may be trimmed in both directions merely by inflating or deflating the main gear or nose gear struts, as required...
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...5 Aircraft Load 5.1 Overview Aircraft structures must withstand the imposed load during operations; the extent depends on what is expected from the intended mission role. The bulkiness of the aircraft depends on its structural integrity to withstand the design load level. The heavier the load, the heavier is the structure; hence, the MTOW affecting aircraft performance. Aircraft designers must comply with mandatory certification regulations to meet the minimum safety standards. This book does not address load estimation in detail but rather continues with design information on load experienced by aircraft. Although the information provided herein is not directly used in configuring aircraft, the knowledge and data are essential for understanding design considerations that affect aircraft mass (i.e., weight). Only the loads and associated V-n diagram in symmetrical flight are discussed herein. It is assumed that designers are supplied with aircraft V-n diagrams by the aerodynamics and structures groups. Estimation of load is a specialized subject covered in focused courses and textbooks. However, this chapter does outline the key elements of aircraft loads. Aircraft shaping dictates the pattern of pressure distribution over the wetted surface that directly affects load distribution. Therefore, aircraft loads must be known early enough to make a design “right the first time.” 5.1.1 What Is to Be Learned? This chapter covers the following topics: Section 5.2: Introduction to...
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...Aerodynamics and Aircraft Performance Characteristics of High-speed Flight Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University From the beginning of the age of manned flight, aviators and engineers have continuously sought to increase the performance envelope. Many parameters for defining aircraft performance exist, but here I’d like to focus on going fast. Since I was a child I’ve been fascinated with military aircraft and the pursuit of speed. From the Bell X-1 to the famed SR-71 Blackbird and beyond, high-speed flight has been a chase toward an ever increasing limit. Several factors contribute to the aerodynamics of supersonic flight and many limitations apply as the envelope is pushed. I will focus the perspective of this paper on design characteristics, engine technology, and atmospheric considerations and take a peek into the future of hypersonic flight. In order to discuss the design characteristics of high-speed aircraft, a definition for the speed regimes must be given. Supersonic flight is typically defined as greater than Mach 1 but less than Mach 3. “High” Supersonic flight is a narrow band of operation from Mach 3 to 5 and hypersonic flight is in excess of Mach 5 (Benson, 2013). Shape technology and wing design are the primary areas of concern in setting out to build an aircraft capable of supersonic speeds. If airflow velocities reach sonic speeds at some location on an aircraft further acceleration results in the onset of...
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...DESIGN PROCESS OF AIRCRAFT Introduction; The aircraft design process is the engeneering design process by which aircraft is designed.These depend on many factors such as customer and manufacture design,safety measures,physical and economical constraints,etc. Design constrains; A design starts with the indeed purpose for example : (A)commercial airlines are designed for carrying passengers and cargo.These are long ranged and have greater fuel efficiency. (B) Fighter gets are designed to perform high speed actions and provide close support to ground troops. (c) few aircrafts have specific missions like amphibious airplanes which have a unique desing that allows them to operate both on land and water also. (d) harrier jump jet has vtolanding these have ability to hover over a period of time. Like this we can understand that the purpose is the cause for the design .and the judgment step for a design. Aircraft Regulations: Another important factor that influences the design of the aircraft are the regulations putforward by thnational authorities, Airports also impose limits on the aircraft,for example the maximum sping span allowed...
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...The History of Aircraft design By: David Roberts Imagine yourself at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. The year is 1903. You and your brother our about to make the first powered flight in history. The wind was right and you recorded a 59 second flight over a distance of 852 feet. You have just made history, in successfully flying the first powered aircraft. This is probably how the Wright brothers, Orville and Wilbur Wright felt that day. They successfully flew an airplane with a 75 horse power engine. I will be talking on how aircraft design and power plants have evolved since 1903. From the Wright brothers era, the golden age, to the jet era, to what we use today. It going to be an accelerating time so let's get started with the Wright Brothers. The Wright Brothers were known as the first people to achieve the first powered heavier than air flight. This was a huge accomplishment, but believe it or not, they were not the first to fly. According to Aviation 1890-1939 The Pioneering Years, "the Montgolfier Brothers were even earlier pioneers when they took to the sky in a hot air balloon over Paris in 1783. In 1853, in Yorkshire, England, an employee of Sir George Cayley, flew across a valley in the first, heavier than air glider (http://myweb.tiscali.co.uk/kenanderson/aviation/index.html)." These early pioneers helped pave the way for the Wright Brothers. The Wright Brothers started off as bike builders, and it wasn't till December of 1900, that the Wright Brothers...
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...Revenue and cost model. He wants to sell all the A500 as personal aircrafts, A700 as business aircrafts and sell the variants of the two as service aircraft. He also wants to reduce cost of goods sold by innovating on materials for building the aircraft, on streamlining the design process, the use of modularized parts and the use of transferable technology. 2. Do you believe that Rick Adam can bring a new aircraft to market for so much less than conventional wisdom says it should cost? a. What are the factors that are critical to the success of Adam Aircraft? A. The main factors those were critical for to the success of Adam Aircraft are Human Recourses, having own initial funding, Founders experience, general knowledge about the industry and the product, hard working support team, low cost and very few competitors. b. Which of those factors are biggest risks? A. The biggest risk is to 1. Invest your own money into the company, 2. The first mover according to the engineer and low costs, 3. Demand and competitors. c. What can he do to control those risks? A. He can diversify a funding portfolio and be critical to his own knowledge and hard work. 3. If you were a potential investor, how would you compare the potential risks and rewards from an investment in Adam Aircraft with an investment in Jim Poss’ company (Seahorse Power Corporation)? A. If I was an investor I would invest in Adam Aircraft due to having low cost and more...
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...Module 5 – Aircraft Maintenance Website: http://www.pama.org/ 1. The purpose of this association is to promote a high degree of professionalism among aviation maintenance personnel; to foster and improve methods, skills, learning, and achievement in the field of Aviation Maintenance; to conduct national, state, and local meetings and seminars; to recognize achievement in the field of Aviation Maintenance; to publish, distribute, and disseminate news, technical bulletins, journals, and other appropriate publications dealing with the trade of Aviation Maintenance; to collaborate with other organizations in aviation in the queries of governmental agencies pertaining to maintenance rules and guidelines. 2. The Professional Aviation Maintenance Association is the premier association for the Aviation Maintenance Technician. PAMA promotes professionalism and recognition for the Aviation Maintenance Technician. PAMA does this by fostering continuous improvement in aviation safety and community through communication, education, representation, and support. PAMA's goals are: • Professionalism: Promote a high degree of professionalism among aviation maintenance personnel • Advancement: Foster and improve methods, skills, learning, and achievement in the field of Aviation Maintenance • Assembly: Conduct national, state, and local meetings and seminars • Recognition: Recognize achievement in our field • Publication: Publish, distribute, and disseminate news, technical bulletins,...
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...Chapter 1 Introduction Standard aircraft design processes have traditionally been divided in the following stages []: * Feasibility studies: design needs to satisfy prescribed performance requirements along with other geographical and cost constraints, * Conceptual design: design on paper or on computer, involves analysis tools covering performance evaluation in different maneuvers, * Preliminary design: laying of proper moulds for building airframes, * Prototype building: finally arriving at a scaled down prototype, * Wind tunnel testing: on the developed prototype for aerodynamics database generation, * Flight testing: * Stability and control augmentation * Certification: requires an airplane to satisfy certain handling and flying qualities requirements. This design process thus have nearly always left the stability and dynamics aspects to the end, where six degrees of freedom of motion are used to evaluate flying and handling qualities of aircraft. Finally, if these criteria do not match with the required satisfaction level of pilot or the industry standards, design of control systems are needed. To our knowledge (due to proprietary nature of the trade) and based on text book information, no analysis tools has been developed in the past for aircraft design which uses six degree of freedom equations of rigid aircraft motion right from the beginning. This is primarily due to the multi-objective iterative nature of the problems one needs to...
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...Impacts of New Technology on Aircraft Maintenance Abstract In this research paper the author identifies several key areas of interest when introducing new technologies in the aviation industry. The majority of the focus surrounds the maintainability of these new technologies and the significant impacts to the maintainers themselves. Much emphasis is given to the people responsible to maintain the aircraft from a human factors perspective. There are many maintenance aspects addressed in the paper to include the impacts on Training and Certification of aircraft mechanics, design considerations in terms of capabilities and ease of access of components and associated equipment. Advancements in procedures, interactive technical manuals and specific emerging maintenance techniques and troubleshooting are introduced from the maintainer’s perspective and those impacts addressed. The key impacts of new technology are summarized for domestic, international, military aircraft operational environments, and the paper concludes with an examination of the advantages and disadvantages of new technologies on aircraft maintenance. Keywords: aircraft maintainability, design for maintenance, personnel training, human factors Impacts of New Technology on Aircraft Maintenance Advancements in technology are a continuous and necessary aspect of our culture. The desire to stay ahead of the competition in both domestic and international environments is what makes our country’s aviation and...
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...Major Aircraft Components ASCI 202 – Introduction to Aeronautical Science Embry Riddle Aeronautical University Abstract It is amazing to think that airplanes have been around for more than 100 years. From the Wrights brothers first flight on a handmade fixed-wing aircraft to the most technologically advanced aircraft in the world, the F-35 Lightning II Fighter jet. Despite their vast differences, these aircrafts have some things in common; they are run by major components and aerodynamics that make flying possible. The major components of an airplane and their functions are what make an aircraft fly into the air. An aircraft has five major components: fuselage, wings, landing gears, empennage, and power plants. The many complex parts of an aircraft and schematics are all responsible for making the aircraft design. In an effort to understand the design, it is imperative to break down the most common basic components to reflect how they work together to make an aircraft fly into the air. The fuselage is the part of an aircraft that is designed to carry cargo, equipment, people etc. Each major component is attached to the fuselage. The most common shape of a fuselage is a cylinder like tube that was designed to decrease drag and produce a little lift. The fuselage material is made of steel/aluminum. The different shapes are welded together to create the strength and bond it needs to hold together. The shaped pieces are called trusses ("Aircraft structure...
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