...Emily Lanzarotto October 23, 2014 HIS 304-Professor Pearson Writing Assignment #1 Convevencia Often when the history of medieval Europe is told it is only from the view point of Christianity however, the story of medieval Europe from an Islamic point of view is in many ways far more vital to the true history. Early Islam was a powerful force in Europe that revived old and created new cities. As the Muslims moved into a Spain under the Visigoths, they took control in a swift and fairly bloodless invasion in 711 and even reached as far as southern France by 719. The ruling Umayyad family in Muslim Spain, al-Andalus, was slaughtered and all but one had died out by the year 1031. The Muslim faithful stayed in the al-Andalus area and in the eleventh century Europe saw a large number of Muslim converts bringing a new and highly advanced Islamic culture to Europe. The main city of Cordoba was the headquarters of all things “high-tech”. Cordoba had grand mosques, libraries, hospitals, paved streets, street lamps, schools, homes with running water, all things that cities like London and Paris would not see for another 700 years. Some of the early Muslims in Cordoba pioneered medicine with pharmacology along with astronomy and philosophy. Most notably a philosopher/astronomer named Averroes whose translation of Aristotle from Greek to Arabic to Latin shocked the world at the time. As time went on the Muslim rule weakened and the Christians in the north took advantage. They launched...
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...Al-Andalus Arabic Lit 1121 Al-Andalus Al-Andalus was referred to as the areas of the Iberian Peninsula which were occupied by the Moors between 711-1492 AD. The Iberian Peninsula is the south western most part of Europe including Spain, Portugal, and France. The Moors were Muslim people of Arab descent who invaded or settled Al-Andalus from Northern Africa. Before the Moors came to the Iberian Peninsula, Spain was ruled under the Visigoths. Their kingdom quickly fell apart when the Moors first came to what is now referred to as Spain. When the Moors came they were actually welcomed and did not have much trouble taking over due to the worsening environment the Visigoths reign had established. Abd ar-Rahman the 1st was the founder of the Umayyad dynasty of Cordoba. He was the grandson of the tenth Umayyad Caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik. At the age of 16, He fled his home city of Damascus due to the Abbasid revolt, which over threw the existing Umayyad caliphate. He fled from Damascus and made his way west to what was once land of the far reaching Umayyad Dynasty. It took him several years to reach Northern Africa because he was still being targeted by the newly established Abbasid dynasty. Al-Andalus had been conquered in the time of Abd ar-Rahman’s grandfather. However Abd ar-Rahman was not very sure how they would feel about him taking the thrown for himself. He was welcomed by the people and grew a large following, because most people thought he had been killed along...
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...Running head: HISTORY OF Al-ANDALUS History of Al-Andalus: Tales of Harmony, Extermination & Vengeance Maddah Hussain History of Al-Andalus: Tales of Harmony, Extermination & Vengeance There is much of the debate going on about the history of Al-Andalus or Muslim Spain. Many historians David Fintz Altabé, Mark R. Cohen, Henry Kamen, Erin Morris, Mary Elizabeth Perry, Rukhsana Qamber, Saey, Tina Hesman Saey, Matthew E. Falagas, Effie A. Zarkadoulia, George Samonis, Hugh Kennedy and Maya Soifer, with their different views have tried to solve the mystery to what exactly happened? What were the conditions in Al-Andalus? Did people of different religious faiths coexisted at that time under Muslims’ rule? What caused the massacre and conversion of Jews and Christians into Islam? What led to the Spanish Inquisition? This paper is focused on the Spanish Inquisition, its causes and its consequences which includes the conquest of Spain by Muslims, the co-existence of Muslims, Christians and Jews, the fall of Al-Andalus leading to the Spanish Inquisition and the expulsion of Muslims from Spain beginning in 1478. This paper will also distinguish between religion and the wrongdoings of men, staining it for their ulterior motives. This paper will include different views of historians and their arguments about all of the incidents stated above. The central argument of this paper is, history of Al-Andalus, through many historians is biased; with little evidence, many of historians...
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...came form spain. perserved greek idea when it was forgotten in west · librarys schools, running water in houses, paved streets. modern medicine. · toledo main atristomical center of world 11th century 50 year . all this would not reach europe if wasnt for toledo · 9th century tunis conquers sicily and muslim influences from sicily to europe · jew christians paid taxes for freedom of worship · bought literatue science ag and water work to sicily · norman king roger ii passionate about muslim culture. church built by muslim craftsman · 1139 muslim from cordoba to come to sicily by roger ii. book of roger single best work of geography . arabs know world was round . european didnt. How were they disseminated into Europe? · al-Andalus land of vandals 500 muslims dominate spain cordoba capital. · smaller muslim kingdoms competed for intellectual achieve ments poet scientists. · split into 23 city states · What was the convivencia? · muslim jews christians translate text in to arabic then spanish and latin. required religous tolerance. · "living together". art science and worship · people from all over europe came to toledo. michael scott responsibe of sending islamic ideas to europe · church of san roman was a christian church built by muslims.left influence . used adn respect each other religon. · mozarabs= muslims chirstian sects · 1154 end of convivencia in sicily with death of roger ii. · once granada was handed over to ferdinand and isabella...
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...Truth About April Fool's Day And Muslim Representative Method of Scientific Inquiry By Muhammad Tariq Ghazi MMG (Muslim Media Group) http://www.indianmuslims.org/jsp/articles/articles.jsp An email often goes around that warn Muslims again April Fool observation by claiming that this tradition originates from the event of Christians victory over Muslims in Andalusian Spain. It proposes that Europeans made fool of Muslims by introducing Liquor and Tobacco to them and thus gradually weaken them through its indulgence. The author busts the myth with correct version of history and common sense and explain the origin of April Fool's Day. I never knew that 1 April 2007 would be a day of reckoning, in a dubious style though. As a child I might have played the fool on the fool's day by saying what I would believe was funny to someone I loved - like my brothers and sister. Nobody stopped me from those innocent escapades, for they were perhaps as innocuous, or as harmful, as watching an occasional movie - ordinarily at an interval of six-seven months - like Sohrab Modi's "Pukar", or Mehboob Khan's "Humayun", or Nanubhai Vakil's "Hatim Tai". But in later years the April fun did not amuse us older children any longer as we found the annual practice very boring. Gradually I realized that not many people around me were taking April Fool's Day seriously: rarely anyone would try to make fun of gullible peers. This year, however, the day of fools dawned out of blue. I was astonished to know...
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...Syria, claims the caliphate. 661 Ali is murdered; Mu'awiya becomes caliph. Beginning of Umayyad Caliphate (661-750). 680 Death of Husayn marks beginning of the Shi'at Ali ("party of Ali") or Shi'a sect. 685-705 Reign of Abd al-Malik. Centralization of administration - Arabic becomes official written language (instead of Greek and Persian) and Arab coinage is established. late 600s Ruling classes in East and West Africa convert to Islam. 747 rebellion defeats the Umayyads. 750 Abu l'Abbas becomes caliph in Iraq 754 Baghdad (Madinat al-Salam, "city of peace") becomes the new capital of the Abbasid empire. 755 Abd ar-Rahman founds an Umayyad Dynasty in Cordoba, Spain. 765 Division within Shi'ites - majority are the modern Imamiyya (Twelvers) who co-exist with Abbasid caliphs; minority are more extreme Isma'iliyaa (Seveners). 786-809 Reign of Harun ar-Rashid, best known through the stories of The Thousand and One Nights. 800s Written collections of Hadith (sayings of the Prophet) are compiled. Sicily comes under Muslim rule. 928 Umayyad Abd ar-Rahman III declares himself caliph in Cordoba. 945 The Buyids (Persian) invade Baghdad and take power from caliph. 969 Fatimids gain power in Egypt and attack Palestine, Syria, and Arabia. Cairo (Al-Qahira, "the victorious city") is founded. 1030 Umayyad caliphate in Cordoba defeated by the Christian Reconquista. 1055 Seljuk Turks take Baghdad; Abbasids now only nominal...
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...To: Jozko Mrkvicka MBA (jozef.mrkvicka@vratna-golf.eu) Subject: Recommendations – Spanish Business Etiquette Dear Mr. Mrkvicka, My name is Silvia Machanova and I work as assistant at PR Division in our company. I was asked by PR supervisor Mr. Novak to prepare the summary of Spanish business communication. Relationship and communication of Spanish people • Before making any decision and business negotiating Spaniards usually prefer to make relationship with business partner. As might be expected, the first meeting will be introductory to get to know each other. • In general, Spanish people prefer face-to-face contact rather than word form of communication. • Spain is hierarchical country and it is advisable to know and to have respect to the position of the person you are negotiating with. Probably, you will discuss with the people at the same level in the company like your own. However, the final decision is usually made by the top management of the company. • Verbal communication in Spain is quite loud, very emotional and theatrical with lots of gestures. This comes from the extrovert character of Spanish people; this way is showed their enthusiasm. Meeting Etiquette in Spain • Appointment should be made well in advance by mail, supported by telephone. Business meetings start on time and have formal language. Agenda is used but is not followed too strictly. • During introduction business partner usually shake their hands. • Printed material (including...
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...The Andalusian horse is a light horse breed. It’s also known as a spanish horse. This specific breed of horse is easy to care for. It’s considered an easy keeper. The Andalusian horse is a very muscular and compact horse. This type of horse is used for dressage, driving, bullfighting, and as stock horses. The Andalusian horse is about 15 hands tall. They also usually weigh about 900 pounds.Feeding them requires some specifics. Overfeeding it could cause laminitis. “Staying at a good weight requires fairly low feed” (Andalusiansdemythos.com, 2017). The andalusian horse requires about half the amount of the recommended amount of the feeding bag. Their diet closely resembles that of a race horse. The andalusian horse’s protein levels...
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...and Dimna are from an Indian origin, formerly known as the Panchatantra; Ibn al-Muqaffa’s translation of the compilation can be easily applied to the Arab society of his time. The political overtones exhibited in this literary piece are interesting to say the least. One such story demonstrates this quite well and that is “The Tale of the Lion and the Hare”. The story is used by Ibn al-Muqaffa to not only serve as an example for ruling princes, but to also serve as a commentary on eighth century Arab politics and society, specifically the Umayyad and Abbasid Dynasties. Knowledge of historical context is necessary to analyze Ibn Muqaffa’s translation of the compilation of fables. Ibn al-Muqaffa was born sometime in the early eighth century in the Iranian province of Fars. He was raised by a family of notables in the town of Goor, during the Umayyad Dynasty. His father was a state official entrusted with the duty of collecting and safeguarding the city’s taxes. Within a few years he was exposed as a fraud, despite being given the honor of guarding the dynasty’s wealth, Ibn al-Muqaffa’s father was charged and convicted of inappropriately spending the citizen’s tax money. His punishment was immediate destruction of his hand, all that was left was a shriveled, crushed hand, thus the name Muqaffa which means shriveled hand. Despite his dishonorable beginnings and familial foundation, Ibn al-Muqaffa rose through the ranks of the Umayyad Dynasty, serving in several secretarial...
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...Umayyad Dynasty 664 - 750 CE The Umayyad Dynasty ended its great reign in 750 CE as it fell to its successor, the Abbasid Dynasty. The Umayyad Dynasty began in 664 as the first Islamic empire and came to be run by hereditary caliphs from the Umayyad family. The Umayyad Dynasty boasted many achievements that expanded and empowered Islam through changes. It lead to great expansion of the empire, from Arabia out to North Africa, Spain, some of Persia, and more. They moved the capital of the empire from Medina to the great city of Damascus. Perhaps the less known but most influential achievements of the Umayyad Dynasty came from their changes to government. They created a centralized Arabic coinage system to connect the empire, they developed the jizya tax system for conquered people to support the empire, they empowered Arabs to replace others and take places as high level officials, they increased communication around the empire from a postal system, and they made Arab the official state language of the empire. The Umayyad Dynasty also led to a flourish in architecture, including the construction of two of the greatest sites in the entire Islamic world, the Dome of the Rock and the Umayyad Mosque. Intellectually, the Umayyad Dynasty achieved by creating a center of learning in Cordoba. Here there were over 70 libraries, the largest of which boasted over 500,000 volumes. The universities and law schools here were highly sought after, and thousands came to Cordoba to study. Overall...
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...Doing business in Spain Doing business in Spain is similar to doing business in the rest of Western Europe. A few tips, though, may help you in developing your business relationships in Spain. Greetings While many Spaniards will meet each other with a kiss on both cheeks, this is not common in business relationships unless you know the other party well. It is wisest to offer a handshake, and if a kiss is appropriate, the Spanish party will initiate it. (And note that you don't kiss their cheeks. You kiss the air while touching cheeks.) Addressing a person Spanish people have two first names and two surnames, composed of their father's first surname and their mother's first surname. Use Señor (Sr.) or Señora (Sra.) as you would Mr. or Mrs. Business meetings In the first meeting, Spaniards will want to become acquainted with you before proceeding with business, so you should be accommodating and answer any questions about your background and family life. Spaniards will really check to see if you are honest and reliable, to know they can place their trust in your products or business before starting a relationship. It is unlikely that a meeting will stick closely to a detailed agenda. Negotiations in Spain tend to be quite open with one party taking the lead, but agreements can be flexible and you will probably need to persevere in order to ensure that commitments are put into effect. Understand that your goal is to do business in Spain, not to impose a business culture...
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...got into Spain as Arabs and Berbers in 711 through Gibraltar straits. Thereafter, they established massive control of Iberian Peninsula. They had attacked much of the Northern parts of Spain including Toulouse by 719. This advancement, however, was stopped from central France in 732 by the Christians. The recapture of the Toledo by the Christians made Europe Muslim a special place of interest for what they had accomplished. Umayyad dynasty overthrew the Caliphate immediately after the civil war in Syria and Iraq, and replaced it with Abbasids dynasty. This caused a shift in the centre of power from Syria to Iraq marked by the foundation of the imperial capital of Baghdad in 762. In an attempt by the Abbasids members of the Umayyad, Abdu al-Rah man escaped into Andalusia and became ruler of Cordoba, its capital. A lot upgraded during this dynasty rule including social security, Muslims were the majority in the military. Much remembered during the period of the civil war between Syria and Iraq that resulted to a shift in power. They were able to restore peace and a smooth transition in power. Islamic contributed immensely to the growth of Europe that later spread worldwide. These contributions affected varied areas ranging from art, architecture, medicine, agriculture, music, language, education, law, and technology. In education, the madrassah was the first college, mainly teaching Islamic law and theology. Islamic world has had a considerable effect on the development of Western...
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...ESSAYS: 2. What does the Persian poet-astronomer mean when he writes the following: “And do you think that unto such as you A maggot-minded, starved, fanatic crew God gave a secret, and denied it me? Well, well—what matters it? Believe that, too!” Ghiyāth ad-Dīn Abu'l-Fatḥ Umar ibn Ibrāhīm al-Khayyām Nīshāpūrī was a Persian philosopher, poet, scientist, and astronomer of 11th century. Khayyam was a very knowledgeable polymath, but what made this fierce and sensitive philosopher famous was his words especially in his Rubbiayat that shows his philosophical poets on human condition. He did not dislike Islam or he was not against Islam or Muhammad, but he disliked Muslims who held too much to the words of Quran rather than being a little logical and reasonable. Khayyam was rationalist philosopher who attracted a lot of people for his knowledge, but some Muslims disliked him, because he knew a lot more than them. Moreover, fundamentalist Muslims were not only persecuting such knowledgeable people but also murdering them; they were watching innocent people suffer. Khayyam was only defending rationalism, and that’s why he always had a voice of protest in his poems against the unjust world that the some contemporary Muslims created; he was only opposing their nightmarish beliefs. He refers to those orthodoxy Muslims as ‘maggot-minded’ that were forming a cruel and ignorant society. What those orthodoxy Muslims would mean to say to Khayyam in a question form would be ‘what is...
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...What was the short term significance of Granada? The conquest of Granada was the first hostile step to secure the ‘pre-eminent monarchy’ . Although the short term significance of the campaign brought many potential benefits such as economic wealth this is rather an understatement as the sources suggest that much wealth gained was given back as a means of religiously securing Granada in favor of the church. Likewise political and foreign policy can be seen to be exaggerated with unification of the people been limited for self interest seen in the source of the the Marquis de Cadiz, as well as Columbus’s wild achievements been exaggerated for his personal gain to continue his adventures across sea. Although the army seems to have dominated the battlefield this is out of touch with the back up the crown received from other Moors and the sources such as the Muslim contemporary that would want to present the Crown as ruthless barbarians in presenting their efficiency as unmatchable to gain sympathy for Muslims. Despite these short term areas allowing space for questioning in reliability and factual contradictions the religious short term significance seems rather valid given that's the sources suggest a constant religious motive particularly in Ferdinand’s speech where he denies any financial desires but rather to spread Christianity. Moreover this can be represented by the betterment of the relationship of the church and the crown. Therefore religion should be seen as the most...
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...Al-Mawardi Introduction: Abul Hasan Ali bin Muhammad bin Habib-al-Mawardi is the first writer on political theory in the history of Islam. Except Ibn-e-Khaldoon, all the jurists, thrologists and political philosophers who have followed him, down to our own days, have hardly made any improvement upon his thoughts. He was born in 974 AD and died in 1058 AD. Al-Mawardi was regarded as one of the versatile and most learned jurists of his age, and his opinions laid emphasis in the world of law and jurisprudence. He belonged to the orthodox Shafi’te school of jurisprudence and still we find traces of the pure rationalism. Like other Muslims he received the traditional education, and he wrote on many topics besides law, like, a Commentary on the Quran, a treatise on prophecy and several works on Ethics. As far his legal writings, it is noteworthy that “Government and administration, at all levels, were his principal concerns.” Al-Mawardi started his career as a professor of law and jurisprudence at Basra and Baghdad, and later on he was appointed as Qazi-ul-Quzat of Baghdad by a-Qaim, Abbasid Caliph and he was also conferred an honorific title of Aqdal-Quat or the Supreme Justice. But he declined to accept this offer of appointment because he said there were far abler people who deserved the title much more than himself. It is related that he did not publish any of his works in his lifetime. When a friend asked why he kept his books back he replied that it was because he felt...
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