...Mth/110 October 11, 2015 Rosemary Hirschfelder Max Newman Introduction The prominent life of Max Newman was an astonishing contribution to the history of mathematics. Newman excelled at an early age in various academics, but most notably his interest in mathematical practices like Boolean algebra, combinatory topology, and mathematical logic. The mathematical practices of Newman revolutionized world history in ways that produced many accomplished understudies after his death. “The work to which Newman contributed, though distinct from that on Enigma, has been described as being of comparable importance” (Groups, 2015). This paper will discuss the early stages of Max Newman’s life, his contributions to mathematics, and accomplishments of his life. Early Stages of Life Max Newman was born Maxwell Herman Alexander Neumann February 7, 1987. Max was born in the city of Chelsea, London, United Kingdom. In 1916, Max changed his last name from Neumann to Newman for a contemporary fit. Max’s father was Herman Alexander Neumann, and his mother was Sarah Ann-Pike. His father was a secretary originally born Jewish from Germany, who immigrated to the United Kingdom. His mother was a British schoolteacher. In 1914, Max's father was reverted to Germany because of his German descent and WWI. In 1934, Newman married wife Lyn Lloyd Irvine. Lyn was a writer in which her and Max had two kids. Their kids were named Edward and William. During the time of WWII, Max’s German...
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...Alan Turing is among many of the famous mathematicians whose efforts have drastically impacted our world. Alan Turing has many achievements such as creating the first Turing Machine and discovering the nonexistence of a universal algorithmic method in math. Today, we recognize Turing for his mathematic accomplishments and contributions that he so determinedly worked for. Alan Mathison Turing was born June 23, 1912 in Paddington, London, England to his father, Julius Mathison Turing and his mother Ethel Sara Turing. Turing was the second son of his parents; his oldest brother being John Turing. Both Alan and John saw very little of their parents, since his father was part of the administration presidency of British India. So, they were temporarily raised by a Colonel in Hastings, England. He grew up in the upper...
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...Artificial Intelligence Vs Humanity: Why we should think about the threat of Artificial Intelligence? Artificial Intelligence is definitely a touchy subject for the human race. The very mention of the term conjures up images of apocalyptic societies where intelligent super-computers have either enslaved the human race or eradicated the inferior species altogether. For some, the connotation of "artificial intelligence" attacks the very core of the human spirit, the pride of our race. The very thought of an "intelligent" computer that is on par, or more likely superior, to our own brain sends chills down the spine. Are these concerns realistic? Or are they unfounded worries of people who don't understand the issue? Some proponents of artificial intelligence insist that such concerns are the result of semantic misunderstanding. By definition, Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the area of computer science focusing on creating machines that can engage on behaviors that humans consider intelligent ("Artificial Intelligence”, Herzfeld Noreen). The ability to create intelligent machines has intrigued humans since ancient times and today with the advent of the computer and 50 years of research into AI programming techniques, the dream of smart machines is becoming a reality (Nonlinear Science and Complexity, M. Marques). Researchers are creating systems which can mimic human thought, understand speech, beat the best human chess player, and countless other feats never before possible...
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...see on television? Or Are they a reflection of what we want or what we are? Many people say that robots are not machines designed to think, and that we have created them only to follow instructions. Others say they have been programmed and just act without any criterion and that they don’t possess a soul. But there is always somebody who affirms they are able to think even more effetely than a human being. In the end the correct affirmation is that they are men’s creations. Creations invading, every day, the human market. Do we really think these creations are conscious, able to think like us? It’s very interesting to hear or read the different opinions of philosophers and common people. For example, Alan Turing was commissioned to explain very well through the “ Turing Test” ( the proposal for a test of a machines ability to demonstrated intelligence) where he explain that a machines is only programmed by humans, and to think about whether machines think do not deserve any discussion, meaningless to deserve discussion. Another philosopher like William G.Lyan talked about artificial intelligence (the science of setting machines to perform that normally require intelligence and judgment) where he take us from the possibility that robots do indeed have the same type of mind than humans do, that is, that machines are able to have consciousness, to his well establish opinion of “Computers after all only do what they are told/programmed to do”.” They have no...
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...Information systems (IS) is the study of complementary networks of hardware and software (see information technology) that people and organizations use to collect, filter, process, create, and distribute data.[1][2][3][4][5] The study bridges business and computer science using the theoretical foundations of information and computation to study various business models and related algorithmic processes within a computer science discipline.[6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14] Computer Information System(s) (CIS) is a field studying computers and algorithmic processes, including their principles, their software and hardware designs, their applications, and their impact on society[15][16][17] while IS emphasizes functionality over design.[18] Any specific Information System aims to support operations, management and decision making.[19] In a broad sense, the term is used to refer not only to the information and communication technology (ICT) that an organization uses, but also to the way in which people interact with this technology in support of business processes.[20] Some authors make a clear distinction between information systems, computer systems, and business processes. Information systems typically include an ICT component but are not purely concerned with ICT, focusing instead on the end use of information technology. Information systems are also different from business processes. Information systems help to control the performance of business processes.[21] Alter argues...
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...ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENT May 22, 2016 Artificial Intelligence Introduction “With artificial intelligence, we are summoning the demon. You know all those stories where there is the guy with the pentagram and the holy water and he’s like… (wink) yeah he’s sure he can control the demon… doesn’t work out.” Elon Musk. For some people, AI is the response to many of our major problems and it will help us to get more space in our daily life to perform other activities unrelated to work. In addition, some people think that they came to accelerate a world of calculation that is to complex for the human race. However, there are others like Elon Musk thinking about the ability of self-improvement process they have. At the end the question is, Is AI in our advantage or dis-advantage?. The Gestation of Artificial intelligent: 1. In 1943 McCulloch & Pitts: Boolean circuit model of brain: They proved that something that something that behaved like a biological neuron was capable of computation and early computer designer often though in term of them. They created a neuronal network similar to the way human neuronal works. The way the neuron network works is: * A cell, which can output a 0 or a 1 * A number of excitatory inputs * A threshold value. What is important about their work and this type of network is that they could generate or recognize any regular sequence. 2. In 1950 Turing's ``Computing Machinery and Intelligence'': The testing machine era. He...
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...In Jana Levin’s book, A Madman Dreams of Turing Machines, there are two main characters, Kurt Godel and Alan Turing. Levin walks through their lives and discusses the turmoil that the two men go through. In the end, both men end up committing suicide. Kurt Godel died by malnutrition and Alan Turing died because of self-induced poisoning (Levin). Another man that lived out a life similar to Turing and Godel is an engineer by the name of Edwin Armstrong. Armstrong died by jumping from a window on the thirteenth floor of his apartment (Tsividis). A common theme that can be found is that these men’s suicides can be attributed to social psychological factors. According to psychologist Gordon Allport, social psychology is a type of psychology that...
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...and information technology Subject is Artificial Intelligence Assignment no (1) Topic is Chapter 1 Presented by : Alrasheed Alsadg omer abdalla Class three EXERCISES These exercises are intended to stimulate discussion, and some might be set as term projects. Alternatively, preliminary attempts can be made now, and these attempts can be reviewed after the completion of the book. 1.1 Define in your own words: (a) intelligence, (b) artificial intelligence, (c) agent, (d) rationality, (e) logical reasoning. 1.2 Read Turing’s original paper on AI (Turing, 1950). In the paper, he discusses several objections to his proposed enterprise and his test for intelligence. Which objections still carry weight? Are his refutations valid? Can you think of new objections arising from developments since he wrote the paper? In the paper, he predicts that, by the year 2000, a computer will have a 30% chance of passing a five-minute Turing Test with an unskilled interrogator. What chance do you think a computer would have today? In another 50 years? 1.3 Are reflex actions (such as flinching from a hot stove) rational? Are they intelligent? 1.4 Suppose we extend Evans’s ANALOGY program so that it can score 200 on a standard IQ test. Would we then have a program more intelligent than a human? Explain. 1.5 The neural structure of the sea slug Aplysia has been widely studied (first by Nobel Laureate Eric Kandel) because it has only about 20,000 neurons, most of them large and easily manipulated...
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...From an early age I’ve always been deeply interested in computing. It was my dad, introducing me to the computer systems at his work place that first sparked this interest. I can always remember the feeling of wanting to know just how computers worked, why they worked and what else they could do. This interest never left me, only growing more profound and passionate with every new discovery I made. From communicating with an artificial intelligence to seeing the wonders of the Internet for the first time, computers have left me fascinated with just how much power yet mystery they hold. My studies have all helped me to develop my understanding of the subject. While Computing has given me a greater insight into the business aspects of the computer industry, Physics have helped to improve my analytical and evaluative skills. My interest in computing has not been restricted to the classroom. Within the last few months I’ve used the knowledge that I’ve gained over the past twelve years to set up my own computer related business. This has given me a totally new perspective on how certain things function, and how business operates. The writing of a business plan was a totally alien experience for me, but over the course of three months I researched and planned, and finally when the plan was complete I was rewarded with the satisfaction of knowing that I had completed something that most people would never have the chance to do especially at my age. As well as spending time both...
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...Artificial Intelligence: Watch Out! Over the years, the thought of computers becoming out equal or taking over has been a major concern. The procedural knowledge that is programmed into machines, such as computers and robots, is known as artificial intelligence. In “The AI Revolution is On,” Steven Levy describes artificial intelligence as machines that do “human-like tasks in ways that people never could” using skills that are programmed into them without “re-creating the brain” (210). Although the information that is processed by humans and machines is done differently, the outcome remains the same. With artificial intelligence on the rise, the competition for jobs are greater than ever due to the fact that these machines, if programmed correctly, can replace humans; but with the intelligence that humans have they may have the upper hand. Artificial intelligence was put to the test when an IBM computer, known as Watson, made its appearance on the game show Jeopardy! John Markoff describes Watson as a “question answering machine, that can understand questions posed in natural language and answer them,” in the article, “Computer Wins on ‘Jeopardy!’: Trivial, It’s Not” (212). Watson beat his two opponents, one of which had won “74 games in a row on the television quiz show.” Watson spent a total of three days on Jeopardy. The first day he finished out in a tie with another player at $5,000, the second day Watson ended with a great lead at $35,734, and on the final game day Watson...
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...Subject: Analysis of a Professional Journal Date: Mar, 31, 2016 Introduction I am evaluating a journal article titled: Algorithmic accountability. The article was published in Digital Journalism, in November 7, 2014. The author of the article is Nicholas Diakopoulos from College of Journalism, University of M aryland . Evaluation This article focuses on the concept of “Algorithmic Accountability Reporting” as a way of investing biases and influences employed by algorithms in todays society and how new age computational journalists should approach it. This article is directed at journalists who are scrutinizing algorithms to understand biases and false analysis portrayed by algorithms. The article is well structured. Text is organized in coherent sections which logically connects the entire article. The article starts with the brief introduction which outlines the points which will be covered in the article. Introduction also answers the questions of – what is this article about, who is the target audience, what are the current issues faced in journalism and how methods described in this article will help address those issue. Author, then mentions few real world examples of software companies which collect user data and then build ingenious algorithms to classify, group and eventually target people for their benefits – and how in doing so – they often open risks and flaws. The author exposes potential flaws by raising very valid questions about the decisions made...
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...System Engineering Management ROBOT PAINTING USING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE SUBMITTED BY Hari priya Kapileswarapu 1504606 ADVISOR Steven Maher; Geoffrey Rodman OKLAHOMA CHRISTIAN UNIVERSITY ABTRACT: This paper describes about one the functionality of the robot and how robot paints an object using artificial intelligence. And objects like iron wall, wooden box, motor bike etc. Suppose if the robot has to paint a motor bike it has to identify the parts of the motor bike and has to paint the color to those parts. For example, if the rims of the wheels had to be painted in black color then the robot has to identify the rims and paint the black color. In the same way, if the chassis had to be painted with black color then the robot has to identify the chassis and paint it accordingly. In this way, the whole motor bike would be painted by the robot based on the parts. For painting the parts of the motor bike there are some methods like generating the optimum path and the trajectory methods. In this way, robot can paint the respective object based on the models with different colors. Index Terms— Artificial Intelligence, Dec ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: I feel it a great pleasure and honor to express our immense gratitude towards our esteemed guide, Geoffrey Rodman for standing by our side all through the implementation of the project. His able technical guidance and expertise have Contribute to the success of...
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...Week6 Comm101 Tutorial Assignment 1. According to Kantian theory, was Alan Turing’s action to ‘play God’ so that ‘Britain can win the war and more lives are saved in the long run’ ethical? Why? Justify using three key principles of Kantian theory. I believe that Alan Turing’s actions were not ethical. I support my statement by the help of three key principles of Kantian theory. Firstly, goodwill is an important factor in most decision making process. Kantian implies that if an action or decision creates goodwill then it should be carried on otherwise it must be rejected. Similarly, in the case of Alan Turing’s situation, his actions did create goodwill for the country but at same time they harmed a lot of people who were going to die in the passenger convoy. Therefore his actions definitely did not create goodwill in all aspects. Similarly, the second key principle of Kantian’s theory suggests that you cannot harm any body while making ethical decision. The decisions made should fulfill the requirements of categorical imperative. Clearly as Alan’s decision harmed many people in short run but there is no clear data and statistics of having saved large number of lives in long run as implied by Alan. Lastly, our decisions must always be universally accepted to identify if they are ethical. In the case of Alan Turing, his actions were not universally accepted, especially not by families that lost their members. Many lives could have been saved in the passenger convoy and...
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...AI research is highly technical and specialized and is divided into subfields. John McCarthy, who coined the term in 1955, defines it as "the science and engineering of making intelligent machines”. AI research is divided by several technical issues. Some subfields focus on the solution of specific problems. Others focus on one of several possible approaches or on the use of a particular tool or towards the accomplishment of particular applications. Artificial intelligence is used for logistics, data mining, medical diagnosis and many other areas throughout the technology industry. The success was due to several factors: the increasing computational power of computers, a greater emphasis on solving specific sub problems, the creation of new...
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...The Turing Test, created by A.M. Turing, is a method which is used to measure a machine’s ability to display intelligence or thinking that is equal to or even indistinguishable from a human’s intellect. In Ray Bradbury’s story, The Long Years, Mr. Hathaway and his “family” are marooned on the planet Mars. Eventually, Captain Wilder and his crew arrive on the planet and discover something is off about the Hathaway family. Ultimately, the crew determines that Mr. Hathaway created a look-a-like robot family. Could the family pass the Turing test? The robot family has promising qualities to pass the test such as having conversations and possessing life-like skin. However, the inability to age, the absence of emotion and the lack of ability to drink wine demonstrates the Hathaway robot family would be unsuccessful in passing the Turing test....
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