...serious enough to be labeled depression. There was never a clear understanding as to how abuse, divorce, and incest could have a long term effect on children. Childhood depression differs in many aspects from adult depression. Decrease in academic performance, withdrawal and rejection of friends and favorite activities are some of the main unrecognized signs. Some may also exhibit hyperactivity, while others complain of exhaustion and illness. Many times these symptoms are thought to be just a phase in their children, and observed as signs of depression. Children of all ages from infancy through adolescence can suffer from a disorder mood. The symptoms tend to change based on the child's level of development. Depression in infants is often determined based on the child’s failure to grow physically, act unresponsively, and inability to thrive. Although it is rarely seen in babies, it is often due to lack of nurturing relationship between the infant and the caregiver. Postpartum depression has the ability to affect the mood of the infant. It affects approximately 25-30% of mothers and is typically caused by a separation, illness, death, or a broken bond. These mothers tend to show less affection towards their child. Babies are sometimes rejected because they are unwanted, premature or abnormal. Preschoolers are more restless, self-isolating, aggressive, and overwhelmed by sleeplessness and nightmares and are less adaptive to make friends or follow...
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...neglect and child abuse. Physical scars can be present from spanking, slapping, beating, burning and any other negative physical contact a victim may have endured. However, it is the emotional scars that have the longest lasting effects on children. According to a yearly report, done by the Child Welfare Information Gatewat (CWIG), 686,000 children are victims of neglect and abuse. CWIG states for every 1,000 children, 9 are victims of abuse. Children are mostly abused by their parents, accounting for four-fifths of the victims. Two-fifths of that was mom acting alone, one-fifth of dad acting alone and one-fifth mom and dad acting together. (Child Welfare Information Gateway). If you can’t trust mom and dad, who can you trust? The remaining one-fifth of abuse was done by a non-parent. Parents have used excuses such as that they were abused as children, stress, financial problems and drug/alcohol abuse for the abuse they inflict. Lack of trust is a big effect these children will encounter in their lives. They can shy away from strangers, becoming withdrawn and afraid. This hinders progress in school and work. Children may fear being controlled. Constantly being told you are bad, stupid and worthless can eat at a person’s esteem. Low self esteem can cause people to “settle” instead of striving to achieve their best. They may not complete school because they feel they are not good enough. They may believe they don’t deserve better or that they are “damaged”. When children...
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...Young Adulthood Case Study Kristina Lamey BSHS/325 May 30th, 2014 Dr. Laura Cobb, Ph. D Background The client is a 25 year old, unemployed, single male. This age is a sensitive time for a person’s sense of self (Gayman, Lloyd, & Ueno, 2011). He grew up in a single-parent home. Since a car accident, he suffered some cognitive damage to his cerebrum and, as a result, is now using prescription painkillers and mixing them with alcohol on occasion to relieve the pain felt from failure to complete college, two unsuccessful relationships, and the absence of his biological father. Since the client dropped out of college, he has not found or wish to look for work. The client’s life and relationship experiences indicate a lack of trust that contributes to his emotional instability and low self-esteem. “Depression often emerges early in the lifecourse and is consistently shown to be associated with poor self-esteem” (Gayman, Lloyd, Ueno, 2011, para 1). Family Relationships “From a developmental perspective, self-esteem is intertwined with social experiences and social development early in the lifecourse” (Gayman, Lloyd, Ueno, 2011, para 5). A person’s family usually sets the tone for how an individual will view the world and interact or contribute in it. The client grew up in a single parent home with his mother and had no involvement with his biological father. In my experience as a professional, young men that grow up without their fathers have a harder time transitioning...
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...General Psychology Final Report 2/3/2009 Drug and Alcohol Addiction Many people in the world suffer from drug and alcohol addiction. There are many different causes and effects of addiction. Understanding the causes and effects of addiction can lead to treatment and or cures for them. Some people believe that nature; which refers to heredity, or the influence of inherited characteristics causes addiction. (Ciccarelli and Meyer, 2006). My theory is that nurture; which refers to the influence of the environment, plays a part in it as well. Often times it’s difficult to spot an addict. Some of the signs of being an addict are; mood, body language, and appearance. The mood of an addict can go from mean and angry, if they need a drink or drugs to calm their nerves, or they can be upbeat and very happy, if they are high on drugs or alcohol. Sometimes depending on the type of personality of the addict, they can become very depressed, even when they are high. The body language of someone that is high on drugs or alcohol is often apparent in their eyes, they are often vacant and void of the presence. Often times the eyes communicate an emptiness, loneliness or despair, such as in someone that is depressed. Sometime the pupils of the eyes are dilated, and the person can’t stay focused. (Answers.Yahoo.Com) The appearance of an addict can be an indication that they are using. They will often let their hair grow long and not comb it, or they are just unkempt looking...
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...Pro-social messages from shows on television will give a positive impact on the behavior of today's youth. However, these youths are more likely to learn negative values from these television programs. Television has now become a debatable issue as some question its influences on the attitude and psychological development of today's youth. Nowadays, the world of television has been discovered by children at very young age. As we know, television is an effective educational tool. With programs showcasing wildlife, scientific theories etc, it helps these children to be broad-minded and also have a better understanding about the world around them. However, we have to remember and be aware that the television also is seem to posses more negative effects than positive ones. A day in a youth's life will generally be filled with activities such as playing with friends, reading, doing homework and being physically active but this can be easily replaced with the presence of television. This is detrimental to their physical and mental development because studies show that the first two to three years of a child's life is where he/she learns through observing, interacting, playing and also exploring new things. Thus if these children are glued and become addicted to these programs on television they will have lesser time to interact with human beings. This is crucial, as it...
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...STIGMA OF ALCOHOL ABUSE Verdean Rogers May 08, 2014 “MAT 135/179-360, Spring Semester 2014”. Stigma Assessment of Alcohol Abuse Alcohol is a road often traveled yet there is no light at the end. The road only leads to a life of depression, anxiety, anger, stress, and much more. These are all, unwanted personality traits that we experience at one time or another. However, alcoholics exhibit these traits day in and day out as the likelihood that they act in these ways is nearly doubled when alcohol is involved. Alcohol inhibits not only daily bodily functions but our minds as well. Alcoholism leads to times of withdrawal, low self-esteem, and an overall unwillingness to be part of society. It turns the gentlest person into a raving psychopath without them even knowing it or if they do know, they refuse to admit it. Alcoholism manipulates the way we think and the way we react in common, everyday situations. Minor problems are blown out of proportion while major problems are faced with anger, resentment, and often physical force. Alcoholism does nothing positive for an individual. It has many harmful effects and its effects on personality are the most harmful of all. In this study, we will examine how alcohol is metabolized by the body, affects alcohol has on the brain, and the influence of alcohol and gender on immune response. In chemistry terms, alcohol is an organic compound where a hydroxyl group (-OH) is bonded to a carbon atom from an alkyl. A hydroxyl group...
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...Professor Effects of Alcohol on College Students The use of alcohol among college students has been a recurring theme for years now. It is almost guaranteed that college students will be introduced to alcohol at one point or another during their time at school. Students taking part in drinking at college can be traced to a number of different factors: peer influences, fraternity and sorority involvement, social norms, etc. These influences all affect a student’s motives for drinking in college. When college students drink, it is usually not in a safe, appropriate way. Binge drinking has become common on the college campus. The risks of this type of drinking have an impact not just on the college student. Other students, family, and anyone in general feel the effects of this type of drinking behavior. “Alcohol identity also predicted engaging in behaviors that place the student at much greater risk for personal injury, harm to others, and legal consequences—binge drinking, drinking games, drinking intentionally to intoxication, and drunk driving.” (Casey & Dollinger, pg.18, 2007) The outcomes of alcohol consumption have many different outcomes for each student, and the root of this drinking can be attributed to many different factors. The explanation of how college facilitates certain drinking behaviors is not a simple one. There are many factors that go into why college students begin to drink. Greek life, peer pressure, and social norms all play a part in alcohol consumption...
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...graduate college and his biological father’s absence growing up. The two intimate relationships he had while in high school he withdrew from after asking them both to marry him resulted in him questioning his sexual identity once entering college. Since his car accident, he has been abusing alcohol and prescription painkillers prescribed to him when he suffered cognitive and analytical skill damage. Since Jackson dropped out of college, he has not sought any employment and sits in his room alone most of the day. Jackson’s experiences in his life and relationships indicate lack of trust that contributes to his emotional instability and low self-esteem. “Depression often emerges early in the life course and is consistently shown to be associated with poor self-esteem,” (Gayman, 2011). Jackson grew up in a single parent home with his mother and had no involvement with his biological father. The absence of his father also contributes to his lack of trust in building social and intimate relationships. Liken to this is his shortage of interest in creating a bond with Michael, his mother’s boyfriend who attempts to be a father figure to him. “From a developmental perspective, self-esteem is intertwined with social experiences and social development early in the life course,” (Gayman, Lloyd, and Ueno, 2011). An individual’s family life and family relationships will usually set the perspective for how an individual will view the world and how they...
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...What is child abuse? 3 Emotional abuse 3 Emotional neglect 3 Physical neglect 3 Physical abuse 3 Sexual abuse___________________________________________________________________________ 3 Causes of Child Abuse 4 Parental Profile 4 Age of the parents 4 Low self-confidence 4 Past history of abuse 4 Drug and alcohol problems 4 Mental health problems 4 Financial instability ____________________________________________________________________ 4 The Cinderella effect____________________________________________________________________ 4 Child characteristics 5 The short and long term impacts 5 The short term impacts that this issue may have on an abused child 5 The long term impacts that this issue may have on an abused child _____________________________ 5-6 Political Power, Economics and Human Rights 6 How abuse is linked to these issues________________________________________________________ 6-7 Possible solutions to child abuse 7 What can I do to make a difference? 8 Reference list 8 CHILD ABUSE What is child abuse? Child abuse is defined as the wilful and unjustifiable infliction of pain and suffering whereby the survival, safety, self-esteem, growth and development of a child are endangered. Child abuse can take many different forms. These do not only include sexual and physical abuse, but also emotional abuse and neglect. There are five main types of child abuse: Emotional abuse Emotional abuse is a constant...
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...should be given unlimited freedom; it just means that the teenager's point of view, opinion and idea should be accounted for. Teenager's also need to see through the eyes of their parents and why they tell them to do thing a certain way. Such as Irene Lebedies who is a family coach and states, “Although teenagers will make their own choices, a good home life can increase the odds that kids will avoid many of the pitfalls of adolescence. Particularly, a kind, warm, solid relationship with parents who demonstrate respect for their children, an interest in their children's activities, and set firm boundaries for those activities may directly or indirectly deter criminal activity, illegal drugs and alcohol use, negative peer pressure, delinquency, sexual promiscuity, and low self-esteem.” (Parenting Teens, 2008) Many parents believe working through the teen years of their child is difficult, but the truth is it is just as hard for the teen as it for the parent. The once cute, cuddly and sweet children suddenly become rebellious, moody teenagers as their parents are left helplessly alone. But it's not only rough on the parents, the teenager is facing a time of confusion, emotions and maybe even fear. (Theravine,...
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...Annotated Bibliography Labrie, J. W., & Cail, J. (2011). Parental interaction with college students: The moderating effect of parental contact on the influence of perceived peer norms on drinking during the transition to college. Journal of College Student Personnel, 52, 610-621. This article emphasized the fact that students tend to increase alcohol consumption during the first year of college. Research has shown that peers influence these decisions but, more importantly parents play a significant role on educating young adults on the dangers of alcohol. In this particular study a research project was conducted on incoming college freshman. Incoming college freshman were required to fill out an online questionnaire about their current drinking behaviors, intended drinking over the first semester, and how often they contacted their parents. Individual alcohol use was measured by questions on frequency of consumption. Intended alcohol use was assessed through questions involving how often a week that particular student anticipated drinking. Parent student contact was measured by asking how often students contacted their parents. They were asked separately for mother and father. After measuring these values, results showed that parents who have frequent conversations with their children about...
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...“Describe and evaluate two approaches to the treatment of self-defeating behaviour. 2671 For those who study behaviour it is seen as the process or adapting responses to environmental stimuli, this process becomes conditioned through reinforcement until it becomes ‘learned’. This is stored within the subconscious and revisited or attached to a situation as a means of trying to deal – or not deal – with it. This is the case with self-defeating behaviours where the pattern of behaviour is one that is preventing them from reaching their potential or sense of well-being. A therapist trying to help someone deal with this type of behaviour would be able to explain how it is also learned and through therapy try and investigate where set behaviour stemmed, its causes, and ways of dealing with recurrence as some way to gaining understanding and closure for the client. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy or CBT is one approach to the treatment of self-defeating where a regressive or limiting pattern of behaviour is identified and change of that pattern or cycle is sought through therapy by changing the person’s thinking, which in turn changes actions, and ultimately the regressive or self-defeating patterns of behaviour. For a CBT practitioner or behaviourist the problem is in the behaviour and not in the person arguing that the reinforcing and conditioning effects of a person’s environment hugely influence their behaviour. Behaviour being linked to thoughts means that all behaviour...
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...have researched it somewhat but not in depth so this gave me a great time to start. Bipolar disorder is also known as also known as bipolar affective disorder, manic-depressive illness, or affective psychosis. A person with bipolar disorder will experience mood swings that will range from depression to mania. When a person is depressed they might feel sad, irritable, anxious, suicidal, low levels of self-esteem. Then, when they have a mood switch you might feel increased sex drive, poor judgments, euphoria, and high levels of self-esteem. There are several types of bipolar disorder (Bipolar phase 1 & 2, Cyclothymic disorder, Mixed bipolar, and Rapid-cycling bipolar). Some steps that could be taken to help reduce the incidence of Bipolar disorder: Paying attention to your warning signs- If you pay attention to your symptoms early on can prevent episodes from getting worse. Avoid drugs and alcohol- Even though drugs and alcohol will make you feel better at first. It will actually make your symptoms more likely to come back. Also with the side effects of using drugs and alcohol it can make your worse. Keep Stress to a minimum- With people that have bipolar disorder stress can trigger episodes of depression and mania. Try to do things to help you relax, and do things that make you feel good for you not anyone else. References for my Bipolar research...
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...Effects of discrimination Marginalisation - The process whereby something or someone is pushed to the edge of a group and accorded lesser importance. This is predominantly a social phenomenon by which a minority or sub-group is excluded, and their needs or desires ignored. This is a result of discrimination because the individual feels like they are being pushed out of the group and are treated differently due to protected characteristics and therefore in the end they actually will be marginalised and excluded from society. Disempowerment - to cause (a person or a group of people) to be less likely than others to succeed : to prevent (a person or group) from having power, authority, or influence This is a result of discrimination because if power and authority is frequently taken away, eventually they will become disempowered. Removing someone’s choice and ability. May lead to stress or depression. Loss of appetite, malnourished - more susceptible to illness. Low self-esteem - A person with low self-esteem feels unworthy, incapable, and incompetent. In fact, because the person with low self-esteem feels so poorly about him or herself, these feelings may actually cause the person's continued low self-esteem. Low self-identity - Self-identity is the awareness of one's unique identity. An example of self-identity is the feeling of a teenager that she can be who she is instead of falling into the pressures of drugs and alcohol. Restricted opportunities - This...
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...need for and individual to discover their own personality and gain self-control in their personal life. Abraham Maslow had a theory that an individual will desire more in life once they have accomplished the basic needs in life. Humanistic features of personality focus on freedom and self-fulfillment. Unlike Maslow, Hans Eysenck and other theorist proclaimed that personality comes from a biological approach that an individual’s behavior is influenced by genetics. The following will consist of a description of how Maslow’s hierarchy of needs influence personality formations, biological factors that influence the formation of personality, the examination of the relationship of biological factors by Maslow’s theory of personality, along with basic aspects of humanistic theories incompatible with biological descriptions of personality. Maslow's hierarchy of needs is a theory of human motivation based on biological, safety, love and belongingness, esteem, and self- actualization. Personality is influenced by ideas that create a foundation of an individual's life relations and peak experiences. An individual's experiences assist an individual to transform and discover the inner self. Peak experiences are familiar to individuals whom have matured and discovered their full potential. Maslow believed that individuals strive for self-actualization once they have satisfied their more basic needs. Maslow also characterized self-actualization as being the most superior out of all hierarchy needs...
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