...Pathophysiology Processes & Consequences of Noma Chamberlain College of Nursing NR283: Pathophysiology May 2016, Professor (Name Here) Pathophysiology Processes & Consequences of Noma Noma disease, commonly referred to as cancrum oris, fusospirochetal gangrene, necrotizing ulcerative stomatitis, and stomatitis gangrenosa is a devastating disease that is famously quoted as “the face of poverty”. This rare disease with high prevalence in Sub-Saharan countries is lethal and has been linked to acute and rapid disease progression in persons that are immunocompromised. Evidence based research suggests a high prevalence of the disease is observed in populations experiencing extreme poverty, malnourishment, and exposure to infectious diseases, while living in a continued state of poor hygiene. This gangrenous infection has a microbial origin, often found in the mouth. It is exacerbated by poor hygiene that give rise to the bacterial micro-organisms responsible for aggressive manifestations observed on individuals infected. Etiology of Noma The exact etiology of Noma disease is unknown. However, it is believed to be multifactorial in nature (Ashok, Tarakji, Darwish, Rodrigues , & Altamimi, 2016). The spread of the disease is due to deteriorating sanitation and inadequate nutrition, most common in underdeveloped countries. Noma is an opportunistic infection, which typically show dominance after a weakened immune system is present, preceding multiple risk factors...
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...Practice Epidemiology Problems 06/09/2013 Epidemiology Problems 1. If there are 80 deaths for every 100 cases of a disease, what is the fatality rate? 80/100=0.8 0.8*100%=80% 2. If there are 24 cases of a disease in a population of 10,000, what is the rate per 100,000? (24/10,000)*100,000=240 cases per 100,000. 3. How long does a case of the mumps last if during the 30 days of May 2008, the prevalence rate was 15/1000 and the incidence rate was 3/1000 during the same time? P=I*D 15=3* D So, D=15/3=5 cases during the 30days of May 2008. 4. In 2006, Kansas had 80 cases of tuberculosis (TB) compared with 60 cases during 2005. In 2006, 55 of the TB cases were in males while 25 were in females. In 2005 there were 2,744,687 people living in KS compared to 2,764,075 people in 2006. In both years, there were 50% male and 50% female in the state. What is the incidence of tuberculosis in 2006 and did it increase or decrease from 2005? (per 100,000 people) In 2006: Incidence: (80/2,764,075)*100,000=2.894 cases per 100,000 people In 2005: Incidence: (60/2,744,687)*100,000=2.186 cases per 100,000 people Form 2005, the incidence of TB have increased. 5. In 2006, Kansas had 1768 cases of prostrate cancer. Using the information given in question #4, determine the incidence of prostrate cancer per 100,000 people. In 2006: Male+Femal: (1768/2...
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...Alzheimer’s disease the author is trying to assess the sex and gender differences observed in the incidence and prevalence of Alzheimer disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment. The author is also trying to research on the protective factors and gender-specific risk of Alzheimer disease. Both sex and gender play crucial roles in the development and progression of the Alzheimer disease. Researchers have a required to understand both sex and gender precise risk and Alzheimer protective factors in order for them to develop ways of the disease prevention and cure. The other uses the findings of David Barlow where he states that Alzheimer disease is the most prevalent type of dementia. Serge Gauthier previously found out that Alxheimer’s disease is characterized by loss of memory. This is a characteristic that distinguishes the disease from other cortical degenerative diseases. The author supports Hebert and Scherr findings that fourteen to sixteen million Americans will be diagnosed with the illness by 2050 unless research comes up with new treatment of the disease. The author supports a finding by Petersen RC that says the men have a higher threat of developing mild cognitive impairment. Knopman DC also supports that men have higher chances of being diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment. These previous findings show that Alzheimer’s disease have incidence and prevalence differences between men and women. The author of the article main purpose of investigating the topic was to discuss...
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...What are some of the effects of stress for both the individual concerned and for organisations that the individual is part of? To what extent should a manager feel responsible for trying to help reduce this stress? Over the years stress has been defined in many different ways. . Originally it was perceived as pressure from the environment it was conceived of as pressure from the environment, then as strain within the person. The generally accepted definition today is one of interaction between the situation and the individual. It is the psychological and physical state that results when the resources of the individual are not sufficient to cope with the demands and pressures of the situation. Thus, stress is more likely in some situations than others and in some individuals than others. Stress can undermine the achievement of goals, both for individuals and for organisations (box 1). Organizational stress can have a profound effect on production and motivation in the workplace. Worries about job security or the demands of a heavy workload increase stress levels and cause a variety of emotional and physical ailments. When stress factors, or stressors, are coupled with ineffective or uncaring management, stress can become a problem that extends to the entire department or company. Identifying signs of organizational stress is the first step in designing a strategy to address problems(small business) The consequences and symptoms of stress first become visible at the individual...
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...Dementia is a syndrome characterized by disturbance of multiple brain functions, including memory, thinking, orientation, comprehension, calculation, learning capacity, language, and judgment. Consciousness is not clouded. The impairments of cognitive function are commonly accompanied, and occasionally preceded, by deterioration in emotional control, social behavior, or motivation. Alzheimer disease is the most common form of dementia and possibly contributes to 60%-70% of cases. Alzheimer disease (AD) is characterized by a progressive decline in cognitive function. AD is substantially increased among people aged 65 years or more, with a progressive decline in memory, thinking, language and learning capacity. AD should be differentiated from normal age-related decline in cognitive function, which is more gradual and associated with less disability. Disease often starts with mild symptoms and ends with severe brain damage. People with dementia lose their abilities at different rates. Whether these changes may be a cause or consequence of AD remains to be fully understood, but inflammation within the brain, including increased reactivity of the resident microglia towards amyloid deposits, has been implicated in the pathogenesis and progression of AD. The more individuals advance in age the higher is the risk they will develop Alzheimer disease. Most patients develop AD after the age of 65 years old. The risk of developing AD reaches 50% for individuals beyond age 85. Because...
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... There are 2 common methods used to measure morbidity; incidence and prevalence. Incidence The incidence of a disease is the rate at which new cases occur in a population at risk during a specific period. If the population is stable, the formula used is: Incidence = Number of cases / Population at risk x time during which cases were ascertained If the population changes during the period where new cases are measured, the incidence is calculated using "total person years at risk". This is the sum of the new cases during the period which each person in the population was at risk during the measurement period. The formula is therefore Incidence = Number of new cases / Total person years at risk Example: If there were 17 cases of flu in a school of 1000 in a 2 years, this is an incidence of 8.5/1000 per year. Prevalence The proportion of a population who have a disease at a point in time is the prevalence of disease. It is often expressed as a percentage. The 'point in time' can be a single examination [point prevalence], but is often a longer time scale in order to give a better estimate of the numbers with the disease [period prevalence]. Prevalence = (cases/population) * 100 Prevalence is used for diseases that are chronic conditions, such as asthma, diabetes, cystic fibrosis. Example: In a nursing home with 100 residents, 10 people had diabetes in a 12 month period. The prevalence of diabetes in the nursing home was therefore 10%. ________________________________________ ...
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...The sensitization will be about informing the community about the two dangerous diseases that are attributed to causing high deaths each year. Therefore, the company will be helping to preserve the health of the customers by showing their concern about the disease and offering free testing services (Lindgreen & Swaen, 2010). The project has strategic goals and objectives. The project's goals include informing the population about the means of dealing and contracting the diseases, informing the people of the importance of regular medical checkups and also making the community aware of their health status. On the other hand the project objectives include making the population aware of the diseases, to make the clinics aware of the prevalence rates of the infections and also to make the community aware of their concern and support for those who are affected by the disease. The customers who are involved in the project are the employees of the organization and the market population themselves. The stakeholders who are identified in the project are the company management, the health agencies and the clinics that are in the...
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...Prevalence of dementia in elderly patients with hip fracture.PUBMED.GOV Hip fractures occur commonly and are a cause of disability for older adults and lead to increased dependence and requirements for social support. Dementia is one of the possible risk factors for falling and hip fracture, a potential source for complications during surgery and during the postoperative period, difficulties in rehabilitation and a risk factor for hip fracture reccurence. However, in previous studies of hip fracture patients, cognitive status has not been formally assessed during the inpatient stay and diagnosis was based only on previous history. Additionally, no previous studies have compared prevalence of dementia between elderly patients with hip fracture and patients with other surgical pathology. Our aim was to define whether dementia was more prevalent in older subjects with hip fracture than in other elderly patients undergoing surgery. In this study, we prospectively assessed all patients aged 68 and older admitted to our hospital for hip fracture surgery during a one year period and compared them with age and gender matched patients attending other surgical departments. 80 hip fracture patients and 80 controls were assessed for dementia. Dementia was common in both groups, presumably reflecting the advanced mean age of both groups and cognitive deterioration due to hospitalization-status. Dementia was significantly higher in the hip fracture group (85%) compared to the control group...
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...reduction; price cuts are a necessary component in making health care more affordable. Research There are a multitude of research applications that can be applied to one’s thinking and decision making as a heath care professional in regards to Asthma. Health care professionals must direct their research to the cause of Asthma. Without knowing the cause, a cure will be obsolete and treatment options will only be help to control the disease, never cure. Programs such as the National Center for Health Statistics and the National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion are working with the CDD conducting surveillance research (CDC, 2014). The different types of research include data collection on statewide asthma prevalence rates, number and severity of asthma attacks, management, days of work or school lost, emergency room visits, and hospitalization rates due to asthma (CDC, 2014). Collecting data such as these aids in research because researchers can specify...
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...The study will focus entirely on children under the age of 36 months. Because OM prevalence changes drastically throughout that time period, the study will be divided into three different age groups in children, those under 12 months of age, those between 12 and 24 months, and those between 24 and 36 months. In order to correctly present the study proposal, it is important to first understand exactly what the exposures and outcomes are. In a relationship where one type of event is characteristic to another, the exposure is the variable that affects the outcome. To further explain, the exposure is usually associated with an environmental factor or lifestyle habit, often termed a ‘risk factor’. The outcome is the prevalence or presence of a disease or health related event. In this study focusing on the relationship between daycare attendance and recurring episodes of OM, the exposure is daycare attendance and the outcome is the prevalence of OM. ?? Data will be collected through the use of surveys, with the goal of obtaining adequate information in three areas of interest. The first and second parts include whether or not the children attended daycare, and when they did attend. The third part is a follow-up to those confirming daycare attendance: the type of daycare. Each survey will therefore ask questions about these three areas. The first question would be worded: “Did your child attend any daycare: under 12 months of age? Between 12 and 24 months of age? Between 24 and...
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...1. General description of depression * Describe depression Add the exact definition of depression. Depression is a prevalent problem among adolescents, which may cause further mental or physical issues. Serious depression is regarded as diseases and is one of the oldest recorded diseases in medicine history. * Why is it important * How does it impact the biological, psychological, social development? Except the weight loss, loss of appetite, sleep disturbance and some other common symptoms, the impact of depression in biological development has always been underestimated, depression will comorbid with other chronic diseases such as angina, arthritis, asthma, and diabetes which will leads to worse health situation. (Moussavi, S., Chatterji, S., Verdes, E., Tandon, A., Patel, V., & Ustun, B. (2007). Depression, chronic diseases, and decrements in health: results from the World Health Surveys. Lancet, 370(9590), 851–8. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61415-9) In term of psychology, depression is not a fleeting sadness but a pervasive and relentless sense of despair. A lack of interest in life accompanied by feelings of uselessness (needs to be improved) In terms of social development, depression will also cause plenty of problems. Adolescents with depression will be easier to go to extreme which will lead to the unstableness of the society. * Why is it important to adolescent development? Adolescents with depression are more likely to have harmful behaviors...
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...drinking alcohol could seem to be a part of a fun night. Some individuals may struggle with the addiction of alcohol. Alcoholism can affect relationships, one’s career, and other things that can make one’s life fulfilling. One that is addicted to alcohol may be afraid to get help because of the stigma that has been associated to the admitting that he or she is addicted to alcohol. In order for one to learn about alcohol, one should learn about the history of addiction, the DSM-5 criteria for the diagnosis of an alcoholism, and how the addiction affects all aspects of one’s life. Impact of History upon Addiction Theory and Treatment Alcohol has been a part of history for a long period of time. From...
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...Czech Republic Total population: 10 554 000 ➤ Population aged 15 years and older (15+): 86% ➤ Population in urban areas: 74% ➤ Income group (World Bank): High income ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION: LEVELS AND PATTERNS Recorded alcohol per capita (15+) consumption, 1961–2010 Recorded alcohol per capita (15+) consumption (in litres of pure alcohol) by type of alcoholic beverage, 2010 Data refer to litres of pure alcohol per capita (15+). Litres of pure alcohol 20 n n n n n 15 10 Beer Wine Spirits Other All 26% SPIRITS 5 0 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 54% 20% 2010 BEER WINE Year Alcohol per capita (15+) consumption (in litres of pure alcohol) Average 2003–2005 Average 2008–2010 Change Recorded 11.8 11.8 Unrecorded 1.5 1.2 Total 13.3 ➙ ➘ ➙ 13.0 Total males / females WHO European Region 18.6 11.9 Total alcohol per capita (15+) consumption, drinkers only (in litres of pure alcohol), 2010 Males (15+) 20.2 Females (15+) 9.0 Both sexes (15+) 14.6 7.8 10.9 Abstainers (%), 2010 Males Females Both sexes Lifetime abstainers (15+) Prevalence of heavy episodic drinking* (%), 2010 Population Drinkers only Males (15+) 53.5 58.4 Females (15+) 24.9 28.8 Both sexes (15+) 38.9 43.6 2.5 2.6 2.6 Former drinkers* (15+) 5.8 10.8 8.4 Abstainers (15+), past 12...
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...age at initiation. Even infrequent experimental smoking in adolescence significantly increases the risk of adult smoking. Once smoking has begun, cessation is difficult and smoking is likely to be a long-term addiction. For example, it has been estimated that the median cessation age, for those born from 1975 through 1979 who begin smoking in adolescence, is 33 years for men and 37 years for women. Based on a median initiation age of 16 to 17 years, the predicted duration of smoking is 16 and 20 years for 50% of the males and females respectively. Prevention of the onset of adolescent smoking is thus an essential component of efforts to reduce the overall prevalence of smoking and its attendant morbidity and mortality. Although there are educational programmes available with demonstrated effectiveness in reducing the prevalence of adolescent smoking over the short term, the longer term evaluations are not as encouraging. The differences in smoking levels between treated and control groups appear to dissipate over time, and disappear completely after six years. Further evaluations of these educational efforts are warranted, with consideration given to methodological problems inherent in such studies (such as potential bias resulting from losses to follow up, and possible effects of interventions other than the one being evaluated). There is, however, also a need to continue to examine research on the etiology of smoking in young people. Research and theory must be directed toward...
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...Community Health Advocacy Project: Teenage Substance Abuse NUR 544 October 1, 2012 Community Health Advocacy Project: Teenage Substance Abuse The aggregates teenagers/ adolescent and substance abuse the prevalence of alcohol use among teens mixing the effects of alcohol shifts teenagers toward risky and violent behaviors. Alcohol and any substance can cause impaired judgment and slow reaction time which provides more of a detailed explanation on why major factors have teen motor vehicles crashers, homocides, suicides, and drowning’s include some type of substance. Substance abuse among teenagers has been linked to early sexual intercourse, date and acquaintance rapes, unplanned pregnancies, sexually transmitted diseases, fights and community property damage (Nissen, L. (2007). To understand the community’s perspective of the health status, the services used or required, and concerns. Data collection is needed directly from the aggregate, which can be more insightful and accurate. The survey tool that is specifically created for the teenage aggregate population contains demographics data to help the researchers to determine if there is a gap in services that are needed. The tool created would be used in focus groups according to Nies and McEwen (2011), “these can be very effective in gathering community views, particularly for remote and vulnerable segments of a community and for those with underdeveloped opinions. Focus groups can produce greater interaction and expression...
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