Free Essay

Allende

In:

Submitted By torresjd96
Words 2072
Pages 9
La caída de Allende: una versión heterodoxa
El pasado 11 de septiembre se conmemoraron los 42 años del golpe militar en Chile, el cual le puso fin al gobierno (y posiblemente a la vida) del líder Salvador Allende y catapultó en el poder al fallecido dictador Augusto Pinochet por los siguientes 17 años. Mucho se especula sobre la materia desde todas las orillas. Sin embargo, mi intención no es abordar la moralidad o no del golpe y muchos menos las desdeñables violaciones a los derechos humanos que le siguieron. Lo que anhelo es desentrañar ciertos mitos y vicisitudes de la gestión del líder socialista y, de igual manera, traer a colación algunos asuntos que son excluidos en el análisis histórico de los hechos.

Vasili Mitrokhin, antiguo funcionario de la KGB soviética, logró exiliarse en Gran Bretaña en 1992 con una gran cantidad de expedientes secretos de la entidad. En 1999, los compiló en su texto: The world was going our way: The KGB and the battle for the third World. En él, un capítulo entero es dedicado a la relación entre la URSS y Chile. Algunos han llegado a afirmar que Allende fue tan importante para los soviéticos, que se convirtió en su segunda ficha en Latinoamérica, después de Fidel Castro. Lo cierto (http://ellibero.cl/actualidad/la-mano-de-la-kgb-y-la-cia-en-el-quiebre-democratico-en-chile/) es que los devaneos de Allende con los soviéticos comenzaron alrededor de 1953, un año después de haber perdido las elecciones. Su enlace fue el agente Svyatoslav Kuznetsov. Inicialmente, esta relación consistía en intercambios de información sin mediación pecuniaria. En 1964, Allende fue clave para el establecimiento de relaciones diplomáticas entre los comunistas chilenos y soviéticos y, bajo el remoquete de “líder” y junto a su amante y secretaria Miria Contreras Bell, la “payita”, cubrió algunas misiones soviéticas en el país austral.

Ad portas de las elecciones de 1970, los soviéticos se interesaron sobremanera en aupar a Allende al poder. Esto es importante, pues si bien se habla en demasía sobre el esfuerzo del gobierno norteamericano en frenar la elección del líder (al parecer, grosso modo, $425,000 USD), poco o nada se menciona el papel de la KGB en el golpe democrático (alrededor de los $400,000). Entre lo que recaba Mitrokhin, se encuentran (http://www.cubaencuentro.com/opinion/articulos/allende-y-la-kgb-6874) honorarios al candidato por la Unidad Popular por $50,000, subsidios a la campaña por $30,000, pagos a sus políticos afectos por $60,000, financiación para una publicación de $70,000 y hasta un soborno a un pre candidato de izquierda para que no se presentara a elecciones, por $18,000.

El 4 de septiembre de 1970, Allende se impuso con el 36,6 % de los votos frente a Jorge Alessandri, el más cercano, con el 35,3 %. Sin embargo, no le bastó la mayoría absoluta para ganar la elección. El congreso debía decidir quién era el ganador entre los dos más votados. A pesar del pánico bancario que generó la mayoría en votos de Allende y del intento de los gringos por sabotear su elección, el cual terminó con la vida del general René Schneider, el congreso eligió a Allende con el 81 % de los votos. El respaldo de la Democracia Cristiana, condicionado por la firma de un “Estatuto de garantías democráticas” (que luego Allende reconoció como un mera “necesidad táctica”), fue crucial para quedarse con la presidencia. De esta manera, Salvador Allende se convertía en el primer socialista en el poder a merced de la vía democrática. Antes que Chávez, que Correa, que Evo. El primer socialista del siglo XXI.
Los tres años durante los cuales Allende regentó el poder se caracterizaron por una desastrosa gestión de la economía chilena. Sin embargo, a la hora de abordar esta debacle, los historiadores poca mella hacen en las políticas del gobierno de la Unidad Popular, acudiendo a todo tipo de chivos expiatorios y conspiraciones relacionados con la derecha y con los gringos. La verdad es que la injerencia que estos pudieron tener en el ineluctable fracaso de Allende, es más bien marginal, como lo demostraré en los siguientes acápites.

Se debe partir del hecho de que el gobierno de Allende no marcó un cambio diametral frente a los mandatos anteriores. La economía chilena llevaba a cuestas 40 años de intervencionismo estatal y Allende se encargó de profundizarlo, dirigiéndola por la senda extrema del socialismo. La CEPAL, durante los años 60 y gracias a la gestión del “Keynes latinoamericano”, Raúl Prebisch, ya había pavimentado este camino intervencionista por todo el continente. Eran esas épocas en las que se creía que mediante el mercantilismo los países alcanzarían la prosperidad.

Las nacionalizaciones, las estatizaciones de empresas y del sector bancario, las expropiaciones, la continuación de la reforma agraria, los controles de precios para frenar el efecto de la inflación y el aumento exorbitante de la oferta monetaria para financiar déficits y aumentos por decreto de salarios y subsidios, fueron la fórmula mágica que Allende implementó para liberar al pueblo del yugo capitalista.

En 1971, el gobierno abusaba con creces de la impresión de dinero para financiarse, lo que los economistas denominamos, señoreaje. ¿Acaso la CIA o las fuerzas obscuras de la derecha tuvieron algo que ver con esto? En absoluto (ver aquí (http://econo-miaytuya.blogspot.com.co/2014/04/allende-el-destructor.html) y aquí (http://pseudoerasmus.com/2015/05/21/the-invisible-blockade-against-allendes-chile/). La cantidad de dinero en la economía crecía un 119 %, los salarios mínimos un 39 % (con aumentos del 56 % para los trabajadores de cuello azul), el gasto público real un 36 %, el déficit fiscal aumentaba un 10 % anual como parte del PIB y las reservas internacionales se reducían a menos de la mitad para financiar las importaciones, las cuales iban en aumento. En las cuentas de este año, al parecer, todo iba de maravilla: la economía pasó de crecer al 3,6 al 8 %, la inflación bajaba del 36,1 al 22,1 %, el desempleo disminuía un 2 % y los salarios reales aumentaban un 13,8 %. No obstante, el bacanal de Allende no iba a seguir en pie por mucho.

La política de derroche se prolongó durante los dos años subsiguientes. La emisión de dinero para 1972 y 1973 aumentó un 173 y un 413 %, respectivamente. Los salarios nominales crecían entre un 20 y un 50 % (con mayores guarismos para los obreros y el sector público). De igual manera, la quiebra y la improductividad de las empresas estatizadas requería de sendos aumentos en los subsidios a estas, del 4,6 y el 9,5 % del PIB. Durante estos años, las reservas internacionales cayeron un 84 %, pues se utilizaron para contener la brusca caída de la balanza comercial.

Fue aquí cuando se comenzó a sentir el guayabo de la farra socialista. En 1972 y 1973, respectivamente, el PIB caía al 0,1 y luego al 4,3 %, la inflación era del 261 y 605 %, el desempleo aumentó al 4,8 %, el déficit fiscal llegó al 24,5 y 30,5 %, la recaudación disminuyó y los salarios reales tuvieron descolgadas del 11,3 y del 38,6 %. Con, aproximadamente, el 70 % de los medios de producción en manos del Estado (sin contar la agricultura), era imposible mantener a flote la economía chilena.

Colapsaban los controles de precios, la inversión extranjera, las divisas, la producción de las empresas estatales (sin incluir las de cobre) en un 10 % del PIB, el agro, al 10,3 % anual, con el 40 % de la tierras en manos del Estado, el tipo de cambio (40 veces mayor al oficial) y las importaciones de bienes intermedios (indispensables para la producción doméstica). De igual manera, florecían los mercados negros, la escasez de productos, las colas en los supermercados a merced del racionamiento impuesto por el gobierno en las juntas de abastecimiento, la especulación y la inconformidad de la población, expresada en numerosas huelgas y cacerolazos nacionales. ¿Culpa de la CIA? No lo creo. El apoyo que está le brindó a algunos grupos de oposición y a los camioneros, poco o nada contribuyó a la acabose. Además, es técnicamente imposible que hayan soliviantado a los más de un millón de trabajadores involucrados en las 3,325 y las 2,050 huelgas en 1972 y 1973, respectivamente. Menos tuvo que ver la CIA con la infortunada caída del 25 % del precio del cobre durante estos años, el producto nacionalizado vital para las arcas del Estado chileno.

Es más, ni siquiera es cierto el cuento (http://www.revistaei.uchile.cl/index.php/REI/article/viewFile/17544/19704) de que la ruptura de la línea crediticia desde occidente hacia chile quebró al país. Las donaciones para asistencia técnica se mantuvieron en los $800,000 dólares anuales, los cuerpos de paz distribuyeron alimentos valorados en $10 millones durante el gobierno de Allende (lo cual le permitió cumplir algunas de sus promesas electorales) y la asistencia militar gringa se mantuvo hasta 1972 con créditos por más de $15 millones. A pesar de haber declarado la moratoria de la deuda en 1971, el club de París le postergó los pagos hasta 1975. Fue el impago de la deuda y las nacionalizaciones sin compensación, las que incentivaron a los bancos gringos a rebajar gradualmente las líneas de crédito, de $219 a $32 millones, como lo reconoció el ministro de hacienda Millas. Sin embargo, Allende recibió más de $100 millones del FMI para compensar la caída del precio del cobre. Además, de Europa occidental, recibió unos $200 millones a cambio de importar sus mercancías. Ni hablar de los $446 millones que recibió en solo créditos de largo plazo del bloque soviético y de la china. Todo esto le permitió incrementar la deuda externa del país en un 35 % durante su gobierno.

En 1973 ya todo el mundo (http://www.chilemipatria.cl/index.php/noticias/item/22-de-agosto-de-1973-la-camara-de-diputados-declara-inconstitucional-al-gobierno-de-salvador-allende) le había dado la espalda a Allende. El 23 de mayo, la Corte Suprema se había pronunciado contra él, aduciendo su “interferencia ilegal en (los) asuntos judiciales”. La Democracia Cristiana, que alguna vez lo apoyó para llegar al poder, se encontraba desconcertada ante su gestión. Esta logró el 56 % de los votos en las elecciones parlamentarias de marzo en coalición con los conservadores. Sin embargo, esta votación no era suficiente para alcanzar los dos tercios del congreso necesarios para tumbar al gobierno legalmente. No obstante, el 22 de agosto se firmó el acuerdo (http://www.bicentenariochile.cl/attachments/017_Acuerdo%20C%C3%A1mara%20de%20Diputados%2022%20agosto%201973.pdf) de la cámara de diputados, en el cual se ponían en tela de juicio veinte violaciones a la constitución por parte del presidente y se hacía un llamado general a “poner inmediato término” a los atropellos del mismo. Los firmantes consideraban que Allende había violado el “Estatuto de garantías democráticas” que había firmado cuando llegó al poder. No en vano, 18 días después, se dio el golpe en La Moneda. De igual manera, la ilusión de los soviéticos de establecer una segunda cuba en el continente americano se había esfumado. Allende fue díscolo ante sus instrucciones. Ya a mediados de 1973, los soviéticos habían decidido que Chile era un caso perdido. El inesperado desvío de un buque con destino a Chile lleno de armas marcó el fin del apoyo soviético. La caída de su régimen, era inminente.

Mucho se especula sobre el caso chileno. El violento golpe de Estado, los 27,000 desaparecidos y los 3,197 asesinados por la dictadura de Pinochet, se han convertido en la coartada perfecta para glorificar al Chile de Allende. El análisis, digámoslo así, ortodoxo de la historia del golpe ha caído en la visión maniquea del Pinochet sí vs. Pinochet no. En él, se excluyen numerosos factores que conllevaron a la caída del régimen y que explican las inherentes falencias que atañen a la implementación de cualquier socialismo. Mi intención no es más que traer nuevas perspectivas analíticas a este debate, sin justificar jamás las violaciones a los derechos humanos que acaecieron durante la dictadura militar. Las mismas que se dieron en numerosas dictaduras comunistas durante el siglo XX y que, con la prolongación del régimen de Allende, también se pudieron haber llegado a dar. Las similitudes con lo que ha logrado el chavismo en Venezuela, no son una mera casualidad.

Similar Documents

Free Essay

Isabelle Allende

...“Isabelle Allende” While working as a translator, translating English novels to Spanish, Isabel Allende was fired for taking it upon herself to change the female protagonist to make her seem more self-sufficient, charitable, and smart. Furthermore, it comes as no surprise that several of her novels revolve around the theme of women challenging male authority. Her themes center on women’s experiences as well as magic and mysticism and stem from her own life experiences. Isabel Allende was born to father Tomas Allende, Chilean diplomat in Peru, and Francisca Llona Barrios on August 2, 1942. At age 3 her father “disappeared” and Barrios was forced to take on the role of mother and father. So she chose to relocate with her three children to Chile. This would be the first of many “homes” for Allende. In fact, she moves so much during an interview she stated, “I have been a foreigner all my life” (Sethi). However, the decision to constantly relocate was not always voluntary but rather necessary. For instance, in 1973 when she was contracted by a military coup, that had brought Augusto Pinochet to power, to help people who were on the wanted list escape. This ceased when Allende discovered her name on the list at which point she decided to flee to Venezuela where she held residence for 13 years. Even though some of her travels hold unpleasant memories one that brought her much joy was her trip to California in 1988. Here she met her second husband Willie Gordon. Allende’s first...

Words: 2583 - Pages: 11

Premium Essay

Martel & Allende

...​In Yann Martel’s Life of Pi, and Isabel Allende’s The House of Spirits, both employ magic realism in their novels. Isabel Allende, a Chilean writer, is well known for writing in this style. Many of her books incorporate this genre. Yann Martel, a novelist born in Spain, only uses this style of writing in this one book. Both authors are able to integrate this unique style of writing into these novels to help express their themes. ​Magic Realism is a “chiefly Latin-American narrative strategy that is characterized by the matter-of-fact inclusion of fantastic or mythical elements into seemingly realistic fiction”. It is a unique style of writing most commonly used by Latin American authors. This genre is also being applied to art. The term now can apply to paintings. It was created in the early 1900’s by a German writer but shifted to Latin America where it is still most commonly found today. ​In Yann Martel’s Life of Pi, magic realism is present throughout Pi’s long journey in the Pacific Ocean. The ship, Tsimtsum, that he and his family are traveling on sank and he was the lone survivor. He was tossed onto a lifeboat with some animals from his family’s zoo. Two and a half days into his adventure, Pi discovered that he was not the only one on it. “How I had failed to notice for two and a half days a 450-pound Bengal tiger in a lifeboat twenty-six feet long was a conundrum I would have to try to crack later, when I had more energy. The feet surely made Richard Parker the largest...

Words: 959 - Pages: 4

Premium Essay

Isabel Allende's Influence On American Women

...Isabel Allende is an aspiring Latina women showed us, despite where we originate from we can always succeed in life. The majority of men and people in society concluded her possibility in changing her life for the greater good would be slim to none.(Allende 59) Furthermore, Isabel’s life is not in any circumstance simple which in all possibility shaped her the way she has come so far. An absence of a parent caused her to grow distant relationship with men in her life due to the fact her father was not in any part of her childhood.(Allende 9)When not having your other parent when growing up leaves you traumatize throughout your entire life.Moreover the fact is that her mom wanted her to be the first in her family to get a better education Isabel only attended the best private school even though they financially struggled, where she later discovers her passion to write.(A&E TN 1) When Discovering her passion to journalism she wanted to speak the truth about the negletiance of women and decided to write books about Women empowerment. Not only women empowerment but other books such as fictional literature for everyone including children.With this...

Words: 790 - Pages: 4

Premium Essay

Containing Communism Through Cia Covert Operations

...Chris Openshaw Chile: The Other 9/11 is a documentary by the BBC which details the hour-by hour events of the military coup that led General Augusto Pinochet to power during the Cold War. On September 11th, 1973 President Salvador Allende was warned of a possible rebellion but continued on to the Presidential Palace of La Moneda in Santiago, Chile. That day President Allende sent out a broadcast that he will not step down. Allende was the first Marxist to be democratically elected. He put into place reforms that raised wages, lowered prices, and advocated for free education and healthcare. He nationalized banks and industries such as American-owned copper mines which really infuriated President Nixon (White 2003). On September 11th, the military, led by the Commander of the Army General Augusto Pinochet, surrounded the palace demanding that President Allende transfer power to the military and police because of inflation, shortages, and inability to keep the peace. Weeks before this there was a failed coup because many members of the military did not support it. With the military surrounding the palace, General Pinochet orders the air force to destroy radio transmitters that broadcasted on behalf of Allende (White 2003). Pinochet offers Allende a safe...

Words: 2362 - Pages: 10

Premium Essay

Isabel Allende Tone

...Isabel Allende’s Tone Towards the Disaster “And of Clay Are We Created” by Isabel Allende is a story based of real life events that occurred November 13, 1985, when the volcano Nevado Del Ruiz erupted. Due to the serious disasters, a girl, Azucena, was trapped beneath gravel and mud. A reporter, Rolf Carle, was sent to record her rescue, but instead Carle attempted to rescue the girl himself. Rolf Carle became emotionally attached Azucena, and stayed by Azucena’s side until her death. Allende utilizes tone by creating imagery to show her anxious, sympathetic. and melancholy feelings towards the disaster. To begin with, Isabel Allende used imagery to show her anxious feeling towards the disaster. For example, “I felt his frustration, his impotence.”(989) . Rolf Carle feels weak and powerless, because he cannot do anything to help Azucena. In this quote Allende is stating that Rolf, was so frustrated that Allende felt it too. Meaning that this quote represents her anxious tone, because it makes the reader feel sorry for the reporter Rolf. Another example,“They discovered the girl’s head protruding from the mudpit, eyes wide open, calling soundlessly”(984). Allende created this imagery to...

Words: 515 - Pages: 3

Premium Essay

Art Appreciation

...see the markings of sand dunes. On the right side of the painting we see another squared panel of the same size. Here we see the same image of Mr Castro, except that in this case the image has been blurred and painted over. Only the broad outline of Mr Castro can be seen. The background has also been blurred; we see only broad paint strokes. The name of the artist is not shown anywhere on the panels or on the painted gray-brownish background. In the description of the work we learn that the painting of Mr Castro is based on a picture taken of him in 1971 on his first visit to Chile. The image was taken in a desert in the northern part of Chile. The purpose of Mr Castro’s visit was to lend support to his Marxist political ally Salvador Allende. Castro’s visit to Chile...

Words: 825 - Pages: 4

Free Essay

Peron Pinochet

...Mike Ledbetter 8 May 2009 History 162 Dr. Skuban Nationalism exists among nearly every individual living within any given nations borders. However, within said borders nationalist sentiment does not remain static. Individuals will often have dissimilar views as to what is best for the success of their country. Another factor, and one which will be examined in greater detail in this essay, is the role powerful political leaders play in altering their constituents national identity, whether through beneficial or repressive means, for political gain. The governments of Juan Domingo Perón, in Argentina and Augusto Pinochet, in Chile will provide the framework for this study. Both leaders exhibited staggering amounts of power and influence in their countries, though achieved by different means. Much study has been devoted to Perón and Pinochet, however two main sources will be referenced for this essay; “ Manana es San Perón: A Cultural History of Perón’s Argentina”, written by Mariano Ben Plotkin and “ A Nation of Enemies: Chile Under Pinochet “, written by Pamela Constable and Arturo Valenzeula. Both books examine each respective regime and the lengths they went to procure their nations national identity. The power wielded by Parón and Pinochet was truly astonishing and changed the political and cultural landscape not only of Argentina and Chile, but all of South America. Before examining the cases of Juan Perón and Augusto Pinochet one must first understand the historical...

Words: 2398 - Pages: 10

Free Essay

Resena Machuca

...Hassan y Andrés Wood. Disponible en video y DVD. Machuca: Lección moral para la sociedad de hoy Hoy en día tenemos muchos problemas sociales, políticos y raciales. Por ejemplo, en los Estados Unidos hay muchos problemas sociales y raciales debido a la campaña presidencial. Hemos tenido disturbios en ciudades debido al problema de igualdad racial. La campaña presidencial de Donald Trump también ha comenzado problemas entre personas de diferentes orígenes, culturas y creencias. Machuca es una película que todo el mundo debería mirar porque tiene un mensaje moral que podría abrir los ojos de las personas en nuestra sociedad. La historia ocurre en Chile en el año 1973. Este periodo fue durante el gobierno socialista de Salvador Allende y el golpe militar bajo el mando de Augusto Pinochet. La película cuenta la historia de dos amigos, Pedro Machuca y Gonzalo Infante. Machuca viene de una familia pobre y Gonzalo viene de una familia de clase media alta. Se conocen cuando el colegio privado y religioso al que asiste Gonzalo comienza un nuevo programa para integrar a los niños ricos con los pobres niños. Usted probablemente puede adivinar que esto empezó un montón de problemas. A pesar de sus diferencias, Machuca y Gonzalo formaron una amistad. La película hace un buen trabajo en mostrar los conflictos políticos y sociales desde el punto de vista de los niños. La película tiene un excelente sentido visual que ayuda a dar a sus manifestaciones y acciones credibilidad...

Words: 519 - Pages: 3

Free Essay

Countries

...Section 4 Brazil • Vargas took power in 1930 • Borrowed heavily from foreign banks to build a new capital interior • Goulart became president of Brazil in 1061 • The army overthrew him • Military government forced wages down and pressured labor unions to cooperate to cut production costs • Civilian government took office in 1990 • Corruption and crime flourished • Frenando Henrique Casado made economic reforms • Brazil changed ability to maintain this economic progress Argentina • Eva Peron is a powerful man • Juan Peron rose to power in Argentina in 1940 • Juan held the title to president , but it was Eva who everybody loved • Helped working class • When Eva died, Juan lost his greatest political weapon • 18 yrs. later Argentina endured series of military and governments struggling against both political and economic difficulties • Set out wage war against guerrillas and improve economy • Desapaparecidos are disappeared people • Free elections were held in 1983 • Fernando de la Rua became the new president in 1999 Peru • Had economic problem • Two major guerrillas were MTRA, Shining Path • Drug trafficking complicated Peru’s situation • Groups accepted money for cocaine business • Albert Fujimori took over country in Chaos • Mid-1996 population declined • In 2000 Fujimori fled the country amid a growing corruption scandal Columbia • A nation of turmoil following World War 2 • 1957 was so bad that the 2 major political parties agreed to form...

Words: 369 - Pages: 2

Free Essay

Poli 379

...Question 1 Before the 20th century South America had a reputation of military dictatorship, democracy had yet to be discovered. The transition wasn’t smooth but yet most South American countries managed to enter the 20th century with somewhat democratic governments. This essay will consider how in a fresh out of the oven democratic era they were still some countries that were dealing with dictatorship; that oddly enough operated in very different ways but the result was the same: One man had full power and control over his state. More specifically this essay will study Venezuela and Chile, Hugo Chavez and Augusto Pinochet, populism and authoritarianism which in a remarkable yet fairly different way narrows it down to the same result: Presidents who made their way to the top and managed to become dictators of their states. Throughout time they way governments have chosen to govern their states has been based on different political ideologies that were shaped over history. This essay will focus particularly on Authoritarianism and Populism. Venezuela had an example of a dictator, which some Venezuelan considered a hero, who based is political career promoting populism as the best way to rule a country. On the other hand you have Chile a country that today remembers the darkest years of their history inflicted by Pinochet an authoritarian that took over power through no democratic mean at all, and forced his way to the top. Firstly becoming familiar with the political ideologies...

Words: 2901 - Pages: 12

Free Essay

House of the Spirits Essay

...Individuals rely on fictional tales in order to access a deeper understanding of reality. However, since reality is too complex to explain in pragmatic terms, authors are sometimes forced to turn to other means of explanation. The House of the Spirits, by Isabel Allende, incorporates magical elements into a familiar atmosphere in order to explain one’s relationship with the world. Overall, through Clara’s magical abilities which show her inexorable love for her family, Allende demonstrates how a woman’s relationship with her loved ones changes the course of their lives. For example, Clara’s spiritual abilities allow her loved ones to preserve their dignity, particularly as death takes the best of them. While Clara and Ferula search for Nivea’s decapitated head, “guided by her instincts for seeing what [is] invisible,” Clara says to the driver, “’Go straight, I’ll tell you the route” (Allende 122). Through the author’s use of a paradox, as Clara is able to see what is invisible to others, the reader comprehends that finding Nivea’s head, which once sheltered her mind and thoughts, is significant to Clara particularly. Despite the rescuers’ search, Clara shows a firm mother-daughter relationship as she is able to use her dream and instincts to find Nivea’s head, and ensure that Nivea is able to genuinely rest in peace. Also, after Alba loses the courage to continue living in prison, she invokes her grandmother’s spirit a number of times to help her die. However, Clara “[appears]...

Words: 607 - Pages: 3

Premium Essay

Short Speech

...the warm glow of contentment in their eyes; if you mean Christmas cheer; if you mean the stimulating drink that puts the spring in the old gentleman's step on a frosty, crispy morning; if you mean the drink which enables a man to magnify his joy, and his happiness, and to forget, if only for a little while, life's great tragedies, and heartaches, and sorrows; if you mean that drink, the sale of which pours into our treasuries untold millions of dollars, which are used to provide tender care for our little crippled children, our blind, our deaf, our dumb, our pitiful aged and infirm; to build highways and hospitals and schools, then certainly I am for it. "This is my stand. I will not retreat from it. I will not compromise." Salvador Allende - Last Speech Santiago de Chile 11...

Words: 1557 - Pages: 7

Free Essay

Chilean Economy

...Chilean Economic Structure An analysis of the Chilean economic structure reveals that this country has overcome the 1970’s Marxist economic rule, austerity and mass privatization to obtain the strongest sovereign bond rating in South America. Under the rule of socialist President Salvador Allende from 1970 to 1973, Chile experienced civil unrest and the county spun out of control as President Allende’s economic policies polarized an already fragile nation. During President Allende’s brief tenure, the astronomical rise in the prices of goods and services coincided with a plummeting consumer purchase power rate cased massive inflation that plunged the country into a huge recession. The following details the Chilean economic structure and the role the government played during its pedestrian growth in the 1950’s, its fall in the 1970’s and its current day resurrection. During the 1950’s to 1970, Chile had the poorest economic performance among Latin America’s large and medium-sized countries. This pedestrian growth was attributed to the government and its overvaluation of the domestic currency. The government continually resorted to controlling agricultural prices in order to subsidize the urban and middle classes. This subsidy caused a lag in the growth of the agricultural sector, was one of the most glaring symptoms of Chile’s economic woes during the 1950’s. At the beginning of the 1950’s, inflation, which had already and economic problem and been since the 1880’s, became...

Words: 2413 - Pages: 10

Free Essay

The House of Spirits and Like Water for Chocolate

...Both Like Water for Chocolate and The House of Spirits are novels that have plots that contain two male characters extremely significant to the development of the story. Both the male characters are caught in romantic conflicts which create and continue the lives of these as well as the life of other characters, therefore, positioning these characters in a level of importance more significant than many of the other involving characters. In Like Water for Chocolate the character of Pedro Muzquiz is of extreme relevance to the novel of Laura Esquivel. Pedro is initially presented to the readers as a man who is madly in love with Tita, the youngest daughter of Mama Elena, who due to family tradition is unable to marry Pedro because she now has to dedicate her life to taking care of her mother until her respective death. In a similar way, Esteban Trueba in The House of Spirits is the male protagonist, whose life is analyzed throughout the duration of the novel, ending after his death. Esteban, in a similar way to Pedro, is forbidden to marry his loved one Rosa, who due to political motives, is accidentally murdered after drinking venom that is initially meant for her father. Both these characters have strong feelings towards their loved ones and at a certain point in the novel are at a significant physical distance. In Esteban’s case, Rosa is at the del Valle’s house while he is working in the mines “and trusting that someday he would strike a marvelous seam of gold that would...

Words: 1502 - Pages: 7

Premium Essay

Magical Realism

...Magical Realism Granville Scott Nelson Embry Riddle Aeronautical University Abstract Magical realism is a Latin American genre in which the author takes an ordinary storyline and inserts an unnatural character or sense of being. This paper will show the difference between magical realism and fantasy or science fiction. Magical Realism From my reading I now understand that magical realism is adding an unrealistic feature or character to an otherwise ordinary story. Magic realism is a term used to describe a mingling of the mundane with the fantastic. “Magical realism is not speculative and does not conduct thought experiments. Instead, it tells its stories from the perspective of people who live in our world and experience a different reality from the one we call objective.” (Rogers, 2002) If an author is telling a familiar story and he adds a twist such as a winged horse or an individual who has been alive for two hundred years, that is an example of magical realism. The difference in magical realism and fantasy is that the story is very natural and true with a surreal object and fantasy is just that, fantasy. The term is best described by Baker in her 1997 writing: While realism itself is a chronically unstable term, realist writing is usually understood to be that which draws on a set of narrative conventions designed to create the illusion that the story on the page is real or true and corresponds in some direct way to the ordinary world of day-to-day life...

Words: 922 - Pages: 4