Philippine Women's College of Davao
University Avenue, Juna Subdivision,
Matina Davao City

Title: The effect of Varying temperature on the conductivity of water

I. ABSTRACT
Saltwater has a low voltage reading but it has still a purpose like lighting up a small bulb that can lighten up a house that has no electricity especially in rural places. This experiment can help many lives especially the places that electric company can't reach their places. All you need is a water that can be found anywhere, a salt that can be purchased anywhere and it is very cheap, an alligator clips that can be bought in local stores although the price is quite expensive but it is still affordable because you can use it everyday, a small light bulb that is enough to lighten up your house and of course you need a base lamp. Our materials is eco-friendly and our experiment is also harm free to the environment that does not use any harmful smoke that can harm the environment.

TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION a. background of the study b. statement of the problem c. significance of the study e. scopes and limitations REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION RECOMMENDATION APPENDIX

INTRODUCTION A. Background of the study

1.5 billion people do not have access to electricity, 585 million of them living in Sub-Saharan Africa and 404 million in India. Three billion people, almost half of the world's population rely on biomass, such as wood, charcoal, and dung for cooking and heating purposes. Sub-Saharan Africa is an especially dire case, Only 31% of the population has access to electricity and the Sub-Saharan Afican population (excluding South Africa) of 791 million consumes as much energy annually as New York State, a population of 19.5 million, according to a recent IEA and UNDP report. This project of ours is to help the problem of factories that produces metals for electrical purposes.
(Natalie Relich, 2011) Everyone can make this salt water battery, especially poor people who are living in rural places in the Philippines that has no access to energy. Because now some of electrical company can't reach their area. They can use this project to conduct electricity in case of emergency like using small light bulbs to lighten up their house
(Anonymous, 2012) In Davao City the problem is sometimes the power will be gone about 11 to 12 hours due to the lack of adequate supply of electricity and the issue of infrastructure defiecency, poverty and extreme weather conditions. This project of ours is very affordable that almost everyone can afford it and it can be use everyday without any limitations. You can use it wether it is rainy or sunny it doesn't matter.
(Anonymous, 2012)

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The researchers aim to answer the following questions at the end of the investigation How many volts will the salt water produce electricity? How much salt will be needed to produce enough electricity to power up small light bulb? How long will the saltwater battery be able to use? What is the average time for the energy to generate electricity?

HYPOTHESIS A) There is not enough volts to produce electricity B) there is enough volts to produce electricity C) If there is enough volts then it can produce electricity to light up a small bulb A) There is not enough salt will be needed to produce enough electricity B) There is enough salt will be needed to produce enough electricity C) If there are more than 10 teaspoons of salt then it can produce enough electricity A.) It can't be use more than 3 hours B) It can be use more than 3 hours C) If you will put more salt then it can be use more than 3 hours A.) The average time for the energy to generate electricity will not be at least 0.5 seconds B) The average time for the energy to generate electricity will be at least 0.5 seconds C) If the average time for the energy to generate electricity will be at least 0.5 seconds then it can be achieved at least 0.1 seconds

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The study of the effect of varying temperature on the conductivity of water would benefit the following.
To the people who are living in rural places. People who are living in the rural places have no access of electricity. Our study can help them supply energy without any monthly payments and without any limitations.
To the students. In this new generation some students are preferred using latest technologies but some students can't afford it because it is too much for their money. This study can help the students who don't have the latest technology incase of rotational brown outs. They don't have to worry about rotational brown outs because they won't use electricity but they will use salt water to conduct electricity.
SCOPES AND LIMITATIONS
Our study can only be use by emergencies or important necessities. We will be using salt water to generate enough volts to power up simple things to make our daily lifes easy for us.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Water is a compound made of the two elements hydrogen and oxygen. This substance can exist near the earth’s surface in all three physical forms: as a liquid, vapor or gas and as a solid.Water’s chemical formula is H2O.The water molecule odd shape with both hydrogen atoms occurring on the same side of the oxygen atom gives water its ability to “stick” to itself and to other surfaces. The hydrogen atoms create a positive electrical charge while the oxygen atom creates a negative charge. It’s a solid at 32F and a gas (steam) at 212F.

Pure water itself is not very conductive, only little current can move through water. When salt is added, it dissolves in water. However, its molecules split into 2 parts, a chlorine ion and a sodium ion. The sodium ion is missing an electron therefore giving it a positive charge while the chlorine ion has an extra ion that gives it a negative charge. There will be two terminals in an electric source sending a current through water. One is a negative one that conducts electrons into water. The other one is a positive one that removes them.

Electricity today is being used by almost everyone in earth. It is one of the most useful inventions of mankind. Electricity is made from coal, natural gas, nuclear, renewable and other energy sources. Electricity powers appliances, gadgets and vehicles used today. It is very useful, but it harms the earth because electricity generation emits Carbon Dioxide which is bad for the earth’s atmosphere. Nuclear waste is produced each stage of the nuclear fuel cycle. Nuclear power creates waste that requires storage and/or disposal. Electricity therefore is very harmful to the environment. We should then save the amount of electricity we use.

There have been several breakthroughs in this research of saltwater being converted into electricity. The first one presented is an accidental discovery made in the Erie, Pennsylvania, 2007. John Kanzius set on fire a vial with saltwater using a radio frequency generator. Kanzius was experimenting with desalinate seawater. While doing so, he found he could keep the water “burning” as long as it was exposed to the proper frequencies from his machine. Rustum Roy, a professor at Penn State University, tried this experiment in the lab at the university, and, to his surprise, it actually worked. He explained that the salt water wasn’t actually burning. It was, in fact, the radio frequency that helped weaken the bonds holding together the salt water’s constituents. Roy says that he will continue to investigate on this, and he can see the potential applications of this process of burning saltwater as a source of alternative energy.

Another recent breakthrough in relation to this topic is the topic on Power Generation. A team of researchers from the US and China have discovered a new desalination process that could produce electricity and clean water. They did this by modifying a microbial fuel cell, which is used to desalinate saltwater into drinkable water. Bruce Logan from Pennsylvania State University says that desalination of saltwater uses a lot of electricity, but by using the microbial desalination cells, one can desalinate saltwater and produce electricity while removing the organic material from the saltwater. Previously, most desalination plants need electricity and high pressure to desalinate saltwater, but with this new technique uses organic matter to remove most of salt from brackish water or seawater. The older process uses 2 chambers in the microbial fuel cell, but the new process uses 3 chambers one containing saltwater, the other water, and the last one containing seawater in between the other chambers, which are separated by ion-specific membranes. The process goes like this: When the bacteria “consume” the wastewater, the ions become charged, which are separated by the membranes. Some are consumed at the electrodes – desalinating the water in the central chamber and generating a current. They say that it still isn’t practical to use a process like this, but their main goal was only to see whether bacteria can do this or not.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials:
water salt teaspoon alligator clips iron electrodes steel wool containers small light bulb miniature lamp holder

Procedure: put some water in the container attach the light bulb to the base attach one end of the wire to the iron electrodes, the other one is attached to one side of the base do the same with the other wire except you must connect it to the steel wool add some salt in the container mix it well put the iron electrodes and steel wool in the container with a salt water then the small light bulb lights up

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION TRIALS | RESULTS | 1st Trial | Not Working | 2nd Trial | Not Working | 3rd Trial | Working |

As the researches conducted the experiment, the researchers found out that you should use not more than 0.5 volts of light bulb for it to work. Before it did work we had a trouble about the wiring but we found out the exact wiring for it to work.

CONCLUSIONS
The researchers therefore conclude that: there is enough volts to produce electricity There is enough salt will be needed to produce enough electricity It can be use more than 3 hours The average time for the energy to generate electricity will be at least 0.5 seconds

RECOMMENDATION
The researchers recommend this saltwater battery to everyone because this is very affordable and it is eco-friendly. It can lighten up your house incase of rotational brownouts especially in rural places. It can be use everyday without any payments you have to pay.

BIBLIOGRAPHY http://cutenaminnoh07.blogspot.com/2007/09/saltwater-battery.html http://prezi.com/yjwzdqsqxfvg/science-investigatory-project/ http://ptiu13.wordpress.com/best-works-2/from-previous-grade-levels/ip-converting-saltwater-into-electricity/ https://www.google.com.ph/?gws_rd=cr&ei=79z4UsfAKIb_rAe9_oDYAw#q=salt+water+battery+science+investigatory+project

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