...Political Movements in the 20th Century HUM/300 Political Movements in the 20th Century During the 20th century several major political events took place that changed the worldwide view of civilization and shook up the collective consciousness. World War I and II showed the dark side of technology when used to hurt humanity. Civil movements surged around the world as a result of minorities trying to regain their identity, which various governments throughout the world restricted. The authors will examine major political events that had a notable effect on the 20th century, including, the influences of World War I and II, the surge of the Civil Rights Movement, and the Gender Equality Movement. The author’s examination will consider the works of artists and how his or her creative expression reflected the mood of the era. Political Events: World War I and II World War I (WWI) started in 1914, and lasted through 1918. The political event that triggered this war was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the heir to the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The war tactics employed in World War I changed the methods and strategies in future conflicts bringing more devastation. Some of the new strategies included trench warfare, chemical warfare, and upgraded technology; it introduced chemical weapons including chlorine and phosgene, which produced devastating damages. The exposure to high levels of these gases resulted in temporary blindness, difficulty...
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...American Citizens: Racism, Discrimination, and Identity The creation of history is an ongoing process we all participate in. According to Kristine Kuramitsu, Internment and Identity in Japanese American Art, “an ethnic community is never a monolithic entity but a group that is, by definition, connected by some set of memories and experiences.” Collective memories have shaped our identity; some people protest others choose to agree with version illustrated and perceived which best defines their relative existence. However, “with this personal identification with a community subgroup comes the threat of isolation” (Kuramitsu). The more an individual begins to recognize their heritage and embrace their origin, Gayatri Spivak, “Acting Bits/Identity Talk”, Critical Inquiry would assert, “history slouches in one’s origins, ready to comfort and kill.” The consequences of history offer to narratives, peace and equality or secondly protest and pain. In America which operates on the principle of Democracy, people and citizens believe in fundamental rights as intuitively recognizable. These provisions are grounded in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments of the U.S. Constitution. During World War II these rights were quickly destroyed. Internment camp prisoner Henry Sugimoto and War Relocation Authority photographer Dorothea Lange’s; uncensored artwork and photography lifted the veil capturing the plight and destitute existence Japanese Americans citizens endured as a result of...
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...towards acquiring equal rights in the eyes of the government and still fight today to be seen as equals in all that they do. From the time before the Civil War until present day the issue of equal rights for women has been fought for by many activists. Women have struggled with issues such as the right to vote in elections and receive equal pay for equal work in the workplace. There have been many victories in the battle to become equal citizens by women, but there have also been many setbacks throughout the history of our country. In 1868 one of the pioneers of the women’s movement Elizabeth Stanton gave a speech to the Women’s Suffrage Convention entitled the Destructive Male. “Twenty years earlier, at Seneca Falls, New York, she had helped to launch the women’s right movement in America.”(History, Art & Archives 2013) In her speech she outlined how masculinity offered elements of negativity to the world and that a woman’s touch would be needed to help counter balance this fact. “The male element is a destructive force, stern, selfish, aggrandizing, loving war, violence, conquest, acquisition, breeding in the material and moral world alike discord, disorder, disease, and death.” (Stanton, Elizabeth, 1868) Her speech at the convention is important because it outlined how women of the time actually felt about what was happening in the world when it pertained to their rights. Women were not allowed to vote in elections, not allowed to earn wages comparable to men, and not allowed...
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...Response Paper War has proven to be a major cause for change in our society throughout history. During the time of World War I (1914) and World War II (1939), an era emerged for artists to express themselves through the wars’ heart wrenching stories which fueled their poems, novels, and short stories. During the First World War some of our history’s greatest writes emerged. American literature came about through writers’ emotions and responses to the war. Sentiments ranged widely. Some writers felt that the war kept peace within nations and believed dying for your country was a noble thing to do; while some became frustrated and felt that the war was a useless and evil cause. British officer Wilfred Owen is a great example of World War I poetry. He expressed his feelings of anger and towards the war though his poem called “Dulce Et Decorum Est”. His poem discussed the horrific acts of the war and the excitement as not pleasant, but merely cruel. In Owen’s words, war was a “senseless waste of human resources and a barbaric act of human behavior”. These men were the writers that experienced the firsthand accounts of the war through being on the frontlines and experiencing firsthand what the soldiers had to go through. Some writers were more fictional than others. Hathaway wrote the novel “farewell to arms” which expressed the physical and emotional heartaches that he and his fellow soldiers experienced at the time. Remarque was a German soldier. His views of the war were expressed...
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...These individuals realized that artwork and cultural heritage sites in European nations were subject to damage during Hitler’s numerous invasions. The outreach from prominent intellectuals gained the attention of President Franklin D. Roosevelt who authorized the cooperation of academic institutions with the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Roosevelt also authorized the creation of the Roberts Commission (officially known as the “American Commission for the Protection and Salvage of Artistic and Historic Monuments in War Areas”) in August 1943. In response to the creation of the Roberts Commission, the U.S. military created their own organization called the Monuments, Fine Arts and Archive Service (MFA&A), thus becoming the birthplace of the Monuments Men. The Monuments Men were included as a section of the Supreme Headquarters of the Allied Expeditionary Force (SHAEF) administrated by Dwight D. Eisenhower. As the Supreme Allied Commander, Eisenhower increased support for the mission of the Monuments Men after the destruction of Monte Cassino in February 1944, an Italian cultural site. In August 1944, following the Allied landings in France the Monuments Men arrived in Europe. They followed U.S. Army units into liberated areas...
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...Andrew Wyeth’s most famous piece of art, Christina’s World, is renowned as being one of the most famous of American portraits for its realistic depiction of a classic New England setting and a steadfast mysterious female. After the Museum of Modern Art purchased the piece, Wyeth was immediately recognized as a notable American Artist, jump-starting his career in the art world. Along with his rise to prominence, Christina’s World was the first introduction to the “evolution of his own private language of metaphor.” As positioned in the painting, Wyeth’s first impression of Christina occurred when she was out in the field, where he officially recognized her steadfast ambition. He explained that she "was limited physically but by no means spiritually,"...
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...stronger through the years. Women have gone from being seen and not heard to having a voice, supporting war multiple war efforts, and becoming politicians. In the landmark case of Roe verses Wade gave women the right to own their own body with the decision of whether or not to have an abortion. Women were battling for equality as well as the right to vote. This suffrage was a long drawn out battle through the years but finally was won. Women’s roles during all three wars, the Spanish American War, World War I, and World War II, included nurses, clerical positions, and they back filled spouse’s duties at home. A “New Woman came about in the 1920s as women changed their attitude along with hair, make-up and attitude. All of the progressions were won due to persistence. Women have played a significant throughout the wars in America, not just stateside but abroad. “The Spanish-American War created a substantial need for military nurses” (Small, 1998). Dr Anita Newcomb McGee became the nurse’s bureau chief. This was the first time contract nurses were hired to in military hospital. In September 1918, 1,100 nurses were serving in the United and overseas. During World War I women were allowed to serve in non-nursing positions performing clerical duties. 34,000 women served in the military and 10,000 served as nurses in World War I. During World War II nearly 350, 000 American women served in uniform, both at home and abroad (NationalWW2museuum, ND). These women took clerical...
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...Liberty University INNOVATIONS DURING WORLD WAR II Arlene A. Tabron Modern American Military History HIUS 380 Professor Ritchie 21 September 2015 INNOVATIONS DURING WORLD WAR II Demise, devastation and agony. These are the words regularly connected with the idea of war. What the vast majority don’t understand is that war additionally achieves the absolute most life adjusting innovations. During World War II, various creations changed the war’s course and the future of the world. The most critical s and feelings of were RADAR/SONAR, computerized hardware, elastic, and the nuclear bomb. The primary driver of World War II were nationalistic strains, uncertain issue and feelings of hatred coming about because of World War I. The events that prompted the war’s episode are for the most part comprehended to be the 1939 attack of Poland by Germany and Soviet Russia and the 1937 intrusion of the Republic of China by the Empire of Japan. These Military Hostilities were the after effect of choices made by dictator administering Nazi elite in Germany and by the administration of the Kwantung Army in Japan World War II began after these forceful activities were met with authority presentation of war as well as equipped resistance. (1) The reason the United States entered the Second World War was a direct result of the surprise attack on their Naval Base at Pearl Harbor in Oahu at 7:55 am on December 7, 1941. The Empire of Japan submitted a shock assault upon the United...
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...Benjamin Oliver Davis Jr. Justin Morris 7th Grade English Language Arts Ben Davis was born to Benjamin Davis Sr. and Elnora Dickerson Davis. He wanted to follow in his father’s footsteps and join the military. His father was the first black general in the United States. General Davis studied at the university of Chicago before entering the United States Military academy. He graduated top 30 in his class and went on to join the Airforce. He ranked up to Lieutenant Colonel and organized the 99th pursuit squadron.When he first joined, he led an all black squadron because of segregation. I found this information at biography.com. In 1943. Lieutenant Colonel Davis organized and commanded the 332nd Fighter group also known as the Tuskegee Airmen. He flew his squad into World War 2. Ben later got promoted to colonel for his amazing leadership. By the end of World War II, Lieutenant Davis had flown sixty combat missions. He later was promoted to Brigadier General after the Korean war. He finally ended his military career in 1970 at the rank of Lieutenant General. I found this information on...
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...Summary of Reading two • Rapid technology progress during the twentieth century led to an ever increasing specialization in many different professions except art • Miró was an expert in investigating all the possibilities to be found in materials, forms, and colors • Miró’s art is highly diverse and wasn’t just limited to painting; he explored other fields as well, such as: sculptor, graphic work, tapestry, ceramics, and theatre • Joan Miró had the same name as his paternal grandfather who was a blacksmith in Tarragona • Miró’s father left Tarragona and went to Barcelona to become a jeweler and watchmaker. • Miró’s travels between Majorca and Tarragona heavily influenced his art and made him feel a very strong affinity for the country side • As a young boy, Miró was heavily influenced by Barcelona art such as the Romanesque paintings in the Museum of Fine Arts and Gaudi’s buildings • Miró gained a passion for the Mediterranean sea in Majorca as opposed to his home in Barcelona. This was because he thought that Barcelona was a city that...
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...James Montgomery Flagg James Montgomery Flagg was born in Pelham Manor N.Y on June 18, 1977. James Flagg’s parents were Elisha Flagg who was a business man and Anna Elida Coburn. He was an illustrator and a writer for over twenty years and had some very famous art work that people still remember today. Some of the things that will be cover on James Montgomery Flagg are his education/apprenticeship, the culture and society of the time period his work was made, historical design/art precedents that influenced him to do the illustrations that he made, his most significant accomplishments over the years, and subsequent influences that he had on later generations. James Montgomery Flagg had quite a few more famous art works that he made that people don’t really know about. Figure [ 1 ]-1 James Flagg in 1915 James Montgomery Flagg’s public schools were Dr. Chapin’s School from 1889 to 1891 and then moved to Horace Mann School from 1891 till 1893. Then James went to study at the Art Students League from 1894 till 1898 under John H. Tqachtamn and J. Carroll Beckwith. Than in 1898 he attended Hubert Herkomer’s Art School in Bushey, Hertfordshire, England. James Montgomery Flagg intended to be a portraitist, and continued to paint and draw portraits throughout his career. James says that, “his real education came from the material that passed over the desks of the editors of St. Nicholas, Judge and Life” [ {{52 Anonymous}} ]. At St. Nicholas, Judge and Life James was allowed...
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...Isamu Noguchi was born in 1904. His father a Japanese poet and his mother, an American writer, met when his mother helped his father with his English. Soon after he was born, Noguchi moved to Japan with his mother to live with his father; however, at age 13 Noguchi’s father married a Japanese woman, which led to Noguchi distancing himself from his father. Similarly in the book, “A Tale for the Time Being”, the main character moved back to Japan due to her father being laid off from work. In the early life of Noguchi, he was criticized for being talentless by Rushmore sculptor, which led him to take a different course; however, after his mother’s encouragement to pursue art, he left his pre-med courses and joined Leonard da Vinci School to study sculpting. At early in his life, Noguchi was using his mother last name (Gilmour), but after he left Columbia in pursuit of his dream, he changed his last name to that of his father (Noguchi). Living in Japan influenced a lot of Noguchi’s artwork. After the Pearl Harbor attack, Noguchi furthered his political actions by forming Nisei Writings and Artists Mobilization for Democracy in 1942, which was a group dedicated to raising awareness of the patriotism of...
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...Tiffany Sudarma History of Photography II Anna Lovatt September 28, 2015 Martha Rosler’s Gender Perspective During the Age of War As a form of art, photography expresses documents, personal visions, and memories that can often define images as very powerful and iconic. In the series Bringing the War Home: House Beautiful (1967-72), Martha Rosler, an American artist specializing in video, performance, installation and photo-text about art and culture, compiles ten photomontages from different magazines in order to convey the controversial issue of war during the early second part of the 20th century. Rosler uses a variety of mediums, but her most recognizable medium is photomontages and photo-collage. Constructed during the peak of U.S. military engagement in Vietnam and an outgrowth of Rosler’s self involvement with anti-war activities, these photographs are a response to the artist’s “frustration with the images we saw in television and print media, even with anti-war flyers and posters. The images we saw were always very far away, in a place we couldn’t imagine.” Through her choice to use colored images, she assembles photos together from homemaking women’s magazine such as Life Magazine and images from war. She accentuates the dominance of domestic representation and intersects it between war imagery by juxtaposing in a brutal and sometimes incongruous way. Rosler’s montages reconnect the two sides of human experience: the war in Vietnam, and the everyday-life in...
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...Josephine Baker is a dynamic revolutionary performer, movie star, fashion icon, hero of the French Resistance, humanitarian, and a mother of twelve adopted children of various ethnicities. And importantly she is a legacy of imagery and symbolism. From the start, the African American Josephine Baker, was a survivor. Far from the glitter and gaiety that characterized her beloved Paris, Baker’s beginnings were harsh and difficult. Born in the slums of St. Louis, Missouri in 1906, she grew up sleeping in cardboard shelters and scavenging for food in garbage cans. At the age of eight Baker was hired out to a white woman as a maid. She was forced to sleep in the coal cellar with a pet dog and was scalded on the hands when she used too much soap in laundry. She also witnessed the cruel East St. Louis race riot of 1917. She left school early for her age and was performing professionally at the age of thirteen. She left her parents’ house and got a job as a waitress until she encountered a group of performers called the Jones Family Band, that led her to her first stage debut at the Booker T. Washington Theatre, a black vaudeville house in St. Louis. By the age of eighteen, she was out of Missouri, had been discovered in New York and was performing with numerous troupes in various stage productions. She performed on Broadway in 1922, Shuffle Along and appeared as a star by 1924 in Chocolate Dandies. For a city that was bursting with spirit and rhythm of jazz, Baker was a perfect match...
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...propaganda is as popular today for swaying public opinion as it was from 1933 to 1945 in war ravaged Germany. If Nazi Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels were alive today, he would be proud to see his propaganda machine being utilized by the U.S. Government to manipulate the masses and used by political parties to elect presidents. From mass print to the “tenth great power” the internet, the persons in control manipulate the masses and systematically destroy our freedoms to truthful information. World War II Propaganda Poster World War II Propaganda Poster In 1938 Nazi Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels, filled the airwaves with propaganda that led to absolute control of the mass media to the Nazi Party and its Propaganda machine. It was about control, if you control what the masses hear and see, then you control the masses. Goebbels referred to the radio as the “Eighth Great Power”. Through mass exploitation of the media, and control of incoming and outgoing information, propaganda stands as the most effective form of control over swaying public opinion. “Propaganda has been practiced since earliest times, but modern mass media has made it much easier to appeal to wide domestic and foreign audiences” (Hutchinson, 2009, para.5). In an information age, he who controls the information controls the masses. What is Propaganda? World War II American Propaganda Poster World War II American Propaganda Poster Propaganda could be broadly defined as an attempt to sway public opinion...
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