...Atlantic Revolutions, 1600-1825 The revolutions of the eighteenth century have their origins in political and cultural developments of the seventeenth century. Of course, they were also products of all of major developments the European conquest of the Americas, the rise of kingdom states and empires, the tremendous wealth that resulted from the expansion of global trade, and the development of colonial cultures and societies in the Americas. Scholars call these cultures and societies creole societies, because they blended elements of European, native American, and African culture and society. Developments in England, 1641-1688 But revolutions are also inspired by ideas, and ideas that we may take for granted today had much of their start in England. Political conflict in Great Britain was a common theme of the seventeenth century. In 1641, a civil war led to the execution of the king (Charles I), and the establishment of a republic, what was known as the Commonwealth. Politics and religion both played a part in the Civil War, with the English nobility and wealthy commoners (whose interests were represented in Parliament, England’s legislature) wanting a greater say in how royal revenues were raised and spent. This republic quickly became a military dictatorship, and the old king’s son (Charles II) was invited back. But when Charles II died, the next king soon ran into trouble with Parliament, who feared that this king, James II, wanted too much power for himself. So in...
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...In the 1900 presidential election, President McKinley won a second term in office. His vice president was Theodore Roosevelt, America's favorite hero from the Spanish-American War. In September 1901, McKinley was shot and killed by an assassin, and Roosevelt became president. Roosevelt Calls for a Canal In his first speech to Congress as president, Roosevelt called for the United States to build a canal to join the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. “No single great material work which remains to be undertaken on this continent is of such consequence to the American people,” he told the lawmakers. President Roosevelt wanted to make the United States a great power that could exert influence around the world. A canal would be a way to achieve this...
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...treaty with New Granada (later to be know as Colombia), and which allowed the U.S. a transit passage over the Isthmus of Panama. The treaty guaranteed Panama’s neutrality and recognized that Colombia would have sovereignty over the region. Nothing really occurred with this development and ultimately, a French company called the Compagnie Nouvelle du Canal de Panama acquired the contract to build the canal in 1881. By 1889, the Compagnie had gone bankrupt and had lost roughly around $287 million U.S. along with approximately 20,000 lives in the process. It is also in 1889 that the U.S. has become convinced that the canal passage was absolutely vital to their interests. They appointed Rear Admiral John Walker to head the Commission and to choose the most viable route. Naturally, the U.S. was interested in the Panama route already started by the French. The French company which had been heading for bankruptcy, and seeing the writing on the wall before their bankruptcy in 1889, had entered into negotiations with the U.S. The French company was eager to extricate themselves from the project. At the time, their holdings were extensive and included land, the Panama Railroad, 2,000 buildings, and an extensive amount of equipment. They felt their total holdings should be valued around 109 million U.S., but Rear Admiral Walker estimated them to be not greater than about 40 million U.S., a significant difference. As negotiations progressed, the Americans began to hint that they were also interested...
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...Latin American Revolutions Reading Guide Students should complete this guide on a separate sheet of paper that will be submitted upon Mr. Neale’s return on Wednesday. The relevant vocabulary and concepts are all from pages 644-65s3 of Voyages. Vocabulary. Please define all of the following terms. While definitions can be found in the text, students should also include a few words about the “historical relevance” of each term in their own words. 1. Gens de Couleur 2. Boukman 3. Toussiant L’Ouverture 4. Simon Bolivar 5. Junta 6. Gran Colombia 7. Jose de San Martin 8. Miguel de Hidalgo y Costilla 9. Grito de Dolores 10. Pedro I of Brazil Thematic Questions. These questions refer to examples in the reading of past historical themes that we have studied. Most of these questions can be answered in no more than two sentences. 1. What was voudun, why was it useful to the Haitian rebels, and how is it an example of a common social phenomenon that we have studied in the past? 2. How did the stages of the Haitian Revolution reflect a similar pattern when compared to the first two stages of the French Revolution? 3. What was the role of disease in the Haitian Revolution? How is this different than the role of disease in past conflicts such as the Spanish conquest of Mexico? 4. How did the conflict between criollo juntas and penninsulares in the Spanish new world demonstrate a similar the conflict as the dynamic...
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...other Nordic countries: Norway, Sweden, Finland, Iceland, and regional Scandinavian flags for the Faroe Islands, Åland, Scania and Bornholm, as well as flags for the non-Scandinavian Shetland and Orkney. * The Tricolour of the Netherlands is the oldest tricolor, first appearing in 1572 as the Prince's Flag in orange–white–blue. Soon the more famous red–white–blue began appearing—it is however unknown why, though many stories are known. After 1630 the red–white–blue was the most commonly seen flag. The Dutch Tricolor has inspired[citation needed] many flags but most notably those of Russia, New York City, and South Africa (the 1928–94 flag). * The national flag of France, the Tricolore was designed in 1794. As a forerunner of revolution, France's tricolour flag style has been adopted by other nations. Examples: Italy, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ireland, Haiti, Romania, Mexico, etc. * The flag of Russia, the source for the Pan-Slavic colors red, white and blue, adopted by many Slavic states and peoples as their symbols. Examples: Slovakia, Serbia, Croatia, and Slovenia. * The Union Flag (Union Jack) of the United Kingdom is the most commonly used. British colonies typically flew a flag based on one of the ensigns based on this flag, and many former colonies have retained the design to acknowledge their cultural history. Examples: Australia, Fiji, New Zealand, Tuvalu, and also the Canadian provinces of Manitoba, Ontario and British...
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...grandiose and dramatic American ventures of all times. A shipping gateway between Central and South America had been a desire from the 1600’s, first attempted by the French in the 1880s and later completed by United States in 1914, under the direction of Theodore Roosevelt. U.S. intervention with the Panama Canal brought an end of a revolution and the birth of a new nation, the Republic of Panama, and creation of one of biggest strategic advantages that truly brought the U.S. Navy into the next century as a growing superpower. The canal was the largest and most expensive project ever attempted up to that date in U.S. history and easily changed the face of the western hemisphere, if not the world. A quick, easy and safe passage for merchant ships and navies to pass between the Pacific and Atlantic oceans had been a desire of many since early 17th century. Study after study was conducted and focused on Panama, which was a part of Colombia; Nicaragua and the Isthmus of Tehuantepec in Mexico. Regardless of the desire or need, early plans were often abandoned because the undertaking was near impossible and government politics often made negotiations more difficult. The French were the first nation to attempt the project and were confident of success after building the Suez Canal in Egypt. In 1876, the Interoceanic Canal Commission was created to head up the project and placed in the hands of Ferdinand Lesseps. It took two years of negotiations before Colombia finally allowed...
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...instituted over Cuba and Hawaii was established as an American territory. Roosevelt welcomed international politics and believed that it was the duty of fortunate, civilized nations to manage and mold less fortunate nations and through proclamation of those territories, a strong defense is imperative. Roosevelt is responsible for transforming the United States into a world power. The status shift is primarily due to his successful acquisition of the Panama Canal Zone and completion of the canal itself through his foreign policy of Big Stick Diplomacy. The desire for a waterway connecting the Pacific Ocean to the Atlantic dates back to the 1500s. In the 1870s, President Ulysses S. Grant sent seven Central American expeditions to study the area that could possibly encompass the canal. Traveling from Panama around Cape Horn at the tip of South America and back to Panama added approximately 4,000 miles and two months to a...
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...in your textbook) that have a former colonial relationship. Why does one of these countries have a larger, more diversified economy than the other? How does the world-system model help to explain these differences? Are some places caught in a poverty trap despite decolonization? The relationship between Spain and Venezuela has changed among the centuries. All began in October 12 of 1498 when Christopher Columbus arrived in what he would call later; it’s little Venice comparing this early town with the Italian city (see maps 1 and 2 on the anexus). Over time, Spain took away most of the mineral richness of Venezuela, installing kingdoms and creating small cities around the mainland. However, not all that Spaniards left in the Latin American countries were poverty, inequality and corruption. The Iberic Empire brought a whole knowledge in economy, religion, education, culture and industrialization. In this essay I would like to explain the economics systems in Spain as well as Venezuela and their neighbors of Latin America. How was Venezuela’s society build? Which are the differences between Spain and Venezuela in the economy field? Before the colonization, different types of tribes like Caribes, Yanomamis, Wayuus, Caracas, etc populated Venezuela. They had a rudimentary economy based on trades: each family was in charged of the collecting of a different type of plants, fruits or animals. Each item had a value in references with the rest of them, for example a watermelon had...
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...intervening, it led to the American-British reconcilement after an astringent war panic. Since America’s government was obsessed with expansion,...
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...Sandra Denker Dr. Bicker / per.5 January 9th, 2016 Latin American Revolution Research Simón Bolivar who’s full name is actually Simón José Antonio de la Santísma Trinidad Bolivar y Palacios was a Venezuelan military as well as a political leader. He was born on July 24th, 1783 in Caracas, Venezuela. The place of his death occurred in Santa Marta, Colombia in December 17th, 1870. He was married to María Teresa Piodríguez del Toro y Alaysa in 1802. María died the year of 1803 from yellow fever, after her death Simón decided he would never marry again. Simón received education in Spain. He moved there around the age of nine, when both of his parents died when he was very young. He also had...
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...Review Sheet for Final Exam in GM 4640 – RBE: Latin America Format for the Final Exam: The format will be a two-hour in-class exam. You will have an essay (60% of the exam score – worth 60 points) that will be identical to the midterm. It will be closed-note, closed book exercise during the two-hour exam. You will also have 20 multiple choice questions (40% of the exam score – worth 2 points each, for a total of 40 points). As with the midterm, the essay will provide a hypothetical scenario of a company that is considering making an investment in a Latin American country. (You will not know the industry of this hypothetical company until the exam.) You will be asked to assess any TWO of the countries that we have covered since the midterm: Mexico, Costa Rica, Chile, Peru, Venezuela, and/or Colombia. The format will be identical to what you saw in the midterm, as follows: a) provide an assessment of prospects for the continuation and sustainability of market-oriented economic reforms in [ANY TWO COUNTRIES OF THE LIST COVERED SINCE THE MIDTERM]. (NOTE: In your answer, you should use the Packenham Model as a framework for your analysis. Don't just summarize Packenham, however; USE the model to assess prospects for specific current and future market-oriented economic reforms in both countries. Also, make reference to lectures/other readings, where relevant.) [MAKE SURE TO DISCUSS BOTH COUNTRIES FULLY.] AND b) discuss any other factors that might...
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...La Violencia in Colombia Author(s): Norman A. Bailey Source: Journal of Inter-American Studies, Vol. 9, No. 4 (Oct., 1967), pp. 561-575 Published by: Center for Latin American Studies at the University of Miami Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/164860 Accessed: 22-04-2015 00:41 UTC Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org. Center for Latin American Studies at the University of Miami is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Journal of Inter-American Studies. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 142.103.160.110 on Wed, 22 Apr 2015 00:41:27 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions A. NORMAN BAILEY Department of Political Science Queens College of the City University of New York LA VIOLENCIA IN COLOMBIA* F OR THE PAST TWENTY YEARS the South American republic of Colombiahas sufferedfrom a social phenomenonof such magnitude that it has defied not only the contemporaryjargon of sociologistsand political scientistsbut even the time-honoredterminolrebellion...
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...Facts, 2010). The ships that use this water way reduce their travel time by weeks because they do not have to travel around the tip of South America. However, without decades of negotiations, this canal would not exist (The Panama Canal Negotiations, 2012). The negotiations began in 1847 when the United States entered a treaty with the country of Colombia. This treaty allowed America to use the Isthmus of Panama for shipping. The treaty also guaranteed Panama’s neutrality and gave Colombia sovereignty over the entire region (The Panama Canal Negotiations, 2012). Nothing else significant happened until the French attempted to build a canal across Panama in 1881. However, the French did not realize the problems ahead and stopped the project in just eight years. Despite the noted problems, America considered a canal there as vital to its future and therefore, took up the contract to build the canal (The Panama Canal Negotiations, 2012). Finally, in 1889 the French entered into negations to turn over the project to America. These talks were very tense as the French had already gone bankrupt in their attempts. As negotiations evolved, Americans attempted to fool the French into thinking they were considering a different plan to build an alternative canal in Nicaragua. The French, realizing what America was doing, claimed that Great Britain and Russia were also in negotiations for the rights to the Panama Canal....
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...Colombia is a country that has been ravaged by decades of civil war and has become synonymous with drug-trafficking. Since coming to power in 2002, President Alvaro Uribe has stepped up the war on left-wing rebels and Right-wing paramilitaries are engaged in a peace process. Colombia still has a lot of violence, poverty, and is the center of the world cocaine trade. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia) The Republic of Colombia, named for the explorer Christopher Columbus, is located in northwestern South America. It is bordered by Panama and the Caribbean Sea to the north, Venezuela and Brazil to the east, Peru and Ecuador to the south, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. Colombia is the fourth largest country in South America and one of the continent's most populous nations. The capital of Colombia is Bogota. Colombia has substantial oil reserves and is a major producer of gold, silver, emeralds, platinum and coal. Colombia is one of the most dangerous places in the world for journalists to work. Media workers face intimidation by drug traffickers, guerrillas and paramilitary groups. More than 120 Colombian journalists were killed in the 1990s, many for reporting on drug trafficking and corruption. Colombia has a highly stratified society where the traditionally rich families of Spanish descent have benefited from this wealth to a far greater degree than the majority, mixed-race population. This gap in social class has provided a natural cause for the left-wing insurgents...
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...history of Science, Economy, and Conservation in United States- Colombia Relations. Bogota: Universidad de los Andes, 2012. Intro. This book seeks to answer these and other questions by focusing on the study in perception of Colombian birds from the late 19th century through the first half of the 20th century, as a pretext to analyze social, scientific and environmental relations between the United States and Colombia. Understanding how ornithologists and collectors formed bird collections reveal s a rich story of international scientific relations and power structure throughout the 19th and 20th century. Reconstructing the story of Colombian birds allows the author to build a history that not only analyzes the early and complex scientific relations between the United States and Colombia, but also takes into account the importance of North America's growing influence over Latin America as well as Colombia's changing economic, cultural and social history to understand different perception of the natural world in both countries. For a North American, the study of birds brought forth a natural world where US imperialist intentions over Latin America were entirely legitimized. For Colombian naturalists, the study of birds offered another way to promote relations with the United States and incorporated Colombia into the international arena of science. At the same time, a toucan in 1940 had a different meaning to a North American, who in the midst of Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s Good Neighbor...
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