...The Effects of Emotion, Imagery and Negative Feelings on Memory Retrieval My Memory Here I was, at the 2013 U.S. Synchronized Figure Skating Championships, standing in the well-known “kiss and cry” area with my team. We just skated our second program of the competition, the long program, and it felt absolutely incredible. I remember completing each element and taking a deep breath of relief each time knowing we made it through another section of our program without a fall. Our team’s goal this season was a pewter medal, 4th place, and we were moments away from achieving it. The short program, which we skated the night before, was also incredible and it gave us close to a four point lead ahead of the team behind us. All we needed to do was get our scores and celebrate. I remember the image of the stands where our organization’s younger team and our parents stood, cheering and going crazy and waiting for our scores as well. Brooke and Alexis had those silly Shamu whale costumes on in honor of our music to a song from one of the SeaWorld shows. They started doing that silly Shamu hand signal and the rest of our cheering section did it too. I held the hands of two of my teammates, one of them my sister, tighter than I’ve held anything in my life. We stood there, anxious, staring at the screen hanging above the crowd, waiting and waiting for the announcer to come on and our scores to appear. They showed recaps of some of our best moves we performed just a few minutes ago and...
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...Creating False Memories Fall 2011 Creating False Memories This experiment was unique and presented insight into creating false memories by using influence of suggestion. There has been various articles and research done on memories and whether or not a person’s memories can be considered credible. It is thought that memories can be altered by a person’s past events. As I seen from this experiment, memories can be altered just by simple suggestion. I practiced this experiment on my wife and seven children. Every person circled the word “snow” no matter what list they studied from. I considered the possibility that their thoughts were about the weather due to the rain and cold temperatures from that day. I decided to wait a few days before trying the experiment on the actual volunteers, eager for improved weather conditions. Our local church was having a meeting with many of its members. I waited for the meeting to finish and asked if four people would be willing to volunteer to participate in a research project. I asked the four volunteers to have a seat and patiently to do this experiment one person at a time. I brought the first volunteer into a separate room and explained the consent form and informed them that this was a simple memory test and there would be no harm to them, however there may be some slight deception. I also expressed their answers and identity will remain confident. The volunteers were informed the experiment would only take about five minutes...
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...Samuel Pierre III Professor Inman English 102-203 Essay #2 Analysis of an Essay Axe: It Cleans Us Up and Helps Us Remember So We Can Forget Again The commercials for the popular line of Axe body sprays are entertaining, to say the least. With just a few sprays of this female attractant in a can, women no longer have control of themselves, they are hungry and you’re for dinner. Now there’s a new line of shower gels for the guy who women can’t resist. It makes sense because, dealing with the countless hordes of women does tend to make one sweaty. So the creators of Axe have created a product that the modern day chick magnet can’t do without. The extended uncut ad has a guy waking up face down on his front lawn. He then proceeds to groggily get up and hit the shower, seemingly not remembering a thing about the night before. And then, all of a sudden, after using Axe Shower Gel, he has a flashback to a pool party. After waking from the pool party, he heads to the shower, gets cleaned up and is ready for more excitement. This time around, he ends up at what looks like a wanna be honky tonk, where of course the hottest girl in the place has her eye on him alone. They proceed to get away in either a motel room or her place, and end up doing what any young guy and girl do when alone in a room. Which is try on these huge animal heads one after another, and then act out certain scenarios such as whoever had the horse head on...
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...Amnesia is a defect in memory caused by brain damage, disease, or psychological trauma. Amnesia can also be caused temporarily by the use of various sedatives and hypnotic drugs. The memory can be either wholly or partially lost due to the extent of damage that was caused. There are two main types of amnesia: retrograde amnesia and anterograde amnesia. Retrograde amnesia is the inability to retrieve information that was acquired before a particular date, usually the date of an accident or operation. In some cases the memory loss can extend back decades, while in others the person may lose only a few months of memory. Anterograde amnesia is the inability to transfer new information from the short-term storage into the long-term storage. People with this type of amnesia cannot remember things for long periods of time. These two types are not mutually exclusive. Both can occur within a patient at one time. Research has shown that when areas of the diencephalon are damaged, amnesia can occur. Recent studies have also shown a correlation between deficiency of RbAp48 protein and memory loss. Scientists were able to find that mice with damaged memory have a lower level of RbAp48 protein compared to normal, healthy mice. In people suffering with amnesia, the ability to recall immediate information is still retained, and they may still be able to form new memories. However, a severe reduction in the ability to learn new material and retrieve old information can be observed. Many...
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...First, Scott Fraser recounts the case of 17-year-old Francisco Carrillo, who was wrongfully convicted of a crime he never committed. Carrillo was convicted of the murder of Donald Sarpy and sentenced to two life sentences after being identified by six teenagers, one the son of the victim, as the culprit. Fraser is a forensic neurophysiologist who has experience in eyewitness memory identification testimonies and the nature of night vision. He was perfectly tailored to explain why it was impossible for the teens to have clearly seen who was driving the car that shot the father mostly due to the lighting outside and inside the criminals' vehicle. Moreover, in class we discussed the fallibility and malleability of memory. At any given moment, we only pick up bits and pieces of what's going on around us. These pieces of information from our senses goes into our short-term then long-term memory if properly encoded. Based off the evidence Fraser brought up, it was incredibly unlikely that the teenagers would even be able to see to encode and correctly identify the shooter. Some of them might have not even been looking at the car beforehand to describe it because they were absent-minded, or focused on something else. Also, the lighting made visibility low. The teens and the reenactors of the scene would only be able to see less than 18 inches in front of them, which is the depth of field. With this is mind, the teenagers who testified against Carrillo didn't have exceptionally poor...
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...In a similar study, Tekcan and Peynircioglu (2002) conducted an experiment examining the differences in the encoding and rehearsal of flashbulb memories in elderly and young people. Data were collected from 47 elderly participants (28 women and 19 men, age range 64-90) and 59 young participants (35 women and 24 men, age range 18-25) from a university. All participants began with an individual interview, then the younger participants were given only the questionnaire about the death of Turgut Ozal, a Turkish leader and the elderly participants were given three questionnaires about three major events. The experimenters measured the differences in flashbulb memories for young and old participants, and also the differences in remote events as opposed to recent events for elderly participants. The results showed that for recent event, younger participants encoded flashbulb memories more than the group of elderly participants. Results also displayed that elderly participants could retain a flashbulb memory for more than 50 years. Tekcan and Peynircioglu (2002) stated these findings could be due to the individual personal importance that an event can have on a person and the motivation to remember such events. In my judgement, this study was constructed well and is generalizable to the population because of the events used. Although, I think stronger situations, like being in the midst of a war, could display clearer results. Bernsten and Thomsen (2005) conducted a study during...
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...Elizabeth Loftus: Biography and False Memoires Psy/310 When looking at the field of psychology, we will learn about males who have contributed to the growth of psychology. Some examples of men we study in beginners psychology are E.G Boring, Robert I. Watson and of course Sigmund Freud. There is little mention of females who have contributed to psychology. Why is it that females are not really mentioned in the history of psychology? Females have contributed to the growth of psychology just as men have. A woman that has spent her whole life trying to understand memory is Elizabeth Loftus. We will begin with a short biography and also touch on how she has helped psychology to grow. Elizabeth Loftus was born Elizabeth Fishman on October 16, 1944 to Sidney and Rebecca Fishman in Los Angeles, California (Born, 1997). She was raised in Bel Air with both her parents. Then in 1959 her mother passed away, she had drowned in a swimming pool when Loftus was only 14 years old. Loftus wanted to be a high school math teacher, but after attending a psychology class at UCLA she changed her mind. She continued in school to receive her Bachelors in 1966 in math and psychology. She met Geoffrey Loftus in 1968 while attending graduate school at Stanford, and married him. While attending Stanford she was introduced to the study of long term memory and was very interested in this subject. Loftus got her Masters in 1967. She continued her education at Stanford and got her Ph...
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...usually involves a gradual and permanent decline in cognitive functioning. Dementia unlike Delirium is permanent and get worse over time Dementia is loss of memory. Memory impairment usually increases as dementia worsens over time: in the early stages of dementia, a person might not remember events from the last year, but in the later stages he or she might not recall what happened during the last 10 years (Hansell & Damour, 2008). Amnesia is a disorder where a person cannot remember what happened before the event that caused amnesia. A person that gets amnesia can have trouble learning new things as well. In contrast to dementia and delirium, organic amnesia involves memory impairment that occurs in the absence of other cognitive impairments (Hansell & Damour, 2008). Delirium and Dementia happens at an older age unless the individual has had mental disorder. Delirium can also occur in young children that have extremely high fevers certain medical illnesses, or other brain-altering conditions (Hansell & Damour, 2008). Amnesia can happen at any age is the individual has had some serious head trauma of any kind. Delirium and Dementia mainly affect women because more women out live men (Hansell & Damour,...
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...Following the recent sensation of using therapy to recover memories from one’s past, there is increasing concern over whether or not these “recovered” memories are indeed genuine. While certain memory recovering procedures appear to be designed to help a patient relax and serve to draw out old memories, often times, patients can be so eager to recover some memory from their past that they in fact create a false illusion in their head of an event in order to help better explain an unknown part of their past. Just because an event described appears and sounds genuine, does not mean that the event has actually occurred. While the patient can be the cause for creating a false memory so too can the therapist. Suggestive influences are likely to enhance the plausibility of a memory in the mind of a patient. It is easy to be lead to a conclusion by someone who you’re trusting to help you find answers. Suggestive procedures play a role in outcomes for other experiments and it is no different when conducting experiments about false memories. Persuasive information from the media can also play a role in the minds of people, as they all believe that if they’re hearing or reading about recovered memories on the television or radio than it is possible they might have some as well. Another concern about the validity of recovered memories is the potential of false testimony from patients, as they may not want to share what actually happened. This would likely stem from some sort of traumatic...
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...Biology Article Isaac Ayers Professor Carol Hoban SCI115012VA016-1136-001 Introduction to Biology August 2, 2013 * The title of the article that I have chosen for this assignment is “The Era of Memory Engineering Has Arrived”. The article begins by explaining a basic plot of a sci-fi movie in which the main character has had his memories altered by scientists using electrode caps. The article then goes into detail about how a new set of experiments, led by MIT neuroscientists Steve Ramirez and Xu Liu in Susumu Tonegawa’s lab, shows that by using a stunning set of molecular neuroscience techniques. Scientists have captured specific memories in mice, altered them, and shown that the mice behave in accord with these new, false, implanted memories. The scientists needed a way of labeling neurons that were active during a specific experience, and a switch to make them work. It has been found that by using by using the molecule Channelrhodopsin, in already genetically modified mice. Scientists could see recent events that had been recorded to specific brain cells in those mice (Castro 2013). The article then states how with the use of doxycycline, the scientists were able to turn off the labeling or recording process of the experiment. This is important because the scientists were able to label memories in specific times and places. Once the scientists had labeled a memory to the mice, and were able to re-awaken that memory by using light that was shone...
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...Lashionda King Patient K.C. PY3150 ITT Technical Institute Patient K.C. was born in 1951 as the oldest of five children and grew up in the suburbs of Toronto, Canada. After attending a community college to study business administration he obtained a job at a manufacturing plant, which he held until the time of his motorcycle accident. In October 1981, K.C. was involved in a single-vehicle accident on his way home from his job at a manufacturing plant when the motorcycle he was riding veered off of an exit ramp. He suffered a traumatic brain injury. Upon arrival at a hospital, K.C. was experiencing clonic seizure and was unconscious. Surgery to remove a left-side subdural hematoma was successful. After a few days in the hospital, K.C. was able to respond to simple commands. After one week he was able to recognize his mother. A follow up CT scan revealed a chronic bilateral frontal subdural hematoma, enlarged ventricles and sulci, and left occipital lobe infarction As a result of his neurological damage, K.C. suffered severe cognitive deficits that hindered his ability to form new episodic memories. Both his semantic memory and noetic consciousness remained unimpaired. The research conducted on K.C. has shown that he is able to recall factual information that he learned prior to his accident, such as his ability to know the difference between stalactites and stalagmites. However, he is unable to remember emotional details of events from his past such as his brother’s death...
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...Draft Hoerl Vs Craver It seems to me that Christoph Hoerl and Carl Craver are taking two sides to the same side of the fence. Carl Craver and Christoph Hoerl are concerned with the nature of temporal orientation in the sense of a being’s ability to tie its identity to its past, present, and future. Concerned with a more stringent set of criteria for what constitutes a sense of time, Hoerl claims that people who lack an episodic memory cannot grasp a sense of time in a way that more “normal” individuals can. Craver, accepts that amnesiac individuals may lack an episodic memory, but sets out to systematically refute the notion of this type of memory as a requirement for being an agent. I believe that the definition for episodic memory is far less constraining than either of these two philosophers are willing to give. I suggest that on an individual level, time and memory are interdependent and only if memory is completely nonexistent, will a person be relieved of their identification as an agent. Given this, Craver’s defense of amnesiac persons hold true, and further, these people indeed do hold a sense of time. Craver takes several angles from which to refute the absence of agency in amnesiacs. First Craver takes Locke’s diachronic view of identity and discusses the requirements for what constitutes a memory. These are: a) The person has an apparent memory of an experience, b) The content of the apparent memory is identical (or very similar) to the past experience ...
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...Memory is one of the most important attributes that we as humans have access to. Memory involves the power to store experiences and bring them forward into the field of consciousness. However remembering issues as memories that are completely false is known as false memory syndrome (FMS). False memory syndrome can occur when you experience a traumatic or life changing event and you can’t recall the memories you experienced from that day properly but are strongly convinced that they happened to you. most people tend to recall memories not as exact as they happened because of events that occurred prior and preceding it that can alter the way we remember how they happened. However False memories are complete made up experiences that never took...
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...Henry Molaison—who was publicly known as only H.M. prior to his death—was a young man who suffered terribly from debilitating epilepsy—a chronic neurological condition characterized by recurrent, unprovoked seizures. Having exhausted all known forms of treatment at the time, H.M. underwent a radical and highly experimental procedure, in which his doctors removed most of his hippocampus bilaterally. H.M.’s epileptic symptoms improved dramatically, but the surgery left him with a devastating memory impairment, as he lost his ability to form new memories—a condition known as anterograde amnesia. In most cases of anterograde amnesia, the patients’ declarative or explicit memory—which refers to memories that can be consciously recalled, such as facts and events—is damaged, while their non-declarative or implicit memory—which refers to learned skills and reactions that are typically retrieved unconsciously, such as writing or riding a bike—remains unaffected. In the 2000 noir film...
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...Scopolamine/Burundanga Scopolamine (Burundanga) is one of the most dangerous drug in the world. Scopolamine is a kind of powder that is obtained from a tree called El Borrachero which translates as the drunken binge. On this tree grows beautiful flowers in which owes its English name as “Angel’s Trumpet”. This plant grows in Colombia, Ecuador and Venezuela but it is only used by the criminal element in Colombia. Scopolamine produces psychoactive effects in humans. Steve Beyer’s blog “Singing to the Plants”. He states “under the influence you remain lucid and articulate yet absolutely compliant to any suggestion. When you are awaken you have no recollection of what has happened.” This basically means that people who are under the influence are generally “Human Puppets”. This drug is considered a “date-rape drug” as criminals are the ones to use this drug against their victims so that they can manipulate them into doing whatever it is that they want. The person who is under the influence have a lot of side effects such as drowsiness, dizziness, disorientation, memory disturbance, hallucinations, paranoia, confusion, dry mouth, restlessness, blurred vision, dilated pupils, dry or itchy eyes, flushing, fast heartbeats and the eager to help out the criminal. Scopolamine affects the memory and makes people more passive. Scopolamine competes with our acetylcholine which is a brain chemical. Memories work through this chemical. Acetylcholine is a compound that occurs throughout...
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