...short-term loans and short-term liabilities as reflected on the right hand side of the Oil company balance sheet. Financial Structure is different from capital structure in the sense that it also includes current liabilities. Therefore, financial structure is the combination of two main components 1) Capital structure and 2) Current liabilities. To provide an understanding of the concept of financial structure in Oil sector specifically capital structure of Padma Oil Company Limited, the balance sheet, debt and equity, working capital, cost of capital and opportunity cost are need to be explained. The capital structure is how an Oil company finances its overall operations and growth by using different sources of funds. It is a mix of a company’s long-term debt, specific short-term debt, common equity and preferred equity. Debt comes in the form of bond issues or long-term notes payable, while equity is classified as common stock, preferred stock or retained earnings. Short-term debt such as working capital requirements is also considered part of the capital structure. Working capital is defined as the difference between current assets and current liabilities. Current assets are the most liquid of Oil company assets, meaning they are cash or can be quickly converted to cash. Current liabilities are any obligations due within one year. Working capital measures what is leftover once the company subtracts its current liabilities from its current assets, and...
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...Harvard Business School 9-200-069 Rev. May 3, 2001 Debt Policy at UST Inc. In December 1998, UST Inc.’s board of directors approved a plan to borrow up to $1 billion over five years to accelerate its stock buyback program.1 For UST Inc., the leading producer of moist smokeless tobacco products and a company widely known for its conservative debt policy and high dividend payout (uninterrupted cash dividends since 1912), this announcement generated considerable attention on Wall Street. Investors eagerly awaited the subsequent actions of Vincent Gierer, Jr., UST’s Chairman and CEO. In 1997, UST had suspended its stock repurchase program, approved in 1996, because of legislative and legal issues confronting the tobacco industry.2 In November 1998, the company signed the Smokeless Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement resolving its potential state Medicaid liability and reinstated its repurchase program.3 Management believed that this agreement represented significant progress with respect to the legal and legislative matters confronting the company, permitting UST to proceed with its business strategy and potential recapitalization. The Smokeless Tobacco Market The U.S. smokeless tobacco industry generated $2 billion of retail revenue in 1998 with approximately 5 million consumers of moist smokeless tobacco and 7 million consumers of chewing tobacco including loose leaf, twist, plug and dry. Moist smokeless tobacco consumption approximated 50% of the total...
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...Harvard Business School 9-200-069 Rev. May 3, 2001 Debt Policy at UST Inc. In December 1998, UST Inc.’s board of directors approved a plan to borrow up to $1 billion over five years to accelerate its stock buyback program.1 For UST Inc., the leading producer of moist smokeless tobacco products and a company widely known for its conservative debt policy and high dividend payout (uninterrupted cash dividends since 1912), this announcement generated considerable attention on Wall Street. Investors eagerly awaited the subsequent actions of Vincent Gierer, Jr., UST’s Chairman and CEO. In 1997, UST had suspended its stock repurchase program, approved in 1996, because of legislative and legal issues confronting the tobacco industry.2 In November 1998, the company signed the Smokeless Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement resolving its potential state Medicaid liability and reinstated its repurchase program.3 Management believed that this agreement represented significant progress with respect to the legal and legislative matters confronting the company, permitting UST to proceed with its business strategy and potential recapitalization. The Smokeless Tobacco Market The U.S. smokeless tobacco industry generated $2 billion of retail revenue in 1998 with approximately 5 million consumers of moist smokeless tobacco and 7 million consumers of chewing tobacco including loose leaf, twist, plug and dry. Moist smokeless tobacco consumption approximated 50% of the total...
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...Cost of Capital Introduction This paper examines key elements of a cost of capital policy to facilitate objective management and allocation of corporate funds. In order for a company to make long-term investments to grow, whether that is new equipment, new products or other assets, managers must be aware of the cost of acquiring any of these assets. The obvious objective for these managers is to earn more than the cost of capital and in doing so will increase their company’s market value. If they fail to adequately estimate their cost of capital and their long-term investments fall beneath the cost of capital, their company’s market value will decline as a result. This ongoing battle of managing and calculating the cost of capital and how to budget them accordingly is extremely important in providing the necessary goals of increasing value to their company’s stockholders. The information that managers use will ultimately dictate the outcomes of their company’s cost of capital policy and how the allocate corporate funds. This paper will highlight several processes and elements managers use in determining capital cost. Functions for Decision Making When corporate managers think about the cost of capital and cost allocation, there are several factors that must be analyzed and weighed. First, managers need to look at the general economic condition for their industry as well as overall market. These would include the demand and supply of capital within the economy, and any...
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...BFZ5959 The Report on Rio Tinto Limited By YANG Jie (Jake) Student ID: 27315541 Abstract: The report focused on financial performance of Rio Tinto Limited during 2006-2015. The report graphed the share price, market capitalization, earnings per share and debt structure and interpreted the figures respectively. The dividend policies and buybacks are also investigated and shown in the report. The report suggested though Rio Tinto Limited was in a hard time, its prospective was still positive. In order to develop better, the report argued Rio Tinto Limited maintained its good features and did some necessary change at the same time. Abstract 1 1. Introduction 3 2. Share Price 3 3. Market Capitalization 4 4. Earnings per Share 5 5. Debt Structure 6 6. Dividend Policy and Buybacks 8 7. Conclusion 9 References 10 1. Introduction Rio Tinto Limited, a large Australian company, was selected as targeted company. Rio Tinto Limited is involved in the mining, exploration, smelting, refining and selling of minerals; the manufacturing of metal and non-metal products; and the provision of professional services. The report investigated the share price, market capitalization, earnings per share, debt structure, dividend policy and buybacks during 2006-2015. After investigation, the report got some conclusion and tried to give some suggestions. 2. Share Price Figure 1: Share Price Source: OSIRIS database The share price of Rio Tinto Limited during 2006-2015 was shown in Figure 1....
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...government operations like taxation, public expenditures and borrowing, resource allocation, revenue administration, auditing and intergovernmental relations. As Briones (1996) puts it, “public fiscal administration embraces the formulation, implementation, and evaluation of policies and decisions on taxation and revenue administration; resource allocation, budgeting, and public expenditure; public borrowing and debt management; and accounting and auditing.” Through the years, many researches were devoted on these topics and issues; the government has also introduced reforms like reforms in tax administration, value added tax (VAT), expanded value added tax (E-VAT), procurement reforms, the medium-term expenditure framework (MTEF), accounting reforms, re-engineering the bureaucracy program (REBP), transforming local finance, and many others. Fiscal policy refers to the "measures employed by governments to stabilize the economy, specifically by manipulating the levels and allocations of taxes and government expenditures. Fiscal measures are frequently used in tandem with monetary policy to achieve certain goals."[1] In the Philippines, this is characterized by continuous and increasing levels of debt and budget deficits, though there have been improvements in the last few years.[2] The Philippine government’s main source of revenue are taxes, with some non-tax revenue also being...
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..._____ _______ Case Study corporate finance Case 28 – An Introduction to Debt Policy and Value Case 30 – MCI Communications, Corp.: Capital Structure Theory ____________________________________________________________ _______ Table of Contents Case 28 - An Introduction to Debt Policy and Value 3 Effects of Debt on the Value of the Firm 3 Split of Value between Creditors and Shareholders 4 Source of Value Creation 4 Effects on Value per Share 5 The Benefits of Leveraging for the Shareholders 6 The Macroeconomic Benefit of Debts 7 Koppers Company, Inc. 7 Case 30 – MCI Communications, Corp.: Capital Structure Theory 9 Introduction 9 Cost of Capital 9 Costs of Equity 9 Cost of Debt 10 WACC 10 Scenario Analysis 11 Leverage and Risk – Coverage Ratio 11 Leverage and Earnings – Earnings per Share 12 The Creditor’s Reaction 14 Impact on Financial Flexibility 15 Summary and Concluding Remarks 16 Literature 17 Case 28 - An Introduction to Debt Policy and Value The following case is about the management of the corporate capital structure. In this context, we deal particularly with the questions on debt policy and value. Effects of Debt on the Value of the Firm Borrowing for itself does not create any value. However, borrowing might influence the capital structure of a firm in a way that changes the weighted average costs of capital (WACC) which consequently has effects to the value of the firm, too. However, in reality whether this statement is...
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...EFB 360 Finance Capstone Case Study 2 Distribution to shareholder: Dividends and Repurchase The case of Gainesboro Machine Tool Corporation Abstract 1 Introduction 1 Dividend Irrelevance Proposition 1 Financial Flexibility 2 Agency Theory 2 Signalling Theory 3 Clientele Effects 4 The Optimal Payout Ratio 5 Share Repurchase 7 Conclusion 8 References 10 Appendices 13 Appendix 1: Detailed Calculation of Unused Debt Capacity (0%, 20%, 40% and residual payout) 13 Appendix 2: Residual Payout Calculations 15 Appendix 3: Sensitivity Analysis for Optimal Payout Ratio 16 Appendix 3.1 Debt/ Equity Ratio of 13% and 18% Annual Sales Growth 17 Abstract This paper reviews current literature to explore the financial effects of payout policy on signalling and clientele effects, as well as the financial implications of dividend and share repurchase decisions. Possible reactions that Gainesboro’s various capital providers may have to different payout policies are also examined, to determine an optimal payout policy for Gainesboro, taking into account contextual factors mentioned in the case. Findings suggest that although a 20% payout ratio is feasible, Gainesboro will most benefit from share repurchasing this quarter. Introduction Gainesboro Machine Tool Corporation has a tradition of strong earnings and predictable growth. However since 2000, dividends have started to outgrow earnings. By the first half of 2005, they have not declared dividends yet but...
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...-01- 15-036) Farzina Sulvia (ID: Fin -01- 15-054) MPF Program, Department of Finance University of Dhaka Date: 03 June 2016 Table of Contents Chapter 01: Introduction 5 1.1 Introduction 5 1.2 Objective 5 1.3 Methodology 5 1.4 Limitation 5 Chapter 02: Brief Company Overview 6 2.1. Beximco Pharmaceuticals Ltd 6 2.2. Square Pharmaceuticals Ltd 7 Chapter 03: Capital Structure 8 3.1. What is a 'Capital Structure' 8 3.2. BREAKING DOWN 'Capital Structure' 8 3.3. Corporate Finance - Factors that Influence a Company's Capital-Structure Decision 8 3.4. Study on the Debt Equity Ratio Analysis 10 3.5. Observation: 11 Chapter 04: Dividend Policy & Dividend Payout 13 4.1. Dividend theories 13 4.2. Dividend Policy: 14 4.3. Dividend Policy of Beximco & Squar Pharma 15 4.4. Dividend Payout Ratio: 16 4.5. Analysis on Dividend Payout Ratio and its impact on average share price in the long run 19 Chapter 05: Effect of Dividend Declaration & Dividend Payment on Share price 20 5.1. Beximco Pharmaceuticals Ltd 20 5.2. Square Pharmaceuticals Ltd 22 Chapter 06: Merger 24 6.1. The Main Idea of Merger 24 6.2. Amalgamation of Beximco Infusion Ltd with Beximco Pharmaceuticals Ltd 26 Chapter 07: Conclusion 29 Bibliography 30 Chapter 01: Introduction 1.1 Introduction The pharmaceutical industry in Bangladesh is one of the most developed technology sectors within Bangladesh....
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...Corporate Finance Basics Topics 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) Capital Budgeting Cost of Capital Measures of Leverage Dividends and Share Repurchases Working Capital Management Financial Statement Analysis Capital Budgeting Introduction The Capital Budgeting Process is the process of identifying and evaluating capital projects, i.e., projects where the cash flow to the firm will be received over a period longer than a year. Capital budgeting usually involves the calculation of each project’s future accounting profit by period, the cash flow by period, the present value of the cash flows after considering the time value of money, the number of years it takes for a project’s cash flow to pay back the initial cash investment, an assessment of risk, and other factors. 5 Key Principles of Capital Budgeting 1) Decisions are based on cash flows, not accounting income (Incremental cash flows are to be considered, not sunk costs) 2) Cash flows are based on opportunity costs 3) The timing of cash flows is important 4) Cash flows are analyzed on an after-tax basis 5) Financing costs are reflected in the project’s required rate of return Net Present Value (NPV) The NPV is the sum of present values of all expected incremental cash flows if a project is undertaken. The discount rate used is the firm’s cost of capital. For a normal project with an initial cash outflow, flowed by a series of cash inflows (after tax), the NPV is given by:- For independent projects, the NPV decision rule is to...
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...E. BUSINESS FINANCE 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Sources of, and raising short-term finance Sources of, and raising long-term finance Internal sources of finance and dividend policy Gearing and capital structure considerations Finance for small and medium-size entities Sources of, and raising short-term finance What are the sources of short-term finance available to businesses? Overdrafts Short-term loans Trade credit Lease finance What are short-term finances usually needed for? Short-term finance is usually needed for businesses to run their day-to-day operations including payment of wages to employees and inventory. What are overdrafts? Overdrafts are deficits financed by the bank it is result of payments exceeding income in the current account. Overdrafts can be arranged relatively quickly, and are flexible with regard to the amount borrowed at any time, and interest is only paid when the account is overdrawn. Overdrafts are set a limit that should not be exceeded. The purpose of an overdraft generally should be to cover short-term deficits. Repayment is technically on demand and security depends on the size of the facility. What is a Solid Core (hard core) overdraft? A solid core (hard core) overdraft is when a business customer has an overdraft facility, and the account is always in overdraft. If the hard core element of the overdraft appears to be becoming a long-term feature of the business, the bank might wish to convert the hard core of the overdraft into a loan, thus...
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...The 14 essays convey many interesting ideas. I am very impressed by some analysis which gives very technical and detailed description. These works have shown that you have great potential to go further, either to a comprehensive report for practical consultancy or to deepen the knowledge for academic research. However, there are some problems that I must mention for your future work. • Lack of theoretical foundations: Some reports just filled the paper with lots of facts, figures and data. The question follows is often “and so what?” The report will be more scientific based if you provide some explanations linking to the theories and interpretations we learned in the class. Present your shining points first: Many reports just give the introduction as a general description of the background of the selected companies. However, a more important part expected in these reports is your research questions and key points of analysis. If you don’t highlight the shining points from the beginning, you make your report less worthy of further reading. Coordination problem: I found some reports give strongly contradict results. I understand that you just share the task among the team members. But at least you must have something complete and logically right. Avoid using abbreviations for words that are less frequently used (eg. ADS, ROI, OTC…). If you insist to use, please write the full words for the first time you employ them. Reference of data: Some reports provides lots of data without mentioning...
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...This paper provides a theory on the effect of financial structure of the firm on market valuations. In other words, does capital structure influence value of the firm? I believe the introduction of the paper gives an important explanation of how Modigliani has reached his theorem, because his main goal was to correct the drawbacks of other theories. To understand the importance of such a theory, I considered adding these other theories as an introduction of this summary. The cost of capital to the owners of a firm is simply the rate of interest in bonds; this has derived the proposition that the firm, acting rationally, will tend to push investment to the point where the marginal yield on physical assets is equal to the market rate of interest. This proposition follows from either of two criteria of rational decision-making: (1) the maximization of profits, and (2) the maximization of market value. Under either formulation, the cost of capital is equal to the rate of interest on bonds. These have equivalent implications under certainty (Certainty Equivalent Approach) but not under uncertainty. The attempt of allowing uncertainty takes the form of superimposing on the results of the certainty analysis the notion of a risk discount to be subtracted from the expected yield. No satisfactory explanation has yet been provided as to what determines the size of the risk discount and how it varies in response to changes in other variables. The profit maximization criterion, under the...
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...University Table of Contents Introduction 3 Types of Monetary Policies 4 Different monetary terms that were used and are still used 4 Federal Reserve System and concerned problems 6 The problems with the system 7 Conclusions 8 References 10 Introduction The U.S. Government provides money in a country's economy with the help of a set of institutions known as monetary system. To facilitate international trade, global investment and generally the reallocation of capital between nation states the term international monetary system came into existence. Which help buyers and sellers to communicate more effectively by providing the acceptable means of payment. Now getting towards US monetary system, the United States dollar used to be backed by gold, but in 1971 the US officially withdrew its promise to convert dollars into gold. The US dollar is now considered fiat money because the value of the dollar is derived from legal tender laws that require people to accept dollars as payments of debt. There is no physical limit regarding the amount of unbacked dollars that can be created, because of which there is very little preventing inflation of the US money supply. The Continental Congress issued the first unified currency during the Americal Revolution, which was declared redeemable in gold and silver. Because of excessive printing of notes over metal reserves during world war, redemption became almost nil and the notes lost their value. Which forced U.S. Government...
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... Sanchit Singhal Y8442 Sulabh Boudh Y8513 INTRODUCTION Greece is currently facing a very severe crisis, with expectations of a sovereign default as Greece confronts with the second highest budget deficit, as well as the second highest debt to GDP ratio in the EU. The paper uses insights from the literature to offer an analytical treatment of the crisis in Greece. The crisis itself is very likely to be a result of: The gradual worsening of Greek macroeconomic Fundamentals over 2000-2009 to levels discrepant with other EU members. A shift in market expectations, from a scenario of credible commitment to future EU participation to a scenario of non-credible EU commitment without fiscal guarantees, respectively occurring in November 2009 and February/March 2010. The pricing by markets of a (previously nonexistent) default risk that follows the withdrawal of an implicit guarantee on Greek debt by other EMU countries (mainly Germany). Interestingly, our account of the 3 factors sparking and escalating the crisis also helps explain why prices on Greek government bonds have not recovered but continued to plummet following the announcement of the EU/IMF rescue plan. Our analysis suggests that the involvement of an external institution like the IMF in EU affairs will in all likelihood widen the market uncertainty over possible co-ordination failures between the EU and IMF policy makers and fail to stabilize market expectations on a credible...
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