...Discovery Driven Planning Proprietary Material © K.E. Homa So, what’s the problem? • When evaluating the financial attractiveness of ‘opportunities’, most companies do detailed financial projections going out 3, 5, or 10 years ... or more. • The financial projections are usually driven by ‘point estimates’ of demand (or sales) that are built on layers of assumptions and, thus, are difficult to forecast with any reasonable degree of precision. • So, the financial projections themselves – while confidence building (perhaps) – are always imprecise … and often flat-out wrong ! Discovery Driven Planning to the rescue … Classic publication: 1995 … frequent re-publication and referrals Discovery Driven Planning Basic Premises • Developing a forecast is harder than validating or refuting one (i.e. “over or under” likelihood) So, work backwards … determine how much you to have to sell to meet financial hurdles … and then ask yourself: “Can we do it ?” • Over time, learning occurs (i.e. “discovery”) and assumptions can be validated, refined, or refuted. So, start with ‘what you know’, keep a list of what you don’t know, and refine your estimates when you know more Discovery Driven Planning Basic Premises • Developing a forecast is harder than validating or refuting one (i.e. “over or under” likelihood) So, work backwards … determine how much you to have to sell to meet financial hurdles … and then ask yourself: “Can we do it ?” • Over...
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...Correlation Analysis and Regression G. Time Series Analysis H. Simulation Analysis I. Technical Analysis III. Economics A. Market Forces of Supply and Demand B. The Firm and Industry Organization C. Measuring National Income and Growth D. Business Cycles E. The Monetary System F. Inflation G. International Trade and Capital Flows H. Currency Exchange Rates I. Monetary and Fiscal Policy J. Economic Growth and Development K. Effects of Government Regulation L. Impact of Economic Factors on Investment Markets IV. Financial Reporting and Analysis A. Financial Reporting System (with an emphasis on IFRS) B. Analysis of Principal Financial Statements C. Financial Reporting Quality D. Analysis of Inventories and Long-Lived Assets E. Analysis of Taxes F. Analysis of Debt G. Analysis of Off-Balance-Sheet Assets and Liabilities H. Analysis of Pensions, Stock Compensation, and Other Employee Benefits I. Analysis of Inter-Corporate Investments J. Analysis of Business Combinations K. Analysis of Global Operations L. Ratio and Financial Analysis V. Corporate Finance A. Corporate Governance B. Capital Investment Decisions C. Business and Financial Risk D. Capital Structure Decisions E. Working Capital Management F. Dividend Policy G. Mergers and Acquisitions and Corporate Restructuring VI. Equity Investments A. Types of Equity Securities and Their Characteristics B. Equity Markets: Characteristics, Institutions, and Benchmarks C. Fundamental Analysis (Sector...
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...Investment Report Jane & Douglas Breighton Investment Report Jane & Douglas Breighton Best Choice Investment Solutions | FINM3008 Best Choice Investment Solutions | FINM3008 Minggang Gu|u5108473 Kejie Wang|u5133766 Tutorial Thursday 4pm Suggested Asset Allocation Breighton Holdings 14% Australian Equities 0% World Equities, Unhedged 0% World Equities, Hedged 11% Emerging Markets 13% EQUITIES 38% Australian Fixed Income 13% World Fixed Income, Hedged 19% Australian Index-Linked Bonds 0% Australian Cash 1% FIXED INCOME 33% Australian Listed Property 8% Australian Direct Property 9% PROPERTY 17% Hedge Funds 9% Commodities 1% US Private Equity 2% ALTERNATIVES 12% TOTAL 100% Contents Some critical assumption……………………………2 Asset Class Considerations………………………….2 Equities…………………………………………………..2 Fixed Income………………………………………….3 Alternatives and Property………………………4 Analysis Mothod………………………………………….5 Historical 3 Year Rolling Returns…………….5 Bootstrap Analysis………………………………….5 Mean-Variance Optimizer……………………..6 Results…………………………………………………………7 Final Recommendation……………………………….8 Building a Concrete Portfolio for Jane and Douglas Breighton………………………………….8 Appendices………………………………………………….9 References………………………………………………..13 Minggang Gu|u5108473 Kejie Wang|u5133766 Tutorial...
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...Ratio Formula Current Assets Current Liabilities Short term Investments Current Receivables Current Liabilities Net sales Average accounts receivable Cost of goods sold Average inventory 365 365 Net Sales Average total assets Total liabilities Total assets Total equity Total assets Total liabilities Total equity Income before interest expense and income taxes Interest Expense Net Income Net Sales Cost of goods sold Net Sales Net Income Average total assets Net income Preferred dividents Average common stockholders equity Net Sales Measure of Short‐term debt‐paying ability (2:1 guideline) Immediate short‐term debt‐paying ability (1:1 guideline) Efficiency of collection (bigger is better) Efficiency of inventory management (higher is better) Liquidity of receivables (not exceeding 1 1/3 times the days Liquidity of inventory Efficiency of assets in producing sales Creditor financing and leverage (1 is all debt, .50 means half of the assets are through debt) Owner financing Debt versus equity financing Protection in meeting interest payments (large ratio means less risky to creditors) Net income in each sales dollar (10‐15% for appliance and 1% or 2% for supermarket) Gross margin in each sales dollar Overall profitability of assets Profitability of owner investment Liquidity and Efficiency Current Ratio Acid‐test ratio Accounts receivable turnover Inventory turnover Days’ sales uncollected Days’ sales in inventory ...
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...Snap Fitness Cost-Volume-Profit and Break-Even Analysis Anne, Bratcher Kim Collins, Heather Davis ACC/561 August 13, 2012 Dr. Sandra Welch Snap Fitness Even though owning a business can be costly, finding one that aligns with an individual’s ability to invest and operate is challenging. Health and fitness continues to be one of the biggest markets today. Snap Fitness is a growing franchise chain of fitness clubs that is a reasonably priced investment with relatively fast turn around on investment. Franchise History Peter Taunton founded this chain of fitness clubs in 2003 in Chanhassen, Minnesota. This fitness operation presents individuals looking for a way to own their own business in the fitness industry by offering affordable franchising opportunities. These franchise opportunities are client-friendly and can be found across the globe. Snap Fitness clubs are open 24 hours daily and seven days a week. Memberships in one of these fitness clubs give clients opportunities to fit a work out in at their convenience. Many fitness organizations require members to enter into annual contracts that can offer savings if purchasing two or more year plan. Another good feature of the fitness club allows the client to work out at any Snap Fitness facility in the United States...
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...for analyzing your company’s operations and calculating the profitability of your business. What You Should Know Before Getting Started Profitability Ratios • Gross Profit Margin • Operating Profit Margin Ratio • Net Profit Margin Ratio • Other Common Size Ratios 3 4 6 7 7 7 Break-Even Analysis • What is Break-Even Analysis? • Break-Even Analysis for Sales • Using Break-Even Analysis for Profit Planning • Break-Even Analysis for Units Sold 9 9 9 11 12 Calculating Return on Assets and Return on Investment • Return on Assets • Return on Investment 13 13 14 Checklist Resources 15 16 how to analyze profitability 3 what to expect Many entrepreneurs start their business, at least in part, because of pride of ownership and the satisfaction that comes from being their own boss. In addition, of course, you almost certainly started your business to generate profits. This Business Builder will introduce you to several methods that will help you analyze your company’s operations and compute the profitability of your business. Among the tools to which you will be introduced are profitability ratios, break-even analysis, return on assets and return on investment. Some of these concepts, and some of the vocabulary we will use to describe them, may be new to you. We’ve tried to explain the terminology and concepts as they are introduced, and where appropriate, directed you to additional sources of information. what you should know before getting started ...
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...| | | | | | | | | | | | | | TERM PAPER ON Financial analysis of L&T Info-tech [pic] SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY: Ms. Shelly Mam Rajwinder nijjar Reg no. 11002347 Roll no. B39 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I am thankful to Ms. Shelly mam who provided me with the opportunity and guided me in successful completion of my term paper. Under her valuable guidance, constant interest and encouragement, who have devoted their ever-precious time from their busy schedule and helped me in completing the term paper. Special, continual assistance while completing the term paper was provided by the friends. I wish to acknowledge my special thanks to them for their help and cooperation in order to complete this project. I am also thankful to those who have helped me intellectually in preparation of this term paper directly or indirectly. I am deeply indebted to the various sources of information from relevant sites from internet and books. TABLE OF CONTENTS |SR. NO. |PARTICULARS |PAGE NO. | | 1. |Introduction to company L&T Info-tech |4 | |2. |Balance sheet of the company |4-5 ...
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...Financial Analysis Horizontal, Vertical and Ratio analysis: HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL ANALYSIS WORKING CAPITAL ANALYSIS BALANCE SHEET: GOLDEN LAWS 1. Non-current assets should be financed by equity Equity – Non-current assets = … 2. Non-current assets should be financed bay equity + long-term liabilities Equity + long-term liabilities – non-current assets = … 3. Current assets should be financed by current liabilities Current liabilities – Current assets = … INVESTMENT RATIOS Earning per ordinary share 1. EPOS= Net income – dividends for privileged shares/number of ordinary shares Dividends per ordinary share 2. DPOS= dividends for ordinary shares / number of ordinary shares Price to earnings, x times –how much shareholders are ready to pay for 1 unit of company’s net profit; how fast shareholders can have return on their shares 3. P/E = Stock price / EPOS … LIQUIDITY RATIOS (times) 1. Current Ratio = Current assets/ current liabilities 2. Quick Ratio = (Current assets – Inventory)/ current liabilities 3. Absolute Ratio = (current assets – Inventory – accounts receivable)/ current liabilities ACTIVITY RATIOS, OPERATION CYCLE EVALUATION 1. Inventory turnover, X times, 365 days a year = COGS/ Average Inventory Average days’ inventory on hand = 365/ Inventory Turnover 2. Average Collection Period ACP = Account receivable/ average daily sales Average daily sales...
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...FNB (First Rand Bank) and Nedbank. A brief analysis of the state of the economy and the financial industry was done. Furthermore a thorough investigation and analysis was done in respect of both firms. The Discounted cash flow and relative valuation techniques are used, both of these uses quantitative information. Cumulative information will also be incorporated to answer the objective and research hypothesis in a scientific and logical way. Statement of the problem: The business problem for the purposes of the research assignment is: Will an investor buy shares in Nedbank or FNB? If an investor owns shares in Nedbank or FNB, will he keep it or rather sell it? As an investor, the primary goal is to find the investment that will give you the highest return with the lowest risk. Investors also looks for the investments that can be bought at a discount in order to deliver a higher return on sales when sold, but also to sell the investment at a premium in order to deliver a higher return on the sale of the investment. To calculate whether the investor is investing at a discount or premium or selling at a discount or premium the investor needs to determine the intrinsic value of the chosen investment and compare the calculated value with the market value. To determine the intrinsic value of an investment the investor needs to look at the discounted cash flow techniques, the DDM, and Free cash flow to equity (FCFE). An in-depth analysis includes a thorough inspection of the financial...
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...__________________________________________________________ Assets: Liabilities and S/Hs’ Equity: Mortgage Portfolio Investments Cash & Rec. & Other Other Total 253 57 3 4 317 Short-term bonds Long-term bonds Other Debt EQUITY Total 146 153 7 11 317 Question: What happens if the Mortgage Portfolio loses its value by 11 billion dollars? In other words, if the mortgage portfolio loses its value by ___________%, then FNMA will lose all its equity! Asset-Liability Management 2 A Look at FNMA’s Income Statement For the Period December 31, 1994 - December 31, 1995 (in Billion $) Interest Income: Mortgage Portfolio Investments Total Interest Expense: Short Term Long-Term Total Net Interest Income Other Income Other Expenses Income Before Taxes (In Billion $) 18 3 21 In percent 7.85 % 6.155 7.56 4 14 18 3 1 1 3 5.855 7.0575 6.7525 0.8075 Investment Spread Asset-Liability Management 3 Funds-Gap Analysis Focus is on evaluating the impact of changes in interest-rates on net interestincome. The analysis is “maturity based.” Hence, it can be considered as the worst assetliability management tool. There is one side benefit in learning the Funds-Gap Analysis. It is a nice tool to demonstrate how changes in market yields cut through the balance-sheet and affects the income statement. Specifically, for example, it can show us the source of $3 billion accounting profit FNMA reported for the year ending 1995. To undertake the analysis, the first step is to partition the balance sheet into four quadrants:...
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...MODULE - 6A Analysis of Financial Statements Cash Flow Statement Notes 30 CASH FLOW STATEMENT In the previous lesson, you have learnt various types of analysis of financial statements and its tools such as comparative statements, common size statement and trend analysis, etc. You have also learnt various kinds of accounting ratios such as liquidity, activity, profitability, solvency, etc. You have learnt that accounts are mainly maintained on accrual basis but cash also plays significant role. Cash is mainly generated for operating activities which is buying assets and discharging liabilities. Cash is also raised from the issue of shares and debentures or loans but adequate cash should be available for use in time and no cash should remain idle. For this another tool of analysis is used which is cash flow statement.. In this lesson, you will learn about cash flow statement and its methods of preparation. OBJECTIVES After studying this lesson, you will be able to : state the meaning of cash flow statement; explain objectives of cash flow statement; explain the method of preparing cash flow statement as per format; state the limitations of cash flow statement. 30.1 MEANING AND OBJECTIVES Cash plays a very important role in the economic life of a business. A firm needs cash to make payment to its suppliers, to incur day-to-day expenses and to pay salaries, wages, interest and dividends etc. In fact, what blood is to a human body, cash is to a business enterprise...
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...The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Faculty of Social Sciences Department of Management Studies M.Sc. Aviation Management AVMT 6001 – Accounting for Business Decisions AVMT 6001 – Group Project 2 Managerial Accounting - JetBlue Airways Corporation Group Members: Cherrish Bridgemohan - 807001633 Rajiv Debie - 04708006 Israel Duncan - 814004144 Kenrick Duncan - 814002425 Neil Shepherd - 814004177 Signatures: Cherrish Bridgemohan ___________________________ Rajiv Debie Israel Duncan Kenrick Duncan Neil Shepherd ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ November 16, 2014 Table of Contents I. II. Table of Abbreviations ........................................................................................................................ 5 Executive Summary............................................................................................................................ 6 III. Introduction......................................................................................................................................... 7 IV. Background – JetBlue Airways ......................................................................................................... 7 V. Management Accounting Information.............................................................................................. 8 Financial Accounting versus Management Accounting ...........................
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...Investment Applications for our 2016 Investment Graduate Programme are now open. Programme details We are looking for entrepreneurial graduates to join our Investment division. As a graduate trainee within Investment you will be required to assist Fund Managers with research into particular investment strategies, providing analysis of the drivers of future returns and an understanding of the risks associated with them. The twoyear programme will provide you comprehensive training and support together with the practical and theoretical experience to prepare you for an agile and global career within investment. As part of your training you will gain experience in some of the following areas: Equities Equities is Schroders’ largest asset class and we manage over £134.4bn* in equity assets. As part of a rotation within Equities you will be required to assist Fund Managers with researching companies within a variety of sectors and countries creating proprietary financial models and research notes. Prior to recommending a stock, you will be expected to generate independent forecasts on the key drivers of the business and present your research to the team. Your analysis and recommendations will be subject to rigorous scrutiny by senior investment professionals therefore you will enjoy early responsibility and will be rewarded by knowing you have played a key part of the investment decision making process. Data Consultants are responsible for delivering insights to our internal customers...
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...Chapter 3 Financial Analysis Discussion Questions 3-1. | If we divide users of ratios into short-term lenders, long-term lenders, and stockholders, in which ratios would each group be most interested, and for what reasons?Short-term lenders–liquidity ratios because their concern is with the firm’s ability to pay short-term obligations as they come due.Long-term lenders–leverage ratios because they are concerned with the relationship of debt to total assets. They also will examine profitability to insure that interest payments can be made.Stockholders–profitability ratios, with secondary consideration given to debt utilization, liquidity, and other ratios. Since stockholders are the ultimate owners of the firm, they are primarily concerned with profits or the return on their investment. | | | 3-2. | Explain how the Du Pont system of analysis breaks down return on assets. Also explain how it breaks down return on stockholders’ equity.The Du Pont system of analysis breaks out the return on assets between the profit margin and asset turnover. Return on Assets = Profit Margin × Asset TurnoverIn this fashion, we can assess the joint impact of profitability and asset turnover on the overall return on assets. This is a particularly useful analysis because we can determine the source of strength and weakness for a given firm. For example, a company in the capital goods industry may have a high profit margin and a low asset turnover, while a food processing firm may suffer...
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...Company sells a single product. If the selling price per unit and the variable expense per unit both increase by 10% and fixed expenses do not change, then: (Points : 5) 5. (TCO E) Rebel Company manufactures a single product and has the following cost structure: Variable costs per unit:……………. (Points : 5) 6. (TCO F) Vagon Corporation has provided data concerning the company's Manufacturing Overhead account for the month of September. Prior to the closing of the overapplied or underapplied balance to Cost of Goods Sold, the total of the debits to the Manufacturing Overhead account was $76,000 and the total of the credits to the account was $86,000. Which of the following statements is true? (Points : 5) 7. (TCO G) The net present value (NPV) method of investment project analysis assumes that the project's cash flows are reinvested at the:………… (Points : 5) 8. (TCO G) Logan Company is considering two projects, A and B. The following information has been gathered on these projects:……….Based on this information, which of the following statements is (are) true? I. Project A has the highest ranking according to the profitability index criterion. II. Project B has the highest ranking according to the net present value criterion. (Points : 5) 9. (TCO B) Variable expenses for Alpha Company are 40% of sales. What are sales at the break-even point, assuming that fixed expenses total $150,000 per year: (Points : 5) 9. (TCO F) Elliott Company uses a...
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