...resistance has been shown to be an essential pathogenic factor hypertension. UTI vs diabetes (Bacterial urinary tract infections in diabetes. 1997) Diabetes mellitus predisposes a patient to bacterial urinary tract infections due to long term effects on the genitourinary system. Bacteriuria and upper urinary tract infection complications are more common in diabetic women. Diabetic patients are more at risk for uncommon complicated UTI’s such as emphysematous pyelonephritis and emhysematous pyelitis. COPD vs CHF Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is an essential risk factor for developing cardiovascular disease, even after controlling for smoking, and is also a risk factor for cardiovascular-related morbidity and mortality. Patients with COPD are actually more likely to die of cardiovascular complications or cancer than respiratory failure. A Cardiovascular health study chronic obstructive pulmonary disease had a greater prevalence among heart failure patients than the general population. More specifically, COPD is more common in male HF patients compared with female HF patients and in urban...
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...Chronic kidney diseaseFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Chronic kidney disease Classification and external resources Uremic frost on the forehead and scalp of a young man who presented with complaints of chronic anorexia and fatigue with blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine levels of approximately 100 and 50 mg/dL respectively. ICD-10 N18 ICD-9 585.9 585.1-585.5 403 DiseasesDB 11288 MedlinePlus 000471 eMedicine article/238798 MeSH D007676 Chronic kidney disease (CKD), also known as chronic renal disease (CRD), is a progressive loss in renal function over a period of months or years. The symptoms of worsening kidney function are non-specific, and might include feeling generally unwell and experiencing a reduced appetite. Often, chronic kidney disease is diagnosed as a result of screening of people known to be at risk of kidney problems, such as those with high blood pressure or diabetes and those with a blood relative with chronic kidney disease. Chronic kidney disease may also be identified when it leads to one of its recognized complications, such as cardiovascular disease, anemia or pericarditis.[1] It is differentiated from acute kidney disease in that the reduction in kidney function must be present for over 3 months. Chronic kidney disease is identified by a blood test for creatinine. Higher levels of creatinine indicate a lower glomerular filtration rate and as a result a decreased capability of the kidneys...
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...THE CASE FOR A MODEL OF CARE Contemporary health care systems are constantly challenged to revise traditional methods of health care delivery. These challenges are multifaceted and stem from: 1. novel pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments; 2. changes in consumer demands and expectations; 3. fiscal and resource constraints; 4. changes in societal demographics in particular the ageing of society; 5. an increasing burden of chronic disease; 6. documentation of limitations in traditional health care delivery; 7. an increasing emphasis on transparency and accountability, 8. evidence based practice (EBP) and clinical governance structures; and 9. the increasing cultural diversity of the community. These challenges provoke discussion of the necessity of developing services around a model of care. What do we mean by a model of care? Ambiguity exists in the literature, with the terms, model of care, nursing model, philosophy, paradigm, framework and theory often used interchangeably, despite referring to diverse, yet parallel concepts (Tierney 1998). In their recent review of the literature, the Queensland Government (Australia) reported that they found no consistent definition of ‘model of care’ (Queensland Health 2000). They concluded that a model of care is a multidimensional concept that defines the way in which health care services are delivered (Queensland Health 2000). More specifically, Davidson and Elliott...
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...Critical Pathway: Case Study of Chronic Renal Failure Advanced Pathophysiology NURS 5104 October 4, 2013 Critical Pathway: Case Study of Chronic Renal Failure I. Introduction Mr. P. J., a 38-year-old African American male, presented to the Emergency Department by the rescue squad team, with a six day old complaint of increased swelling of the bilateral lower extremities, unusual weight gain, and a feeling of ‘I can not breathe’ per patient. Patient was sent as a direct admit to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) and placed on 2 liters NC with hydration and adult special care monitoring. Vital signs were taken by the paramedic enroute revealing the following: Ambulance Vitals: * BP 202/112 * Pulse 101 * Respirations 20 * O2 86% before O2 * Temp. 98.4 * Height 5’10 Patient stating * Weight 222 lbs. Patient stating (weighed the day before) The paramedic started a 20 gauge IV into Mr. J’s right antecubital and started him on 2 liters nasal cannula; due to the “presence of crackles no Procardia was administered” (J. Madden, personal communication, August 14, 2013). The paramedic monitored the vitals and reported to medical control the situation and estimated time of their arrival in five minutes. Mr. P. J. has been married to K for twenty years and they have one child, a twelve-year-old daughter. Mr. P. J. has worked in construction for twenty years; Mr. J stated working on his feet all day he noticed the swelling six days ago...
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...Pericarditis is an inflammation of the pericardium, which is the membranous sac that encloses the heart and great vessels. The inflammatory response causes an accumulation of leukocytes, platelets, fibrin, and fluid between the parietal and the visceral layers of the pericardial sac, thus producing a variety of symptoms, depending on the amount of fluid accumulation, how quickly it accumulates, and whether the inflammation resolves after the acute phase or becomes chronic. An acute pericardial effusion is caused by an accumulation of fluid in the pericardial sac. The fluid accumulation interferes with cardiac function by compressing the cardiac chambers. Chronic constrictive pericarditis usually begins as an acute inflammatory pericarditis and progresses over time to a chronic, constrictive form because of pericardial thickening and stiffening. The thickened, scarred pericardium becomes nondistensible and decreases diastolic filling of the cardiac chambers and cardiac output. Chronic pericardial effusion is a gradual accumulation of fluid in the pericardial sac. The pericardium is slowly stretched and can accommodate more than 1 L of fluid at a time. Between 26% and 86% of people with pericarditis have illnesses that are considered idiopathic (occurring without a known cause). Pericarditis may also be classified etiologically into three broad categories: infectious pericarditis, noninfectious pericarditis, and pericarditis presumably related to hypersensitivity or autoimmunity...
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...Sciences APRIL 2011 EXAMINATIONS LMP301H1S DURATION: 2 HOURS Examination Aids: Non-programmable calculators are allowed Version A SECTION I – MULTIPLE CHOICE (88 marks) The 44 questions are of equal value (2 marks). Select the most correct answer for each question. 1. Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding lipid biomarkers? i. ii. iii. iv. A. B. C. D. E. Total Cholesterol to HDL-C ratio is more sensitive for heart disease than cholesterol alone Elevated triglycerides are a defining criterion in metabolic syndrome Increase in lipoprotein(a) reflects accumulation of the small-dense form of LDL particles Measurement of Apo-A1 levels is useful in patients with metabolic syndrome at high risk i and ii i and iii iii and iv iv only All of the above (i, ii, iii and iv) 2. Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding regulation of body water? A. B. C. D. E. Receptors in the hypothalamus respond to increased osmolality and stimulate thirst As the effective circulating volume increases, aldosterone secretion is suppressed Congestive heart failure may arise from volume overload of the circulatory system Anti-diuretic hormone stimulates the Na+/K+ transporter to retain sodium and water Angiotensin II stimulates vasoconstriction and sodium resorption in the kidney Page 1 of 15 Name: Student Number: 3. Given the following test results: sodium potassium chloride bicarbonate glucose urea creatinine 146 mmol/L (135 - 147) 3.7 mmol/L (3.5 - 5.0) 100 mmol/L (96...
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... The overuse of sugar in hyperprocessed food affects the American consumer negatively, causing obesity, cancer, addiction and other diet related diseases. Sugar has become one of the longterm health disasters to consumers. For instance, Robert Lustig, Pediatric Endocrinologist at UC San Francisco, offers his analysis in the Public Health article “The Toxic Truth About Sugar” that for the first time in human history, chronic noncommunicable diseases like cancer, diabetes, obesity and heart diseases pose a greater health burden worldwide than do infectious diseases, resulting in 35 million deaths annually, mainly caused from excessive sugar consumption (10). We consume it and think it will be burned away through any type of physical activity such as working out, not realizing the fact that it leaves back permanent traces in our body that slowly develop over time and lead to serious and lifethreatening diseases. Additionally, a USDA study shows that authorities consider sugar as ‘empty calories’ — but there is nothing empty about these calories. A growing body of scientific Halabi 2 evidence is proving that fructose can trigger processes that lead to liver toxicity and a host of other chronic diseases. Consuming a little amount is not a problem, but a lot kills—slowly. It may be calories that...
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...NUR160 Ca Name: Jodi Wiak | Section: 160 | Instructor: Ms. Higgins | Dates of care: 4/1/14 | Week: 1st clinical | Name: Jodi Wiak | Section: 160 | Instructor: Ms. Higgins | Dates of care: 4/1/14 | Week: 1st clinical | General Survey | Age: 85 | Sex: F | Ethnicity: Caucasion | # of days since admission: 7d | Allergies: Latex PCN | Code Status: FULL CODE | Diet: TPN | Rationale: Small bowel obstruction and resection benefit TPN over tube feedings is that all the nutrition is delivered at a cellular level making it immediately available for the body to utilize rather than making the body breakdown and absorb nutrients in the GI tract. It makes it easier on the digestive tract by giving the GI a chance to rest and heal without causing more harm. The patient also has to expend energy to breakdown foods/nutrition through the GI tract. Getting it TPN conserves the much needed energy the patient needs to heal their tissues and gain strength. | Activity: bedridden w/slight mobility with a walker | Rationale: Post surgical abdominal surgery, pt age, weakness, and recent foot surgery limiting her mobility. | Behavior/Affect: My pt was anxious when I first arrived due to her elevated B/P, N&V, and pain intolerance. By the end of shift my patient was very calm and communicative. | Isolation: | Yes | No | Culture: ⦵ | Source: ⦵ | Type of Isolation: ⦰ ⦵ | Height: 5’ 7.5” | Weight: 133 | BMI: 20.5 (BSA 1.71) | General Survey | Age: 85 | Sex:...
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...Makati Medical Center - College of Nursing SY 2011 – 2012 A Case Study Presentation on the Care of a Mother with Preeclampsia Superimposed on Chronic Hypertension In Partial Fulfillment of the Course Requirement of NCM102 – Related Learning Experience Submitted To: Submitted By: Leader: Knight, Catherine P. Members: Iglesias, Pauleen Itliong, Juliane B. Javier, Reniccia Janel Joaquin, Gian Denise M. Kwek, Michael Angelo L. La Sangre, Anne Gabrielle B. Lacerna, Iruel Victor III Leynes, Sofia Antonniette M. Lindawan, Ma. Kristine S. BSN II – B Group 2 December 17, 2011 Table of Contents Chapter I - Introduction A. Description of the Case………................................................................. 4 B. Purpose and Objectives........................................................................... 5 C. Significance and Justification....................
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...through the urea cycle. Sources of ammonia include bacterial hydrolysis of urea and other nitrogenous compounds in the intestine, the purine-nucleotide cycle and amino acid transamination in skeletal muscle, and other metabolic processes in the kidneys and liver. Increased entry of ammonia to the brain is a primary cause of neurological disorders associated with hyperammonemia, such as congenital deficiencies of urea cycle enzymes, hepatic encephalopathies, Reye syndrome, several other metabolic disorders, and some toxic encephalopathies. Ammonia is a productof the metabolismof proteinsand other compounds,and itis required for the synthesis of essential cellular compounds. However,a 5- to 10-fold increase in ammonia in the blood induces toxic effects in mostanimal species, withalterations in the functionof the central nervous system. Bothacuteand chronic hyperammonemia result inalterationsof the neurotransmitter system. Based onanimal study findings, the mechanismofammonia neurotoxicityat the molecular level has been proposed.Acuteammonia intoxication inananimal model leads to increased extracellular concentrationof glutamate in the brainand results inactivationof the N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor.Activationof this receptor mediatesATP depletionandammonia toxicity; sustained blockingof the NMDA receptor by continuousadministrationofantagonists dizocilpine (MK-801) or memantine prevents both phenomena, leading to significantly increased survival time in rats.[1] TheATP depletionis...
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...impacts fertility and pregnancy in women, and life quality and expectancy. Various treatment options and alternative treatment methods will be discussed; considerations for employment and rehabilitation will be reviewed, as well as the future of therapeutic approaches. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Introduction The name “Lupus” is Latin for wolf and may have first been used to describe the lesions that resembled the bite marks and scratches made by a wolf's attack. The term “Lupus Erythematosus” was first introduced by physicians in the nineteenth century to describe skin lesions. Over one hundred years later it was realized that this disease does not only affect the skin, but it is systemic. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus is a severe chronic rheumatic inflammatory autoimmune disease that can affect any organ or system in the body at any time. For unknown reasons, the body’s immune system which normally serves to protect the body from bacteria, viruses, and other...
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...Assignment topic: Liver Regeneration Submitted To : Dr.Samina By: Razia Saleem Quaid - e - Azam University Dept : Animal Sciences MSc 2nd Semester Index Page # 1. Introduction 3 2. Structure and functions of liver 3,4 3. Liver Regeneration 5 4. Two layers of defense against liver injury 5 5. Dynamics of liver regeneration 6 6. Stimuli of hepatic regeneration 7 7. Regeneration by hepatocytes (1st line of defense) 8 8. Signaling...
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...bead between thumb and finger T d) Say up to five word clearly F e) Feed himself with a spoon F 5. if a child in the ward's develops measles, the following action are appropriate a) Close the wards to all admissions for one week F b) Actively immunized all the other patients against measles T c) Give gamma globulin to all patients who have not been immunized or had measles T d) Forbid visiting by the parents until the rash has gone F e) Give prophylactic antibiotics to all contacts at home T 6. Convulsion in the first week of life is characteristic of a) Hypocalcaemia T b) Post maturity F c) Craniopharyngioma T d) Hypomagnesaemia T e) Birth asphyxia T 7. Bronchial asthma: a) is associated with recurrent rather than chronic persistent cough T b) Is inherited in a Mendelian fashion F c) May be associated with flexural eczema T d) Rarely occurs in infancy T e) Requires laboratory investigation for diagnosis T 8. Both human breast milk and cow's milk can be used...
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...Increase all bodily activity except GIT EFFECTS OF SNS - Dilation of pupils(mydriasis) in order to be aware. - Dry mouth (thickened saliva). - Increase BP and Heart Rate. - Bronchodilation, Increase RR - Constipation. - Urinary Retention. - Increase blood supply to brain, heart and skeletal muscles. - SNS I. Adrenergic Agents - Give Epinephrine. Signs and Symptoms: - SNS Contraindication: - Contraindicated to patients suffering from COPD (Broncholitis, Bronchoectasis, Emphysema, Asthma). II. Beta-adrenergic Blocking Agents - Also called Beta-blockers. - All ending with “lol” - Propranolol, Atenelol, Metoprolol. Effects of Beta-blockers B – roncho spasm E – licits a decrease in myocardial contraction. T – reats hypertension. A – V conduction slows down. Should be given to patients with Angina Pectoris, Myocardial Infarction, Hypertension. ANTI- HYPERTENSIVE AGENTS 1. Beta-blockers – “lol” 2. Ace Inhibitors – Angiotensin, “pril” (Captopril, Enalapril) 3. Calcium Antagonist – Nifedipine (Calcibloc) In chronic cases of arrhythmia give Lidocaine(Xylocaine) Parasympathetic Nervous System (CHOLINERGIC, VAGAL, SYMPATHOLYTIC) - Involved in fight or withdrawal response. - Release of Acetylcholine. - Decreases all bodily activities except GIT. EFFECTS OF PNS - Constriction of pupils (meiosis). - Increase salivation. - Decrease BP and Heart Rate. - Bronchoconstriction, Decrease RR. -...
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...reddish brown organ is divided into lobes of different size and shape. The liver plays a critical role in metabolism, digestion, elimination, and detoxification, among other processes. This organ performs a surprisingly large number of functions that influence virtually all other body systems. This is why diseases of the liver can be so devastating. One class of chronic diseases affecting the liver is cirrhosis. (Kasper, 2008) Cirrhosis is a condition in which normal liver cells are damaged and replaced by scar tissue. As the scar tissue accumulates, blood flow through the organ is obstructed which prevents the liver from functioning normally. Cirrhosis can be difficult to notice early because the preliminary stages rarely demonstrate any signs or symptoms. As liver function deteriorates, the effects of cirrhosis become evident. Complications include swelling of the legs and abdomen, weight loss, jaundice, bleeding from the gastrointestinal tract and intense inching. (Kasper, 2008) The most common causes of cirrhosis are hepatitis C, fatty liver, and alcohol abuse. Other causes include repeated bouts of heart failure, cystic fibrosis, antitrypsin deficiency, and Wilson’s disease. Once diagnosed, treatment depends on the cause of the disease and what complications are present. The main goal is to slow the advance of scar tissue and reduce the impact of secondary health problems. Diagnosis can be made by assessing certain risk factors like alcohol use and obesity in conjunction...
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