...Final Essay Assignment James Peterson What biases, if any, might be common to U.S. intelligence agencies? Give two examples from history or modern day? & Explain what role policymakers play and what problems they face in relation to threat analysis. Course: INTL634 March 3, 2013 What biases, if any, might be common to U.S. intelligence agencies? Give two examples from history or modern day? There are a number of different types of bias mentioned in our text books. In their book, “Analyzing Intelligence” Bruce and Bennett discuss the denial and deception (D&D) bias traps than an analyst can fall into. They mention that there are three major categories: 1) Cultural and personal bias; 2) Organizational bias; & 3) Cognitive heuristics bias. Such biases can taint the analysts opinions based on their type of biases. (George & Bruce. 2008, 127-130) Cultural and personal bias may allow the perception of the intelligence to be tainted by personal beliefs and pre-conceptions that the analyst has developed over his lifetime. This type of bias also may be influenced by personal experiences, morals, customs, habits, and social environments. Organizational bias is “generally associated with the limitations and weaknesses of large bureaucratic organizations”. This type of bias is the result of actual or perceived goals, policies, and traditions of an organization. Bruce also says that the differences are even more extreme when “classified information” is involved...
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...INTL 303: Introduction to Intelligence 28 December 2014 American Military University Many of the intelligence community’s (IC) greatest triumphs can be traced back to the use of multiple intelligence methods. As Clark so eloquently stated, “The game of intelligence collection is a multidisciplinary endeavor.” Employment of multiple platforms, sensors, and techniques provides advantages for the analyst to produce valuable strategic intelligence. Collaborative intelligence not only creates accurate and timely information, collaborative intelligence can also reduce wasteful endeavors. For example, a Congressional directed staff committee recently found the IC must increase collaboration among its intelligence systems. On the other hand, information based on a single source is deficient, and does not produce qualitative assessments. According to Anissa Frini, “Stovepiping keeps the output of different collection systems separated from one another and thus, it prevents one discipline from cross-checking another.” The lack of collaborated intelligence can lead to erroneous reporting and deception by the adversary. In order for policymakers to formulate strategic plans, information or rather intelligence gathered must have a holistic and integrated perspective. This paper will begin by highlighting the value of strategic intelligence to policymakers and leadership, the advantages of employing multiple intelligence methods, and will focus on analysis based from an all-source...
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...Unit 5 Midterm Project By: Taria Davis CJ220: Intro to Criminal Intelligence Analysis Professor Chet Effler August 18, 2012 CityPlus Insurance has several injured parties that are seeing a specific group of chiropractors. These parties are claiming to have soft tissue injuries. CityPlus would like for us to investigate these claims because they believe them to be fraudulent. CityPlus has already done most of the fact finding on this case for us. This will be a big help when the team arrives and starts analyzing the data. Now we need to focus on the information that CityPlus has provided. Now we need to put together a team of skilled analysts. Once the team has been assembled it will be time to get organized. A record of the facts will have to be kept and maintained throughout the length of the investigation. The team also will need to be informed about the attorneys that are involved in the case. No items can be overlooked during the investigation due to the scrutiny that we will be under. All the information needs to be put into categories, such as vehicle information, witnesses, and victims. There also needs to be a category for the date, time, and location of the accidents. These will help organize all of the information that has and will be gathered. Each person and item involved will offer valuable information. Once all of this information is categorized the team will be able to start seeing a pattern. These patterns will help strengthen the...
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...WHITE PAPER MATURING A THREAT INTELLIGENCE PROGRAM Discover the state of your threat intelligence capabilities and uncover a roadmap to getting ahead of today’s threats. The threat intelligence landscape is an emerging one. Even in the most sophisticated IT organizations, resource constraints often dictate that threat intelligence (TI) is the responsibility of a sole analyst sifting through incident alerts looking for patterns and trends which may indicate that a threat exists. Threat intelligence is more than that. Yet, with very few industry standards around what TI is and what it isn’t, we feel Gartner’s definition[1] comes the closest: “Threat intelligence is evidence-based knowledge, including context, mechanisms, indicators, implications and actionable advice, about an existing or emerging menace or hazard to assets that can be used to inform decisions regarding the subject’s response to that menace or hazard.” The Need to Know Clearly, going beyond simple event-based data analysis is a prerequisite for any useful threat intelligence program. The problem is that many organizations don’t know enough about the threats they face or their own security posture to defend themselves adequately. Instead they’re stuck in a reactive “stop the bleeding” or compliance-driven approach to cyber security with no clear vision or blueprint for reaching any other state. So it goes that in the rush to keep up with the TI trend, organizations are purchasing standalone...
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...Session 2 The Intelligence Process Information is material of every description, including that derived from observations, surveillance, reports, rumors, and other sources. The information itself may be true or false, accurate or inaccurate, confirmed or unconfirmed, relevant or irrelevant. Although the intelligence process requires that information be stored, organized, and retrieved, the production of intelligence requires much more. Intelligence is the product resulting from the collection, evaluation and interpretation of information. Thus, intelligence can be viewed as information to which something has been added. The something added is the result of analysis—an explanation of what the information means. Intelligence may be general or specialized in nature. General intelligence focuses on a broad range of criminal activities, typically in smaller agencies or jurisdictions. Specialized intelligence focuses on a particular type of criminal activity or entity, such as narcotics, industrial espionage, or organized crime. Intelligence has both tactical and strategic applications. Tactical intelligence is directed towards a short term law enforcement objective or active case, with an immediate impact in mind—arrest, forfeiture, seizure. Strategic intelligence deals with larger, more long-term issues and goals, such as the identification of major criminal individuals or syndicates, projections of growth in types of criminal activity, and the establishment...
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...Chris Fagin SCTY 385: Intelligence Analysis, Writing, and Briefing FINAL EXAM—SPRING 2008 50 Questions—3 points each (150 points total / 15% of final grade) 1. With respect to intelligence requirements and the National Security Council, who is the final adjudicator within the intelligence community for collection requirements on the National Level? a. President of the United States b. Secretary of Defense c. Secretary of State d. Director of National Intelligence (DNI) e. Director of Central Intelligence (DCI) 2. Identify the “stakeholders” for the target-centric process. a. Collectors, Processors, Analysts, Force Modernization Staff b. Collectors, Processors, Policy Makers, Force Modernization Staff c. Collectors, Processors, Investigators, Policy Makers d. Processors, Analysts, Force Modernization Staff, Policy Makers e. None of the above 3. What are the 3 major components of a “system?” a. Structure, Function, Endstate b. Structure, Function, Process c. Structure, Process, Endstate d. Definition, Function, Process e. Definition, Process, Endstate 4. What is the purpose of a “Normative Model?” The purpose is to describe a best or preferable course of action. 5. Identify the major shortcoming of the traditional intelligence cycle. The traditional Intelligence Cycle is different because...
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...How ‘social intelligence’ can guide decisions By offering decision makers rich real-time data, social media is giving some companies fresh strategic insight. NOVEMBER 2012 • Martin Harrysson, Estelle Metayer, and Hugo Sarrazin Source: Business Technology Office In This Article * ------------------------------------------------- Exhibit 1: Social media is changing the old-school intelligence cycle. * ------------------------------------------------- Exhibit 2: An explosion in new analytical tools gives companies new ways to tap expertise. * ------------------------------------------------- About the authors * ------------------------------------------------- Comments (7) In many companies, marketers have been first movers in social media, tapping into it for insights on how consumers think and behave. As social technologies mature and organizations become convinced of their power, we believe they will take on a broader role: informing competitive strategy. In particular, social media should help companies overcome some limits of old-school intelligence gathering, which typically involves collecting information from a range of public and proprietary sources, distilling insights using time-tested analytic methods, and creating reports for internal company “clients” often “siloed” by function or business unit. Today, many people who have expert knowledge and shape perceptions about markets are freely exchanging data and viewpoints through social...
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...Intelligence for the Twenty-First Century ALAN DUPONT Strategic discourse over the past decade has been dominated by a debate over the nature of future warfare and whether or not there is a ‘revolution in military affairs’ (RMA). Supporters contend that developments in military technology, especially precision guidance and high-speed data processing, in conjunction with advances in doctrine and strategy, will fundamentally transform the way in which future wars will be fought and privilege RMAcapable forces in the contest to achieve battlefield dominance.1 Sceptics, on the other hand, regard the RMA as being more evolutionary than revolutionary, and argue that many of the technical advances associated with the RMA do not necessarily presage a paradigm shift in warfare.2 However, all agree that timely, accurate and useable intelligence will be critical to the successful conduct of war in the twenty-first century, perhaps more so than in any previous era. It is surprising, therefore, how little academic attention has been devoted to the changes that are taking place in the technology, management and integration of the intelligence systems that will underpin any RMA. It is the contention of this article that the transformation of intelligence architectures, particularly in the West, is no less profound than that of the weapons, platforms and warfighting systems they are designed to support and enhance. Moreover, the cumulative weight of the changes in prospect will redefine the...
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...However the JCS J2 can support missions that jeopardize the security of the Nation in combination with Deepwater Horizon’s foreign ownership. The JCS J2 can be called upon to support current crisis events where foreign intelligence collection, analysis, production, and dissemination are needed. The inclusion of the JCS J2 on the Deepwater Horizon incident would provide valuable lessons and post-incident critiques. Improvements on Department of Defense communications and the identification of policy and authority issues can be addressed before the next man-made or natural disaster. The following paragraphs describe the JCS J2 response to the Deepwater Horizon...
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...The New Face of War: How War Will Be Fought in the 21st Century Intelligence in Recent Public Literature Nicholas Negroponte, head of MIT’s Media Lab, observed that the information age is fast replacing atoms with bits; movies on film with packets on the Internet; print media with digital media; and wires with digital radio waves. Negroponte does not apply the bits-for-atoms principle to warfare, but Bruce Berkowitz, in The New Face of War, does. According to Berkowitz, a senior analyst at RAND and a former intelligence officer, future wars will not be won by having more atoms (troops, weapons, territory) than an opponent, but by having more bits . . . of information. Berkowitz argues that atoms that used to be big winners will become big losers to information technology. Reconnaissance sensors will quickly find massed troops, enabling adversaries to zap those troops with precision-guided weapons. Fortifications will tie armies down to fixed locations, making them sitting ducks for smart bombs. Cheap cyber weapons (e.g., computer viruses) will neutralize expensive kinetic weapons (e.g., missile defenses). Berkowitz sums up the growing dominance of bits over atoms: “The ability to collect, communicate, process, and protect information is the most important factor defining military power.” The key word here is: “the most important factor.” The New Face of War gives many historical examples of information superiority proving to be an important factor in defining military...
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...generate an intelligence research question and produce a literature review. Select an intelligence topic of your choice that calls for either an explanatory study (why question) or predictive study (what will happen question). Once you have developed your research question, you will conduct a literature review. General Requirements1. Document Format.a. MS Word documentb. One-inch (1”) marginsc. Times New Roman fontd. Twelve (12) pitche. Not including your title page, this assignment should be 4 pages. This does include your annotated bibliography.f. Double space, except for your bibliography’s citations (see example below).2. Citation Format: Turabian. As stated in the Academic Integrity Briefings, information taken directly from another source must be placed in quotations and cited following the Turabian format contained in the week one “lessons” folder. You must cite all other information from your sources, even if you do not quote directly. DIRECT QUOTING SHOULD BE KEPT TO A MINIMUM. | You should include the following elements in your paper Title Page Section I: Introduction In your introduction, you will give the background of your research topic. What is the broader intelligence issue? Why should you reader care about this topic? What are the implications for US national security? Your specific research question will be an element of this larger problem. *Note: An intelligence issue is NOT the evaluation of US policy or process. An intelligence issue is...
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...Mini Cases NWM: I believe the software system that best supports the company’s strategy is the “knowledge base and network” management system. The organizations mission is to “Help Clients Achieve Financial Security over a Lifetime.” The description they give for the path of getting there is as follows: “They want to leverage the traditional strengths of customer relationships, expert advice and strong product value to become the premier company helping clients achieve lifelong financial security. They will add specialists that will enable the traditional life insurance sales force to draw upon product and investment experts as needed to address clients increasing complex financial security needs. The knowledge base and networking system will “enable agents to examine the knowledge base for simple issues and bring in (virtually) financial product experts as needed when advising clients.” This system fits perfectly into the balanced scorecard. Under financial, the company wants to manage operating expenses. By only utilizing financial product experts when they are needed, this will allow the company to control costs for their services. Within the customer section of the scorecard, they want to provide expert guidance and needs-based planning. With the knowledge and networking system, they can tailor their approach to each customer individually to provide the best customer service. Under Process, they want to enhance representative productivity. Again, the knowledge and...
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...Intelligence Article Analysis Paper PSY 450 November 4, 2013 Intelligence Article Analysis Paper Intelligence Testing and Theories Intelligence measuring is important for individuals for various reasons. Testing intelligence throughout the years has changed. People change and not the same factors can determine one’s intelligence. The majority of individuals who take intelligence testing are for placement, such as children starting school, college, and employment. Children for example, take testing, and evaluations to see what cognitive development level the child is at and to see if that child meets the basic standard for that age group (Benson, 2003). Intelligence testing determines the level for college students, and adults, such as entering college, and employee candidates for job placement. Today in society there are several testing options for intelligence, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC), Standford-Binet Intelligence Scale, and College Admission Test (SAT), (Benson, 2003). The American Psychological Association uses the intelligent intelligence approach for testing, as other professionals do. The intelligence testing determines effectiveness, and analyzes theories in this paper. Intelligence Testing Theories Intelligence testing is determined through a series of tests and evaluations. The evaluations are administered first to determine what type of testing is acquired. College student entering college must take a SAT test first before entering college...
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...Intelligence Testing Article Analysis PSY/450, 2014 Intelligence Testing Article Analysis Mapping out the definition of intelligence is not a simple task, it is an ambiguous term that has a variety of definitions. When defining intelligence there appears to be common ground in phrases such as one’s ability to acquire knowledge, ‘he ability to solve problems, or the ability to understand and follow instructions. There are many more phrases and terms that one associates with intelligence, and this may be in part because, the differences of defining intelligence may lie in the fact that questions for evaluating intelligence may not have the same connotation in differing cultures. Shiraev and Levy state that intelligence is the necessary factor that allows an organism to adapt to its surroundings, a way of understanding one’s world (Shiraev, 2010). Along with understanding one’s world, intelligence allows one to make and complete goals, and overcome obstacles that may come into one’s life. This understanding of intelligence sets a good basis for understanding and defining intelligence, however, a do develop a greater understanding it is necessary to study the different theoretical testing of intelligence. This review will also examine the effectiveness of these various theories. Multiple Intelligence Theory In the late 1980’s Howard Gardner introduces a different viewpoint to the traditional theories of intelligence. He did this by including, language, logical-math, spatial...
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...Intelligence Testing Article Analysis PSY 450 May 21, 2012 Joseph Gaines Intelligence Testing Article Analysis In earlier years many of the intelligence test that had been developed were culturally biased. The early intelligence test favored people that were from urban areas and not people from rural areas. The early intelligence test also favored people who were of the middle class status and not those of the lower class status. The earlier intelligence test also favored people who were white rather than people who were black. In this paper the author will review several different articles that are related to intelligence testing. The definition of intelligence may vary among the different cultures (Rogoff, 1990). An example of the differences among cultures and the way they view intelligence is European Americans think of intelligence in technical skills terms whereas people that are from Kenya consider intelligence to be someone who is an active participant in family and social life. Another example of the way culture views intelligence is people from Uganda view someone as being intelligent if they know the right thing to do and then they follow through with the right actions. Another example is the of the variations on how intelligence is viewed from culture to culture is the latmu people that are from Papua New Guinea, they believe people who have the ability to remember 10, 000 to 20,000 clans as intelligent. The people of the Carolina Island people believe that...
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