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TD Analyse financière

CAS n° 2 – CAMBO

Pour initier son activité, toute entreprise doit acquérir en premier lieu un ensemble d’éléments nécessaires à son fonctionnement. Il s’agit souvent d’investissements lourds dans des immobilisations corporelles et/ou incorporelles.

L’exploitation de l’entreprise met en route deux cycles :

- le cycle de production qui impose de garder un certain volume de stocke pour assurer la fabrication et pouvoir répondre rapidement aux demandes des clients ;

- le cycle commercial résultant des délais de paiement accordés aux clients.

Même si les fournisseurs sont également payés avec un certain délai, ce n’est que rarement suffisant pour compenser le BFR court terme engendrés par les deux cycles.

Bilan fonctionnel

1 Calcul du FRNG

La liquidité d’une entreprise est appréhendée à partir de sa capacité à dégager des flux financiers suffisants pour faire face à ses obligations, dans la perspective d’une liquidation de l’entreprise.

L’analyse fonctionnelle distingue les opérations relevant :

- du cycle d’investissement : opérations d’acquisition de cession d’actifs permettant à l’entreprise de mener son activité ;

- du cycle d’exploitation : ensemble des opérations courantes de l’entreprise liée aux activités d’achat de marchandises et produits, production et vente de marchandises et de produits ;

- du cycle de financement : ensemble des opérations permettant aux entreprises de se procurer les ressources financières nécessaires à l’acquisition des actifs ;

- du cycle de trésorerie, qui opère l’ajustement entre le cycle d’exploitation et les cycles d’investissement et de financement.

La construction du bilan fonctionnel se réalise à partir des bilans comptables. Les ressources et les emplois sont évalués à la valeur d’origine des flux de recettes et de dépenses (valeur brute). Le passage du bilan comptable au bilan fonctionnel s’effectue à partir de différents traitements préalables.

> Retraitement préalable

- les amortissements et provisions sont retirés de l’actif et ajoutées aux ressources propres avec les provisions pour risque et charge ;

- le capital non appelé est retiré de l’actif et sa valeur est retranché du passif ;

- les charges à répartir sur plusieurs exercices et les primes de remboursement des obligations sont éliminées de l’actif et retranchées des dettes financières ;

- les concours bancaires courants et les soldes créditeurs des banques sont éliminées de l’actif et retranchées des dettes et ajoutés aux dettes circulantes ;

- les écarts de conversion sont soit intégrés dans les ressources stables de l’entreprise, soit imputés directement sur les valeurs de créances et des dettes concernées ;

- les effets escomptés non échus, qui ne figurent pas au bilan, sont ajoutés aux créances d’exploitation à l’actif circulant et aux dettes à court terme dans les soldes créditeurs des banques.

> Le fond de roulement représente la différence entre les ressources et les emplois stables de l’entreprise.

Le FDR apprécie le montant de ressources stables disponibles pour financer les besoins financiers de l’exploitation, après déduction des emplois stables.

L’évolution du FDR est directement liée aux politiques d’investissement et de financement de l’entreprise.

2 Calcul du BFR

> Le besoin en fond de roulement représente la différence entre les stocks, les en-cours et les créances de l’actif circulant et les dettes circulantes. On distingue :

- le BFR d’exploitation qui reprend les postes du cycle d’exploitation ;

- le BFR hors exploitation : dettes et créances diverses sans rapport avec l’exploitation.

Le BFR apprécie le montant des capitaux nécessaires au financement du cycle d’exploitation, principalement pour financer les stocks et les décalages entre les décaissements envers les fournisseurs et les encaissements liés aux ventes de l’entreprise. Sa composante principale est le BFRE, le BFRHE représentant en général un montant plus faible.

Un BFR positif peut signifier que les délais accordés aux clients et le temps de rotation des stocks sont supérieurs aux délais de paiement des fournisseurs. Dans ce cas, l’entreprise a alors besoin de recourir à un financement court terme.

3 Calcul de la trésorerie

> La trésorerie est égale à la différence entre le FDR et le BFR. Il s’agit d’un solde positif ou négatif.

En termes de gestion financière et de solvabilité, l’objectif de l’entreprise est de disposer de suffisamment de trésorerie pour faire face à ses engagements immédiats.

Le BFR est financé en partie par un FRD positif et en partie par une trésorerie négative,par des concours bancaires à CT et des escomptes qui assurent l’intégralité. Cette situation est la plus courante et ne présente pas de risques majeurs.

Cette situation est à nuancer cependant en fonction de l’importance de recours au concours de trésorerie. De même, l’évolution du niveau des concours bancaires doit être suivie au cas où elle prendrait trop d’importance.

Analyse du BFRE

1 Estimation du CA HT

La société CAMBO tire ses ressources, à plus de 80 % de ses activités de négoce et, à moins de 20 %, de son activité industrielle. Son CA s’obtient donc en sommant les ventes de marchandises à la production vendue soit :

25 000 + 5 300 = 30 300 € HT, ou encore 36 238,8 € TTC (TVA à 19,6 %).

2 Poids du besoin de financement lié au cycle d’exploitation

> Le BFRE de la société CAMBO représente 33 % de son CA HT ou encore 4 mois d’activité, ce qui signifie que l’entreprise doit financer en permanence presque 120 jours de CA, ce qui est très important.

3 Rotation des créances clients

Ce ratio mesure la durée moyenne des crédits accordés par l’entreprise à ses clients, i.e., le délai moyen de paiement. L’en-cours Client étant un montant TTC, le ratio est établi à partir du CA TTC. Il faut donc réintégrer la TVA au CA HT présenté dans le bilan.

> Le montant des crédits accordés aux clients représente 4,5 mois de l’activité de l’entreprise. On peut se demander si l’entreprise a accordé des délais de paiement plus longs à des clients en difficulté afin de limiter des effets de retournements de conjoncture.

4 Rotations des dettes fournisseurs

Le ratio de rotation des dettes fournisseurs mesure la durée moyenne du crédit accordée par les fournisseurs à l’entreprise. Par définition, c’est également le délai moyen de paiement de l’entreprise.

Il se calcule en rapportant le montant de l’encours fournisseurs au montant des achats de l’entreprise, exprimé TTC et en jours d’achat.

> Globalement, la société CAMBO dispose de délais de paiement largement supérieurs à ceux ses clients (139 contre 120). En revanche, le montant des dettes fournisseurs représente 3,5 mois (soit 107 jours) d’activité alors que les dettes clients de CAMBO sont à presque 4,5 mois.

5 Rotations des stocks et en-cours

L’analyse de la rotation des stocks permet d’identifier, parmi les différentes causes de dégradation du BFR, l’impact d’une dérive dans la gestion des stocks.

1 Stock et en-cours

> Dans le cas de la société CAMBO, on constate que l’entreprise possède l’équivalent de 4 mois de stocks dans ses entrepôts.

L’analyse des stocks par type de nature permet d’affiner l’analyse et d’éliminer l’hypothèse d’une dérive des stocks de matières premières ou de produits finis.

2 Marchandises

Les stocks de marchandises expliquent à eux seuls la valeur des stocks et en-cours, puisque la société CAMBO possède plus de 3 mois de stocks de marchandises.

Le calcul du ratio de rotation du stock de marchandises (Stock / Achats annuels HT) confirme cette analyse puisqu’elle garde en stock environ 195 jours d’achat (plus de 6 mois) des marchandises achetées dont elle pratique le négoce.

Or toute augmentation des ratios de stocks se traduit invariablement par une augmentation du BFRE, ce qui est bien le cas de la société CAMBO.

L’analyse du BFRE confirme notre première analyse. La société CAMBO rencontre à la fois des dysfonctionnements dans son cycle de production avec des stocks de marchandises trop importants et dans son cycle commercial résultant des délais de paiement accordés aux clients.

Analyse du financement de la société CAMBO

1 Niveau de l’endettement

L’endettement total de l’entreprise regroupe toutes les dettes de l’entreprise envers des tiers, y compris les effets escomptés non échus et les engagements de crédit-bail. Ce ratio traduit le degré d’indépendance financière de l’entreprise vis-à-vis des tiers. Il permet également d’apprécier la probabilité de remboursement des créanciers en cas de liquidation de l’entreprise.

Le niveau d’endettement de la société CAMBO atteint le seuil critique d’un tiers du total de son bilan.

Au-delà, l’entreprise marquerait un trop fort niveau de dépendance vis-à-vis de ses créanciers financiers.

2 Structure de l’endettement

La décomposition de l’endettement à LT et à CT débouche sur une appréciation de la stabilité de l’entreprise et sur sa capacité à négocier avec ses créanciers financiers. La stabilité repose sur la condition d’équilibre entre l’actif de l’entreprise d’une part et d’autre part, ses fonds propres, et l’ensemble de ses dettes à LT/MT et à CT.

> La part du financement stable est élevé (77,7 %), valeur bien au-delà du seuil minimal de 33 % considéré critique.

> La part des concours bancaires révèle, malgré tout, la vulnérabilité de la société CAMBO. Les financements courts représentent plus de la moitié de l’endettement financier, soumettant ainsi l’entreprise aux fluctuations des taux d’intérêt à court terme (risque de conjoncture) et aux pouvoirs de négociation des banquiers.

3 Poids de l’endettement

Le poids de l’endettement reste inférieur à 4% - 5 %, niveaux considérés comme maximal par les organismes financiers.

Conclusion

Le financement du BFR a un coût : les intérêts bancaires et le coût d’opportunité pour utiliser la capacité de crédit à d’autres fins.

Pour le limiter au maximum, il convient d’agir sur chacune des composantes du BFR (délais clients, délais fournisseurs, variations des stocks). Cependant, pour avoir une stratégie à long terme des BFR, les actions à mettre en place peuvent se révéler complexes. En effet, l’analyse du BFR fait souvent apparaître des causes plus structurantes pour l’entreprise. Les retards des paiements clients, par exemple, peuvent être dus à des retards ou erreurs de livraisons répétées. Il s’agit alors de prévoir une réorganisation des procédures utilisées, notamment pour les stocks, qui peuvent demander une réflexion en profondeur.

Mais c’est sur la réduction du délai que les possibilités de gains sont les plus nombreuses et c’est également celui pour lequel il existe de nombreux leviers d’action : la qualité du service facturation, les moyens de paiement proposés par l’entreprise, la qualité des commerciaux ainsi que le suivi et les relances clients.

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