...Ethical Theories Matthew James Ditolla ETH/316 October 12, 2015 Kevin Barker Ethical Theories How does an individual determine what is right, wrong, ethical, or unethical? Throughout history, people have created various theories to help others answer that question. Virtue theory, utilitarianism, and deontology are examples of ethical concepts. Through personal experiences, and an in-depth look and comparison of the various ethical theories, one gains a greater understanding of them all. Virtue Theory Virtue theory is an approach to ethics that emphasizes an individual's character as the prominent element in making ethical decisions. Dissimilar to the other two types of ethics, virtue ethics focuses on what kind of people we should be. Virtue theorists believe that everyone is born with their set of character traits and that each of us should foster those traits as we grow older. For example, a student in one of my previous cohorts plagiarized a large portion of his assignment and was caught. I knew the student very well, and as a result, I was able to judge the students character when deciding whether or not he intentionally plagiarized. This student usually produced excellent work, and perhaps the student had a family emergency or a late night and forgot to cite his sources properly. In this scenario, I was able to apply virtue ethics and be lenient on my peer. One weakness in virtue ethics is that it does not take an individual's changes...
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...Anthony Gonzalez ETH/316 2/23/15 Arthur Murphy Introduction Utilitarianism, deontological, and virtue theory ethics are three normative approaches to ethics. This paper will go over the similarities and differences between virtue theory, utilitarianism, and deontological principles. It will include information of the variations in how each concept details ethics, morality, and it will also discuss a personal experience to describe the correlation between virtue, values, and moral perceptions as they relate to one of the three theories. Similarities and Differences Virtue theory emphasizes character traits rather than the rules or consequences while deontology is described as an action that is right only if it is in accordance with a moral rule or principle. Utilitarianism puts more emphasis on the consequences and that decisions should be made based on happiness for the greatest number of people. Virtue theory does not judge a person as good (or not) based upon one single action in their lives. Rather, it takes a look over time to judge ones character. Virtue theory also looks at past mistakes that are not normally in a person’s historical nature. For example, a virtuous person is someone who is kind across many situations over a lifetime because that is their character and not because they want to maximize utility or gain favors or simply do their duty ("Virtue," 2010).Utilitarianism usually relies on predicting the consequences of an action. Utilitarianism sets...
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...morals is needed. Bernard (2002), "Morality (from the Latin moralities "manner, character, proper behavior") is the differentiation of intentions, decisions, and actions between those that are "good" (or right) and those that are "bad" (or wrong)” (para. 1). So now we have the informalities out of the way, we can get to what we really want to talk about, which is the difference between virtue theory, utilitarianism, and deontological ethics. Rainbow (2002), "The virtue ethical theory judges a person by his character rather than by an action that may deviate from his normal behavior. It takes the person's morals, reputation and motivation into account when rating an unusual and irregular behavior that is considered unethical” (Virtue). Basically this definition states that someone’s past is used as a criteria for judgment of one’s current behavior. Rainbow (2002), "The utilitarian ethical theory is founded on the ability to predict the consequences of an action. To a utilitarian, the choice that yields the greatest benefit to the most people is the choice that is ethically correct” (Virtue). This theory is basically trying to please the most people possible regardless of social constraints...
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...Ethics Ethics The schools of thought; virtue ethics, utilitarianism, and deontological ethics, have their similarities and differences relating to how they deal with matters of morality and ethics within a society or even with the individual. As a consequence, the benefits, and consequences suffered by an individual will depend on the theory adopted and applied. In this paper I will attempt to distinguish the three schools of thought citing appropriate examples from my personal experiences. Virtue theory takes the view that human beings do have virtues that for the “greater good” up help despite the nature of the action. This theory states that the individual makes a decision on whether to take a certain action while looking at the consequences of the theory. The theory further states that the virtues in each of us drive our behavior as well as control how we interpret or feel about things. As a consequence, a person acts in accordance with his or her morals and virtues (Sterba, 2009). Turning to utilitarianism, we have to understand that it deals with what is of “the greatest good for the highest number of people.” The theory adopts the concept of analyzing benefits that are essentially for the good of the whole community or society as opposed to what may be good for an individual; the greatest benefit for the majority is always desired. The theory also holds that although the majority may be the objective of decision making...
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...differences between the three major approaches in normative ethics; virtue theory, utilitarianism, and deontological ethics. This will be done by analyzing these ethical theories and by describing them along with presenting the facts on how each theory relates too ethics and morality. Personal experience will be used to explain the relationship between virtue, values, and moral concepts as they relate to one of the three theories. We have all been faced with the circumstances that have pushed our moral boundaries. Virtue ethics refers more specifically to one character embodying for determining or evaluating ethical behavior. In other words virtue ethics emphasizes one moral character. According to Manias (2013), virtue ethics is considered at times an agent-based or character ethics. The viewpoint in your daily life is that you should try to cultivate excellence in all that you do and all that others do. For example, finding a wallet with money in it, and returning it to the rightful owner is an act of virtue. As a mom, a proud moment was the day my daughter found a wallet in a buggy and ran to turn it in before the person had a chance to leave and it be stolen. She earned a $5.00 reward for it and she smiled for weeks. As we mature we are, as humans, programmed to understand the difference between right and wrong. However, we sometimes choose the wrong path, and lean toward the immoral behaviors. Utilitarianism theory of ethics advocates “that an action is morally right when that...
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...the three major approaches in normative ethics; virtue theory, utilitarianism, and deontological ethics. I will do this by analyzing these ethical theories and by describing them along with presenting the facts on how each theory relates to ethics and morality. It will also include a personal experience to explain the relationship between virtue, values, and moral concepts as they relate to one of the three theories. We have all been faced with the circumstances that have pushed our moral boundaries. Virtue ethics refers more specifically to one character embodying for determining or evaluating ethical behavior. In other words virtue ethics emphasizes one moral character. According to Boylan (2009), virtue ethics is also sometimes called agent-based or character ethics. It takes the viewpoint that in living your life you should try to cultivate excellence in all that you do and all that others do. (Chapter 11, It’s All About Your Character: Virtue Ethics). For example, finding a wallet with money in it, and returning it to the rightful owner is an act of virtue. One of my proudest moments growing up as a 15years old was to find a wallet and returning it to the owner. To this day, I remember being proud when the owner thanked me. As we mature we are, as humans, programmed to understand the difference between right and wrong. However, we sometimes choose the wrong path, and lean toward the immoral behaviors. Utilitarianism theory of ethics advocates “that an action is morally...
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...pp376-77. Determine whether it was wrong for Winn-Dixie to fire Pete Oiler, in light of the theories: Utilitarianism, Rights, Justice, Caring and Virtue. Conclude by presenting your own judgment of the issue and your estimation of which theory was most appropriate for this problem. State your reasons for your judgment and estimation. Directions for the Case Analysis paper 1. NO OUTSIDE RESEARCH, do not attempt to change the facts in light of further research (on line or via more traditional media). Assume the facts are as presented in the case (as I certainly will). 2. Please organize the paper in the following manner (page nos. are guides, not requirements or limits), with each new topic beginning on a new page: A. Cover Page (Name, Class, Summer 2012)– 1 page B. Introduction (identifying the key facts and issues in the case) – 2-3 pages C. Utilitarianism (2-3 pages) a. Elements (addressing the theory that is used for utilitarian analysis) b. Application (your reasoning about whether it was wrong for Winn-Dixie to fire Pete Oiler based on utilitarianism perspectives) D. Rights (2-3 pages) a. Elements (addressing the Kant’s theory that is used for rights analysis) b. Application (your reasoning about whether it was wrong for Winn-Dixie to fire Pete Oiler based on Kant’s perspectives) E. Justice (2-3 pages) a. Elements (addressing the John Rawls’ theory that is used for justice analysis) b. Application (your reasoning about whether it was wrong...
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...variety of ethical theories that provide a substantial framework when trying to make ethically correct answers. Each ethical theory attempts to adhere to the ethical principles that lead to success when trying to reach the best decision. When one understands each individual theory, including its strengths and weaknesses, one can make the most informed decision when trying to achieve an ethically correct answer to a dilemma. Ethics Essay Even though people usually base their individual choice of ethical theory upon their life experiences (1,2). Each of these theories is seen every day through in our actions and decisions. One of the virtue theories that I can relate to is virtue, which encourages me to be the best that I can be, and put forth the effort necessary to be successful in my endeavors. I believe that by being the best person I can be, I not only demonstrate discipline, but that I also acquire the tools and knowledge necessary to take what I have learned and use it to help others. People usually base their individual choice of ethical theory upon their life experiences (1,2). It seems I'm personally drawn more to Virtue Ethics and Deontology, but I'm not sure which would over power the other. Theory Differences Deontological ethics contend that individuals should lead by example and establish moral precedent through their virtuous actions. The deontological theory states that people should adhere to their obligations and duties when analyzing an ethical dilemma...
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...Comparing Ethics As we go through life, we have to ask ourselves whether the decisions we make are ethical or not? The answer to that question depends on an individual’s perception of ethics. According to Merriam-Webster, ethics are rules of behavior based on ideas about what is morally good or bad. To fully answer the question, one would have to consider the ethical values of the individual. Is the individual basing the decision on virtue ethics, utilitarianism, or a deontological standpoint? A review of these three standpoints would reveal one’s situational perception of ethics. The Ethic Similarities There are similarities within the three perspectives of virtue, utilitarianism, and deontological ethics. In virtue ethics, one would be making an ethical decision if a virtuous person would do the same under the same circumstance. “Virtue ethics is person rather than action based: it looks at the virtue or moral character of the person carrying out an action, rather than at ethical duties and rules, or the consequences of particular actions.” (BBC.com, 20014) From the utilitarianism position, one would consider whether the decision would result in the best outcome for their community or society. With deontological ethics, one would have to take into consideration the responsibilities of that individual and how they fulfill their obligations to themselves...
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...Ethical theories are the foundations of ethical analysis because they are the viewpoints from which guidance can be obtained along the pathway to a decision. Each theory emphasizes different points such as predicting the outcome and following one's duties to others in order to reach an ethically correct decision. There are three main kinds of ethical theory; deontology, utilitarianism and virtue ethics. Deontology meaning 'obligation' or 'duty' is an approach to ethics which says that the act of rightness or wrongness is not wholly dependent on the goodness or badness of their consequences (University of Aberdeen, 2007). The theory states that people should adhere to their obligations and duties when analyzing an ethical dilemma. This means that a person will follow his or her obligations to another individual or society because upholding one's duty is what is considered ethically correct (Brook, 2007). Utilitarianism is the ethical doctrine that the moral worth of an action is solely determined by its contribution to overall utility in maximizing happiness or pleasure as summed among all persons. It means that the moral worth of an action is determined by its outcome – “the ends justify the means”. The theory is founded on the ability to predict the consequences of an action. To a utilitarian, the choice that yields the greatest benefit to the most people is the choice that is ethically correct (Markoczy, 2002). Virtue theory according to Rainbow (2002), is an approach...
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...Prince The Ethics and Critical Thinking Relationship Before understanding the relationship between Critical Thinking and an individual’s Ethics we should first define what each of these items mean. According to "The Critical Thinking Community" (2013), “Critical thinking is that mode of thinking about any subject, content, or problem in which the thinker improves the quality of his or her thinking by skillfully analyzing, assessing, and reconstructing it. Critical thinking is self-directed, self-disciplined, self-monitored, and self-corrective thinking. It presupposes assent to rigorous standards of excellence and mindful command of their use. It entails effective communication and problem-solving abilities, as well as a commitment to overcome our native self-centeredness and sociocentrism. Ethics are a system of moral principles where the rules of conduct recognized in respect to a particular class of human actions or a particular group or culture.” (A Definition). There are six steps within the critical thinking process Remembering, Understanding, Applying, Analyzing, Evaluating and Creating. Each of these steps build off of the previous and empower the individual to ask vital questions, bring problems to light, and garner relevant information while using abstract ideas to decipher the information obtained. While utilizing these processes the individual thinks with an open mind and is able to recognize and differentiate between needs, assumptions, implications and consequences...
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...Ethical decision making is an essential aspect in understanding and demonstrating the values of an organization. The intense pressures of business may not always allow time for reflection, and the high stakes may tempt us to compromise our ideals. Many of us already have well-developed ethical outlooks but by considering various approaches to ethical decision making, we are better equipped to make the right choices when the need arises. Joseph Weiss (2009) identifies fundamental ethical principles that guide decision making: utilitarianism, universalism, rights, justice, and ethical virtue. John Rawls contributes his Theory of Justice as Fairness as another approach for consideration in resolving ethical dilemmas. Utilitarianism The utilitarian view states that an action is considered right or good based on its consequences (2009). The utilitarian approach tries both to increase the good done and to reduce the harm done. An ethical corporate action is the one that produces the greatest good and does the least harm for all who are affected, including customers, employees, shareholders, the community, and the environment. Universalism The universalistic approach holds that moral authority is determined by the extent to which the intention of an act treats all persons with respect (2009). Respect and compassion for all others are a requirement of this reasoning. This approach also calls attention to the common conditions that are important to the welfare of everyone: a system...
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...Ethics and Corporate Responsibility in the Workplace and the World Patricia Ingram Professor Renee Berry Legal 500- Law, Ethics, and Corporate Governance March 1, 2015 Introduction "PharmaCARE is one of the world’s most successful pharmaceutical companies, enjoying a reputation as a caring, ethical and well-run company that produces high-quality products that save millions of lives and enhance the quality of life for millions of others. The company offers free and discounted drugs to low-income consumers, has a foundation that sponsors healthcare educational programs and scholarships, and its CEO serves on the PhRMA board. PharmaCARE recently launched a new initiative, We CARE about YOUR world®, pledging its commitment to the environment through recycling, packaging changes and other green initiatives, despite the fact that the company’s lobbying efforts and PAC have successfully defeated environmental laws and regulations, including extension of the Superfund tax, which was created by Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA). ...PharmaCARE maintains a large manufacturing facility in the African nation of Colberia, where the company has found several “healers” eager to freely share information about indigenous cures and an abundance of Colberians willing to work for $1.00 a day, harvesting plants by walking five (5) miles into and out of the jungle carrying baskets that, when full, weigh up to fifty (50) pounds. Due to the...
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...TAKE HOME EXAMINATION TITLED (ETHICAL THEORY CRITICISM) COURSE MAC 851 APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF MASS COMMUNICATION LECTURER MR. JIMMY KAYODE WRITTEN BY AKIYODE ESTHER OLADUNNI MATRIC NO 01/09/AV/4018 TABLE OF CONTENT INTRODUCTION DEFINITION ETHICAL PRINCIPLES • BENEFICENCE • LEAST HARM • RESPECT FOR AUTONOMY • JUSTICE ETHICAL THEORIES • DEONTOLOGY • UTILITARIASM • RIGHTS • CASUIST • VIRTUE VIEW OR NOTABLE SCHOLARS • PLATO ABSOLUTION • ARISOTLE: EUDEMONISM • ST. THOMAS AQUINESS – NATURAL LAW • IMMANUEL KANT: DEONTOLOGY • JOHN STUART MILL – UTILITARISM • JOHN RAWLS – CONGRATURIANISM • TOM REGAN: RIGHTS THEORY (BONUS THEORY ) • TENTATIVE COMPARISON (TABLE & GRAPH) • CRITICISM AGAINST DEONTOLOGY: “ “ UTILITARIANISM “ “ RIGHTS “ “ CASUIST “ “ VIRTUE • CONCLUSION • REFERENCES CRITICISMS OF ETHICAL THEORIES INTRODUCTION The art of critiquing is basically to appraise a work i.e articles, write-ups, novels etc. Critiquing does not aim to condemn or castigate a paper but to seek the flaws, identify the various meanings, put up better explanations on the subject, seek the weaknesses and strengths and give opinions to enhance the quality of the discourse. The topic of this discourse is ETHICAL THEORIES CRITICISM. We shall examine the definition...
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...company. Although we feel very confident in our abilities to market and influence consumers into buying their lingerie, this client places our company in a difficult situation. They are requesting we direct our advertising towards girls aged 8-10 years old which raises grave ethical concerns. Marketing can lead to ethical dilemmas due to the content and methodology used to pursue market growth and revenue. Many techniques that we ourselves have utilized have included heavily targeting the youth because of their susceptibility to marketing tactics. Targeting children is treading in dangerous waters and can have negative repercussions on all parties involved. Ethical theories represent important guidelines for better, more sustainable decision making. I have provided an analysis through the Utilitarian, Kantian and Virtue Ethics perspectives in order for Otto Advertising to make a sound decision for all parties affected. Utilitarian ethics is associated with Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill and represents the utilitarian principle to provide the greatest good for the greatest number of people. This is to be followed by looking at the consequences of an action not the means employed to deem if it is morally right or not (ET 85-88). Marketing is essentially based on the utilitarian principle because our whole purpose as a business is to try and satisfy the needs, wants, desires of our consumers which encompass the majority of the population. Thus, at first glance, one would say...
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