...Summary Week 1 Discussion This discussion we looked at two examples of the heart and its functions. Atrial septal defect (ASD) is fairly common. This was a terrific example to relate structure and function. When the structure of anatomy is disrupted we can see as in this example how normal function is altered. This congenital defect allows blood to flow between atria instead of the normal flow through the ventricles and to the body and the disrupted and limited blood flow can lead to heart failure, stroke and pulmonary hypertension. The larger the hole the more quickly surgery is needed to correct it. Smaller holes may provide enough blood flow to avoid these complications and may heal over on its own. Ventricular septal defect (VSD) is less common. A hole between the ventricles allows mixing of oxygenated blood from the lungs with de-oxygenated blood returning from the body. Heart failure and infections occur rapidly due to the lack of oxygenated blood reaching the body and the baby often presents with a bluish discoloration to the skin as a result of lack of oxygen. Artificial hearts being developed run on batteries to pump the blood and include porting valves to ensure blood flow goes in the correct direction. Essential characteristics of an artificial heart that would make them ideal would be to mimic the real heart in structure and function and resist rejection in the recipient. References Atrial septal defect (ASD). (2014). Retrieved from http://www.heart...
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...Lumbar Plexus Anatomy within the Psoas Muscle: Implications for the Transpsoas Lateral Approach to the L4-L5 Disc • Introduction: – Many advocate access to the lumbar intervertebral disk space with use of minimally invasive transpsosas lateral retroperitoneal approach. It is reportedly suitable for anterior spinal arthrodesis of disk spaces proximal to L5/S1. Some advantages of this approach include less post op pain and decreased manipulation of the aorta and IVC – Various retractors have been designed to enhance access to disc space – Nonetheless, neurologic complications have been reported to be anywhere from 8% to 30%, ranging from paresthesias to femoral nerve palsy. – Despite introduction of retractors, what’s key is the understanding of the relevant anatomy. Previous studies were based on cadavers dissected in the supine position, and concentrated on where nerve exited the psoas mm rather than within a psoas mm. – Purpose of this article: describe lumbar plexus anatomy, relevant to this approach, with emphasis on the L4/5 disk space • Materials and Methods: – 18 cadavers: dissected in lateral decub position, relevant to the recommended surgical technique – 18-ga spinal needles placed under fluoro in mid-coronal planes of disk spaces of L2-L3, L3-L4 and L4-5, because this is where most retractors are placed, and they remained in place until dissection over. – Proceeded with a meticulous dissection to...
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...Form and Function The relationship between Form and Function is central to the study of biology. George Cuvier, the ‘father of comparative anatomy’ laid out in his theory of ‘the correlation of parts’ that similarly appearing anatomical structures should have similar functions and this similarity should be used to group or diagnose organisms and their structures (1). Further exploration of four examples in this paper will more clearly show that the function of any ‘thing’ is related directly to the form of its construction. To exemplify this connection between form and function let’s look at the construction of the largest organ of the body, specifically the layers of tissues found in the Skin or Integumentary System, as it’s known in scientific terminology. Constructed of two major layers (Epidermis and Dermis) the skin contains several types of epithelial and connective tissues. From a very cursory examination it’s clear that the skin is a durable, flexible and strong substance. Go a bit deeper and examine these layers for a more in depth evaluation of their form and the layers of the Epidermis and Dermis clearly declare their function from their form. The Dermis, constructed of a layer of connective tissue in the Reticular Layer, underneath the Papillary layer filled with capillary networks of blood vessels feeding the Epidermis up above. The Epidermis then is comprised of multiple layers of cells comprising four or five layers made up of Stratified Squamous Epithelial...
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...Biography Of Hippocrates Great Greek men such as Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle were people who laid the foundation for modern Philosophy. These three men are always mentioned when the subject of who are the Great Greek men of the past who made a significant impact on the world. Hippocrates is another great Greek genius who made a significant impact not on Philosophy but on the field of Medicine. He is considered one of the most influential figures in the History of Medicine. He is referred to as the “Father of Medicine” because of his endless contributions to the medical field as the founder of the Hippocratic School of Medicine. He created a school which revolutionized medicine in Greece because this school would eventually establish medicine as a separate profession. He changed the perception of Greek medicine with his revolutionary vision that disease was not caused by gods or spirits but was the result of natural action. The life of Hippocrates will be discussed in further detail such as his early childhood & life, his work, and his contributions/accomplishments to the World until his death. Hippocrates was an ancient Greek physician, who is also called the "Father of Medicine". He was born on the Aegean island of Cos which is near the island of Greece called Halicarnassus during the Classical Greece era towards the end of the fifth century B.C.E, around 460 BC. Ancient Greek history also believed that he was related to Hercules through his...
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...We started with the introduction to anatomy by defining it as the scientific discipline that investigates the structure of the body. I have discovered that there are two basic approaches to the study of anatomy are systematic (by system) and regional (by area), the latter which is more commonly used in most medical schools. And of course studying the structure is not enough, this is where physiology comes in which is the scientific discipline that deals with the processes or functions of living things. I have known homeostasis as the maintenance of the relatively constant environment in the body but it is only now that I have learned about positive and negative feedback mechanisms which maintain homeostasis and that positive homeostasis can be detrimental at times. I’ve also learned more on the anatomical terms that will be used throughout our course and maybe even in med school. In the study of cells, I was able to recall the things we have discussed in our biological science course in the previous year. I remember the three types of solution namely hypotonic, isotonic, and hypertonic. I also come to know more about the different movements across the cell membrane. However I was new to the transcription and translation that happens in the gene expression of a cell. I was able to associate codons of the mRNA strand with the anticodon of the tRNA. Similar to cytology, I was also able to look back on our discussions about tissues last year. I have refreshed myself on the...
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...Task 2 1. Understanding motor controls / Stephen L. Herman. Category of works | Main Entry & Heading | Added Entry & Heading | Rules | Works of single personal authorship | Herman, Stephen L. | i. Title. | Entry: 21.4Heading: | 2. An introduction to equity derivatives: theory and practice / Saebastien Bossu & Philippe Henrotte Category of works | Main Entry & Heading | Added Entry & Heading | Rules | Shared responsibility with two person | Bossu, Saebastien. | i. Henrotte, Philippe. ii. Title. | Entry: 21.6BHeading: 22.5 | 3. Strategic marketing / Todd A. Mooradian, Kurt Matzler, Lawrence Kick Category of works | Main Entry & Heading | Added Entry & Heading | Rules | Shared responsibility with three person | Mooradian, Todd A. | i. Matzler, Kurt. ii. Kick Lawrence. iii. Title. | Entry: 21.30AHeading:21.6 | 4. Management the essentials / Stephen Robbins, Steve Mariotti, Caroline Glackin. And Naresh K. Roshan Category of works | Main Entry & Heading | Added Entry & Heading | Rules | Shared responsibility with four person | Robbins, Stephen. | i. Mariotti, Steve. ii. Glackin, Caroline. iii. Roshan, Naresh K. iv. Title. | Entry:21.6C2Heading: | 5. Advertising & IMC: principles & practice / Sandra Moriarty and Nancy Mitchell; edited by William Wells Category of works | Main Entry & Heading | Added Entry & Heading | Rules | Mixed responsibility | Mariarty, Sandra. | i. Mitchell...
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...Public Health Elective 3 3 ENGH 302 Advanced Composition (F,S,#) GCH 310 Health Behavior Theories GCH 332 Health and Disease GCH 360 Health and Environment GCH 335 Applied Health Statistics Fall Course GCH 411 Health Program Planning and Eval GCH 412 Fundamentals of Epidemiology GCH 405 Global Hlth Interv: History and Systems Elective ANTH 381 or PHIL 344 or SOCI 390 or COMM 304 Credit GCH 205 International Health (F,S,#) Natural Science (lab or non-lab) Social Science Information Technology GGS 101 Major World Regions Grade 3 3-4 3 3 3 4 BIOL 124 Hum Anatomy and Physiology I (F,#) or RBHS 270 Hum Anatomy and Physiology I Arts Literature Fall Course Spring Course 3 3 Credit Grade 3 3 3 3 3 Credit Grade 3 3 3 3 3 Spring Course Credit BIOL 125 Hum Anatomy and Physiology II (S,#) or RBHS 271 Hum Anatomy and Physiology II Quantitative Reasoning GLOA 101 Intro to Global Affairs or SOCI 120 Globalization and Society Elective Elective Spring Course GCH 376...
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...University of Wisconsin- School of Medicine and Public Health Secondary Prompt: The Admissions Committee takes many factors into consideration when reviewing your application. A successful applicant is frequently one who communicates what makes them exceptional and why they will become an outstanding physician. You are invited but not required to provide additional information in this essay. Some applicants tell us about hardships and challenges that they have faced in their lives and how these experiences have helped them become caring and compassionate individuals. Other applicants use this space to emphasize a particular passion they have related to their future career in medicine. If you are not a resident of Wisconsin, you may want to tell us why you are interested in the University of Wisconsin or about a special connection that you may have to our state or people who live here. Our goal is to gain insight into you as a unique applicant. You may include anything in this essay that you feel is relevant. (Limit response to 500 words.) Being a first-generation immigrant from India, and having visited India multiple times, I have seen health disparities in developing countries. I lost my grandmother because of not having the state-of-the-art medical facility close to a rural community. My grandmother was very dear to my heart, as she helped raise me during my early childhood. The loss of my grandmother has made me passionate about healthcare equity. Furthermore...
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...Nano / / Micro/ / milli / / meter / / kilo / / Mega//Giga CH1 Homeostasis- Anatomy- Anatomical Position- stands erect with feet flat on floor and ars at side with palms open and directed forward Physiology- sagittal plane-verticly thourgh body divted it right and left Observing terms Palpation- Auscultation- Percussion- Gross Anatomy- Microscopic Anot.- People Andrus Vesalias- Robert Hooke & Antony Van Leavenhook- Charles Darwin- Because of Darwin Peer review- Opposable thumbs- Stereoscopic vision- Anatomical position- Sagital plane- passes vertically through the body dives it right and left Transverse Plane- horizontaly diveds body into upper and lower Frontal plane- vertically divides front and back Directional terms Ventral- toward front or belly Dorsal-toward back or spine Anterior-toward ventral side Posterial-toward dorsal side Cephalic-toward head or superior end Rostral-toward forhead or nose Caudal-toward the tail or inferior end Superior-Above Inferior- Below Medial-toward median plane Lateral-Away from the median plane Proximal-closer to point of attachment or origin Distal-farther from the point of attachment or orgin Ipsilateral- on the same side of the body Contralateral-the opposite sides of the body Superficial-closer to the body surface Deep-Farther from the body surface Ch2 Nobel Gases- Rule of halfway- H will try to gain halfway there NA will try to lose one 2-2-8 Protons- ...
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...The relationship between evolution and systems can be thought of as an endless cycle, with both factors continuously influencing each other. A General Theory of the Evolution of Artifacts discusses how evolution decides the properties of a system - the structure and function. In return, the system’s existence is then a factor in ruling the course of evolution. Generally, the change in size of a system requires a change in the components of the system’s structure or form. A system cannot adequately support its size without a change in its shape. A change in form can be brought upon by a change in scale of artifacts. Changing the artifacts, thus the form, then necessitates a change in the material being used in its structure. A change in material characteristics is needed especially for larger machines which require higher strength to weight ratios in comparison to smaller machines. A change in the size, artifacts, or materials of a system results in a complication of the overall structure, resulting in higher complexity. All of these processes will eventually lead to functional inconsistencies, thus creating limits to growth. Although these processes are what make evolution possible, they also cause the destruction of future evolution. In relation to technology, as the scale is constantly being changed, a point is reached where the rising costs of manufacturing and operating limit further advancements in capability. Development is eventually limited because the production costs...
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...Dear American Medical College Application Service: It is a true pleasure for me to write this letter of recommendation for Meredith Green as part of her application to medical school. I have had the privilege of knowing Meredith for the past 18 years. We have spent numerous holidays together, shared many life cycle events, and above all, she has been a wonderful role model to my own five children. One of the most outstanding traits that I have always noticed in Meredith is that she has always demonstrated a great deal empathy and generosity toward other people. When she was a young teen, she was constantly involved in our synagogue youth group, raising funds for family shelters, local community food bands, and countless other needy organizations. As Meredith has matured, she has continued her involvement in community service while volunteering at the Newborn Intensive Care Unit at Good Samaritan Hospital. Meredith recently shared one of her dreams regarding becoming a doctor with me; she told me how she wants to someday create a theater/drama camp for children battling cancer. Her eyes lit up with enthusiasm and determination while thinking of the never ending possibilities of such a program. In my opinion, it takes a very special person to have the wisdom and foresight to envision using her skills in such a beneficial manner. I believe Meredith’s reflective nature, undaunted determination, and above all else, her clear dedication to helping others makes her a...
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...Dame of Dadiangas University College of Nursing S.Y. 2011-2012 1ST Semester ------------------------------------------------- LESSON PLAN: PANCREATIC TUMOR ------------------------------------------------- In partial fulfillment of the requirements in RLE A - 104 Submitted to: Lodar Escobillo, RN, MAN Clinical Instructor Submitted by: Ruffalyn Joyce Doroteo Kate Penelope Dalid Mica Allaine Durana BSN 4A July 20, 2011 Topic: Pancreatic Tumor Objective | Contents | Time allotment | Strategies of teaching | References | Evaluation | At the end of 2 hours of discussion, student nurse should be able to: * Review the anatomy and physiology of the pancreas. | * The Pancreas’ * Location * Size * Functions | 10 minutes | Question and Answer portion | Tina Sanders. The Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology, 5th edition. Taiwan. F.A. Davis Company. ©2003. | The students are evaluated by actively participating in the discussion. | * Learn about Pancreatic Tumor | * The Pancreatic tumor: * Definition * Etiology * Signs and symptoms | 30 minutes | Discussion proper | * Brenda G. Bare, et. al., Medical – Surgical Nursing, Volume 1. 12th edition. Wolters Kluwer Health, Lippincott William & Wilkins. * http://www.pancreatic-tumors.com/ | | * Identify the following diagnostic test involved. | * Liver function test * Pancreatic biopsy * Computed tomography and Ultrasonography | 20 minutes | Question and Answer...
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...it any use finding it? (e) What about free will? Biological approach advocates determinism 2. Evolutionary approach has a number of problems: (a) Altruism: difficult to explain. Even sociobiologists come up with some very convoluted explanations. (b) Our developing cortex means that we rely less on instincts and more on “higher” processes. (c) Our behaviour is very much socially and culturally determined. 3. Genes: Difficult to separate genes and environmental influences on behaviour. 2. If we know the physiological basis of some aspects of behaviour (e.g. depression) then we can treat the problem using drugs, which could solve the problem entirely if it’s simply a straightforward chemical imbalance. Plus, some aspects of physiology and anatomy are very useful when it comes to diagnosing brain damage etc. 3. Evolutionary theory can offer some neat explanations of behaviour that would otherwise be inexplicable (e.g. graffiti, appendix). 4. The more we know about the brain, the more we should be able to explain how we tick: it is the seat of all our knowledge after all....
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...Unlike many applicants for this course may state I did not come across physiotherapy from a very young age but in fact found it at the age of 15 when I suffered a knee injury. I was guided to a physiotherapist by my coach who specifically worked with athletes. This had since inspired me to pursue a career in the field of physiotherapy. Since then I have followed different routes a physiotherapist can follow once graduated whether it be with the NHS working on 6 month rotors or in the private sector. Currently I am studying A2 biology, PE and Psychology. I feel as though these subject put me in the best positon for the course and work in the field as it allows me to explore the different mechanics of the body (e.g. how the lungs & joints work) as well as allow me to understand the behaviour of individuals and how certain people may need help and support in areas of emotion through their rehabilitation. When looking at the course I saw that the degree maintains a combination of both health and science which have been a keen interest of mine since I started high school. This can be shown by my attendance to a science summer school in the summer of 2014 at the Bolton University once I finished school, it was during this course that we looked in to real world application of subjects one of which we looked at being physiotherapy. Although I understand that the course is unrelated to sport specifically I found that it can be easily applicable to the aspirations I set myself for the...
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... The career that I want to pursue is all about helping people and having interacting with one another. This career is involves working in a hospital. This job makes a big difference because you can help lots of people every day that are in need. I want to become a radiologist because I want to change peoples lives. Instead of doing surgery to see a problem within your body, you are often used advanced medical imaging to find the issue. A radiologist is a medical doctor who used technology such as x-rays and MRI’s to treat and diagnose patients. They use machines that scan parts of your body in certain ways. Radiologist then read images to figure out problem going on inside your body. After reading the images, they recommend a course of treatment for the issue. As a Radiologist you have to provide medical care and treatment to people. Most are employed by hospitals, nursing homes, or health clinics. Most Radiologist are employed full time and are often on call. Radiology is not a very demanding job. However Radiologist often work with people who are terminally ill which can be emotionally upsetting. It can also be hazardous at some times because the amount of radiation you are exposed to. The jobs often makes you feel good about yourself. To be a Radiologist you have to be good in school. You can science and math classes in highschool so you will be prepared for college. You have to have a high GPA in high school so you are able to get into medical school. Then you have to...
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