...Frogs vs. Toads Frogs and toads are “small, tailless animal” that belongs to the amphibian class. (Forester 536 & Gibbons 303) Everyone thinks that frogs and toads are different from one another but in fact “there is no clear distinction between” them (Burnie & Wilson 440). Most people find it very difficult to differentiate between a frog and a toad that they often mix them up. Their physical features are very much alike but they are different on the basis of anatomy and habitat. When you see a creature hopping along the side of the creek, can you tell if it’s a frog or a toad? Frogs are very unique because “some frogs have colorful markings” (Forester 536). While as toads are marked in a “drab shades of brown, tan, gray, or black that serves as camouflage” (Campbell 217). Besides their markings, “almost all frogs have the same basic body structure” (Forester 536). Frogs have “long, powerful hind legs, which they use for jumping” (Forester 536). “Frogs can leap long distances, but also use their limbs to swim, burrow, and even to glide from tree to tree” (Wake 337). Unlike frogs, toads “generally have squat bodies and short legs” (Campbell 217). They do not “jump” like frogs so they “make short hops or even walk” (Campbell 217). As opposed to skin, frogs have “thin, moist skin” (Forester 536) and “the skin of most toads is dry, rough, and covered with warts” (Gibbons 303). There is an advantage to a toad’s dry skin. It’s “warty skin allows it to inhabit drier regions than...
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...skeleton and the anatomy of the limbs contribute to efficient locomotion in this animal. Green- Humerus Purple-Pelvis Yellow- Carpals Blue- Metacarpal Brown- Phalanges Dark Pink-Tarsals Light Green- Metatarsals Light Pink- Ulna Green/Yellow- Radius Red- Calcaneus Black Fibula Grey- Tibia Reddish Brown- Patella Orange- Femur * (Human) There are a variety of ways in which the axial skeleton and anatomy of the limbs contribute to efficient locomotion human. In human and any other mammal, it is important that we all have a skeleton. The skeleton is important because attached to it are many bones needed for body movement. The carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges (finger) are attached to one another. These bones are used to help human grip, lift, write, etc. The humerus, ulna, radius are arm bones that allows us lift things and make other movements. Because there are lots of muscles in the arm and the arm is part of the upper limb and should, we use a lot of strength when lifting heavy things. The femur, patella, tibia and fibula are all bones that are located in the legs. Of course, without these bones we would not be able to drive, walk, and exercise. Last but not least, the tarsals, metatarsals, calcaneus and phalanges (toes) are bones located in the feet. Because we are bipedal, these bones allow us to be able to stand up right and walk in different directions. * (Chimpanzee) - There are a variety of ways in which the axial skeleton and anatomy of the limbs...
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...INSTRUCTOR GUIDE Human Anatomy & Physiology Laboratory Manual MAIN VERSION, Eighth Edition Update CAT VERSION, Ninth Edition Update FETAL PIG VERSION, Ninth Edition Update ELAINE N. MARIEB, R.N., Ph.D Holyoke Community College SUSAN T. BAXLEY, M.A. Troy University, Montgomery Campus NANCY G. KINCAID, Ph.D Troy University, Montgomery Campus PhysioEx™ Exercises authored by Peter Z. Zao, North Idaho College Timothy Stabler, Indiana University Northwest Lori Smith, American River College Greta Peterson, Middlesex Community College Andrew Lokuta, University of Wisconsin—Madison San Francisco • Boston • New York Cape Town • Hong Kong • London • Madrid • Mexico City Montreal • Munich • Paris • Singapore • Sydney • Tokyo • Toronto Editor-in-Chief: Serina Beauparlant Project Editor: Sabrina Larson PhysioEx Project Editor: Erik Fortier Editorial Assistant: Nicole Graziano Managing Editor: Wendy Earl Production Editor: Leslie Austin Composition: Cecelia G. Morales Cover Design: Riezebos Holzbaur Design Group Senior Manufacturing Buyer: Stacey Weinberger Marketing Manager: Gordon Lee Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 1301 Sansome St., San Francisco, CA 94111. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means...
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...observing or cutting into a dead animal for the purposes of learning anatomy or physiology. In other words,Myth vs. Reality. There are also many other questions that students and others may have about dissection. There are many arguments as to whether it is necessary for the student's education or inhumane. Therefore, this act should stop completely. Through my research I have found that it is both necessary for learning and it can be inhumane. At which, another choice or alternative should always be available for the student who is not willing to dissect and at no expense to their grade.Many advances in medicine and in the understanding of how organisms function have been the direct result of animal dissection. Aristotle who revealed anatomical differences amoung animals by dissecting them performed some of the earliest recorded studies involving animals. In the United States dissections were common in colleges as early as the late 1800s. Myth vs. Reality Nevertheless, rebellion has been growing in the science laboratories of the nation's schools as a growing number of students refuse to dissect.Dissection is a way of separating or dividing into parts or pieces. Dissection is being called the way of discovery in understanding human anatomy, know and form, and human physiology, known as a function. Dissection of animal and human dead bodies produces a vast pool of knowledge, not only of the gross anatomy muscles, organs, skeletal structure or whatever, but has led to understanding...
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...Inverterbrates are animals that nethier possess nor develop a vertebral colum, derived from the notochord. This includes all animals apart from the subphylum vertebrata. | This makes the term “ invertebrate” paraphyletic and hence almost meaningless for taxonomic purposes. | Vertebrates include, the jawless fish and the jawed vertebrates, which includes the cartilaginous fish (shark and rays) and the bone fish. A bony fish clade known as the lobe-finned fishes included with tetrapods, which are further divided into. | The vertebrates traditionally include the (hagfish), which do not have proper vertebrae, though their closest living relatives, the lampreys do. | Amphibans, reptiles, mammals, and birds extant vertebrates range in size from the frog species paedophryne, at as little as little as 7.7mm (0.30in), to the blue whale, at up to 33m (106ft). | Hagfish do, however posess a cranium for this reason, the vertebrate subphylum is sometimes referred to as “ Craniata” when discussing morphology. |...
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...Evolution is the progressive change in organisms over time. There are 3 types of evidence to support evolution; fossil record shows the change over time, Antimonial record compares the body structures and the final one is DNA is comparing protein & DNA sequences. Evolution is a process of continuous branching and diversification from common trunks. This pattern of indivertible separation gives life history- Stephen Jay Gould. Evolution occurs in the Natural selection.Natural Selection was created/founded by Charles Darwin & Alfred Russell Wallace in 1835. Natural selection is the process where organisms with favorable traits are more possible to reproduce, after duration the organism have a process to allow it to adapt to the environment, an...
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...Turning Negative to Positive: African American Portrayal in Media As the day progresses into the late evening hour most of America sits in front of their televisions impatiently waiting to watch their favorite shows. From prime time television to viral videos on YouTube, media has become one of the most influential areas of life. The clothes we wear, slogans we say, and actions we portray are all influenced by media. For example, in 2012 “Ain’t nobody got time for that” became a popular slogan which transcended from a news interview that went viral. Although the slogan was catchy, it became famous more so for the way it was presented. The interviewee was an African American female who was a victim of a house fire. With the female being very passionate and animated while speaking in an urban accent, it provided for great entertainment. Sadly, that news interview lacked the appropriate representation of African Americans. The way media portrays a certain message “can have an inordinate influence on the public’s perception of blacks” (Holt 6). Audiences have been a witness to negative portrayal of African Americans since the days of “blackface”, where Caucasian American actors painted their faces black to depict African Americans. According to blog author Michelle Whalen, “now, more than ever, images of African Americans are transcending racial stereotypes and forging ahead into the fight for equality” (1). In the past two decades, media has been successful in providing positive...
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...Animal Diversity Time Requirements: Exercise 1: 15 mins. Exercise 2: 15 mins. Exercise 3: 30 mins. Exercise 4: 10 mins. Exercise 5: 15 mins. Exercise 6: 20 mins. Exercise 7: 30 mins. Exercise 8: 10 mins. Exercise 9: 30 mins. Materials Required: ITEM NUMBER (per group) LOCATION Any living or preserved plant *specimens (listed below) Display Cart/Counter Microscopes (compound and dissecting) Display Counter Colored pencils 1 set Cart/Counter *Specimens: Preserved or Living Prepared Slides Grantia Grantia choanocytes Hydra Planaria Tapeworm Clam Termite Brittle star Crayfish Earthworm Frog Mammal skulls Sand dollar Sea cucmber Sea star Lab Safety: Wear safety goggles/glasses and gloves while handing specimens (it is preferred that specimens remain in the appropriate containers untouched). Lab coats or aprons may be available upon request. Demonstrations/Tutorials: To display each life cycle with specimens and slides, see the following display suggestions – Clean up and Disposal of Waste 1. Return any materials to original locations. 2. Try to preserve any living specimens for future labs. Lab Alternatives – Computer Based p. 113 Exercise 1 – Phylum Porifera – Sponges Given that all sponges are filter feeders, why does it follow that all sponges are aquatic? Filter feeding is the filtering of nutrients and plankton suspended in water therefore for sponges to feed effectively they must be aquatic ...
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...Introduction: There are two main types of cells in the brain: Neurons and neuroglia (glial cells). The neuron is the functioning unit of the nervous system; its job is to transmit impulses. There are more than 10 billion neurons in the CNS and three-fourths of them are in the cerebral cortex. Neurons are categorized in two ways; by the direction of impulse flow and by the number of process emanating from the neuronal cell’s body. Afferent sensory neurons transmit impulses to the spinal cord or brain. Efferent motor neurons transmit impulses away from the brain or spinal cord. Interneuron transmits impulses from sensory neurons to motor neurons. Neurons will be one of three types, according to the number of processes that exist which are unipolar, bipolar and multipolar. Regardless of the category of neurons, they all have certain unique structures unique to neurons which are axons, dendrites, Nissl bodies, myelin, neurilemma, and nodes of Ranvier. The neurons are highly irritable, or the ability to react to stimuli and convert them into nerve impulses, and conductivity, the ability to transmit an impulse along the cell membrane. Impulse transmission initiated by a chemical, electrical, mechanical and thermal stimulus. When a neuron is adequately stimulated, an electrical impulse is generated and conducted along the length of its axon. This response is called the action potential or nerve impulse, is always the same, and regardless of the source or type of stimulus...
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...Vaginal Discharge in the Prepubertal Girl Heather, 4 years old • Yellowish, non-foul vaginal discharge • Vulvar pruritus • Painful urination Vaginal Discharge in the Prepubertal Girl Vaginal Discharge in a Prepubertal Girl • Most common gynecological complaint in this age group (50% of all pediatric gynecologic visits) • The most frequent age of referral is between 3-10 years (mean = 4.1 years) Vaginal Discharge in the Prepubertal Girl Why are prepubertal girls at risk? • Prepubertal anatomy and phyiosolgy • Behavioral factors Vaginal Discharge in the Prepubertal Girl Why are prepubertal girls at risk? • Prepubertal anatomy and phyiosolgy play a major etiological role in vaginal discharge • Hormonal milieu is… Vaginal Discharge in the Prepubertal Girl No labial fat pads and pubic hair Mucosa is thin, lacks cornification, and has a neutral to alkaline pH Labia minora is thin Close proximity of the vagina to the anal opening Why are prepubertal girls at risk? • Behavioral factors Children’s tendency to poor hygiene Poor hand washing Spread of respiratory bacteria from hand to perineum Inadequate cleansing of the vulva after voiding or after bowel movements Children’s tendency to explore their bodies Irritants against the vulva Vaginal Discharge in the Prepubertal Girl Approach to Evaluation • Evaluation always begins with a very thorough history-taking (given by the parent, caregiver, or the older child herself) ...
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...e1974 The opiate receptor, the cellular bonding sites inside the brain for endorphins, is discovered by Dr. Candace Pert. The discovery supported why certain drugs such as morphine affect our emotions and mind. 1808 Franz Gall finds Phrenology. It is believed that a person’s character and personality can be determined by reading the unique series of bumps on the skull. This odd theory is widely accepted around this time and is used to determine many outcomes such as detecting signs of latent delinquency in young children. 1977 The MRI produces very clear and detailed pictures of brain structures through the use of “gradient magnets” to alter the magnetic field and force. Unlike PET, it does not require the subject to be injected with a tracer substance 1929 Hans Berger develops the first electroencephalograph, known as EEG or brainwave test. The EEG is used as a neurologic diagnostic test that records electrical activity in the brain. History of Brain Research and Technology Timeline 1st Century BC | 1700 | 1750 | 1800 | 1850 | 1900 | 1950 | 2000 | s 1872 Charles Darwin’s book, “The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals” explains his study in tracing emotional responses and facial expressions in humans and animals. He develops a theory that blushing is a clear indication of consciousness. Further investigation leads him to believe that only humans are capable of blushing, the reason being is that they are the only ones having capability of self- consciously...
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...PHARMACY CARDIOTONIC ACTIVITY OF COCONUT WATER (COCOS NUCIFERA) Hemanth Sairam Pattigadapa∗, M. Ramesh, C.H. Praneeth Sagar, U. Bhaskar Rao, G. Lakshman, M. Ankaiah, J. Balu Naik 1Sree college of Pharmacy, Nayakulagudem (vil.), Khammam (Dist.), A.P. (State), India Abstract The coconut (Cocos nucifera) is a member of the family Arecaceae (Palm family). Various parts of this tree is used in the treatment of, cancer (due to hexane fraction of coconut peel), indomethacin-induced ulceration (coconut milk).Coconut water consumption reduces diastolic blood pressure (due to the presence of potassium).In the present work fresh coconut water, dilution 1:1(coconut water: distilled water), are used to evaluate cardiac activity on the isolated frog heart and are labeled as T1, & T2 respectively and compared with Digoxin (S1) as standard solution. It was found that sample T1(Undiluted coconut water) showed better response as compared to the diluted coconut water(T2).These preliminary studies confirm the cardiotonic activity of the coconut water(Cocos nucifera). Keywords: Physical properties, Jakekur, Water, Quality Introduction The cardiovascular system includes the heart, blood vessels, spleen, and lymphatic system. The main function of this system is to maintain homeostasis by acting as a transportation system that carries needed materials to cells and removes waste materials from cells.1,2 The conduction system functions by Initiating the...
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...Crocodylia, family Gavialidae, and genus Gavialis. The gharial is closely related to crocodiles, alligators, and caimans. This beast lives in on the Northern Indian subcontinent in riverine habitats. Gharials are some of the most aggressive crocodilian and should not be reckoned with (Gharial, Gavialis gangeticus). The gharial is one of the largest crocodilians. It's average weight ranges from 359-400 pounds. Males are typically 13-15 feet long and females are 11.5-13 feet. Gharials have bilateral symmetry with four legs and their back feet are webbed. They are light tan or olive color and have darker bands along their tail (Gharial, Gavialis gangeticus). Many people will often mistake the gharial for a crocodile because of their similar anatomy. Their most defining physical attribute is their long, narrow snout. Since their jaw is so narrow and long, they cannot consume larger pray. They use their slim jaw, with many needle-like teeth, to grasp slippery fish. To catch their pray, gharials will either wait patiently for fish to swim by, herd fish up against the shore, or temporarily stun fish with its underwater jaw clap. Gharials swallow their prey whole, but in order to consume it, they must have their heads above water. Near the back of their throat they have a valve called the palatal valve. This keeps water from flooding their lungs underwater. To swallow, this valve must be open, and if they are not above water when they open the valve, the reptile will drown itself. Like...
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...ANIMAL REPRODUCTION & DEVELOPMENT Dr Ilma • The two earthworms in this picture are mating • Each worm produces both sperm and eggs, which will fertilize – And in a few weeks, new worms will hatch Asexual And Sexual Reproduction • Both occur in the animal kingdom • Asexual reproduction is the creation of new individuals – Whose genes all come from one parent • Sexual reproduction is the creation of offspring – By the fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote Mechanisms of Asexual Reproduction • Many invertebrates reproduce asexually by fission – The separation of a parent into two or more individuals of approximately the same size Mechanisms of Asexual Reproduction • Budding – In which two new individuals arise from outgrowths of existing ones • A two-step process – Fragmentation • The breaking of the body into several pieces, some or all of which develop into complete adults – Regeneration • Follows fragmentation • the regrowth of lost body parts • Some animals reproduce by parthenogenesis – A process in which an egg develops without being fertilized • Among vertebrates, several genera of fishes, amphibians, and lizards, including whiptail lizards – Reproduce exclusively by a complex form of parthenogenesis Ovary size (a) Both lizards in this photograph are C. uniparens females. The one on top is playing the role of a male. Every two or three weeks during the breeding season, individuals switch sex roles...
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...and health care. The majority of medical knowledge and research was under the influence and followed the expressed ideas of the Church. As the hold of the Church on society began to disintegrate, medicine was able to move from medieval practices influenced by religious belief into modern medicine, based upon observation and evidence. Causes of disease and illness were now understood and scientists were able to start searching for cures because restrictions that prevented modern medical theories from being discovered were lifted. Paracelsus discovered that agents outside the body caused illness. The study of the human anatomy was now practiced and became an essential part of medical knowledge, giving way towards new modern advancements such as blood transfusions and surgeries. Da Vinci conducted many autopsies and constructed detailed drawings of the human anatomy, which had never been studied earlier. Medical knowledge was no longer different and divided into sects but was now centralized under the modern scientific teachings taught to doctors in universities everywhere. As the culture of the Middle Ages moved away from the Church and religion so did scientific knowledge, and without this change medicine would never have been able to shift from the ideas following religious belief into observation and experimentation. Medicine during the medieval period was an evolving mixture of scientific and religious knowledge. At the dawn of the Middle Ages, around the 5th century...
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