...Anatomy is the branch of biology concerned with the study of the structure of animals and their parts; it is also referred to as zootomy to separate it from human anatomy. In some of its facets, anatomy is related to embryology and comparative anatomy, which itself is closely related to evolutionary biology and phylogeny.[1] Human anatomy is one of the basic essential sciences of medicine. The discipline of anatomy is divided into macroscopic and microscopic anatomy. Macroscopic anatomy, or gross anatomy, is the examination of an animal’s body parts using unaided eyesight. Gross anatomy also includes the branch of superficial anatomy. Microscopic anatomy involves the use of optical instruments in the study of the tissues of various structures, known as histology and also in the study of cells. The history of anatomy is characterized by a progressive understanding of the functions of the organs and structures of the human body. Methods have also improved dramatically, advancing from the examination of animals by dissection of carcases and cadavers (corpses) to 20th century medical imaging techniques including X-ray, ultrasound, and magnetic resonance imaging. Contents 1 Definition 2 Animal tissues 2.1 Connective tissue 2.2 Epithelium 2.3 Muscle tissue 2.4 Nervous tissue 3 Vertebrate anatomy 3.1 Fish anatomy 3.2 Amphibian anatomy 3.3 Reptile anatomy 3.4 Bird anatomy 3.5 Mammal...
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...As far as we know, anatomy is the oldest medical science. Cave paintings of the early Stone Age, about 30,000 years ago,* show a simple knowledge of the anatomy of animals, and it is assumed that these cave dwellers applied some of their anatomical knowledge to their own bodies. The civilizations of the Babylonians, as Syrians, Egyptians, Chinese, and Hindus made no serious attempt to learn anatomy because they were interested in the supernatural world, not the natural one, and their cultures placed strong religious restrictions against debasing the body. Any anatomical dissections that were performed on animals were made to "study" organs in an effort to predict the future and to tell fortunes. *The Stone Age, the earliest known period of human culture, is characterized by the use of small stone tools. Anatomy in Ancient Greece The systematic study of anatomy may have begun in the fifth century B.C ., with the work of two Greek scientists, Alcmaeon (ca. 500 B.C.) in Italy andEmpedocles (ca. 490-430 B.C) in Sicily, where Greek culture and science flourished. Alcmaeon was probably the first person to dissect the human body for research purposes, and he is also given credit for proposing that the brain is the center of intelligence. Empedocles, who believed that the heart distributed life-giving heat to the body, initiated the idea that an ethereal substance called pneuma, which was both life and soul, flowed through the blood vessels. Although such early anatomists were often...
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...Summary Week 1 Discussion This discussion we looked at two examples of the heart and its functions. Atrial septal defect (ASD) is fairly common. This was a terrific example to relate structure and function. When the structure of anatomy is disrupted we can see as in this example how normal function is altered. This congenital defect allows blood to flow between atria instead of the normal flow through the ventricles and to the body and the disrupted and limited blood flow can lead to heart failure, stroke and pulmonary hypertension. The larger the hole the more quickly surgery is needed to correct it. Smaller holes may provide enough blood flow to avoid these complications and may heal over on its own. Ventricular septal defect (VSD) is less common. A hole between the ventricles allows mixing of oxygenated blood from the lungs with de-oxygenated blood returning from the body. Heart failure and infections occur rapidly due to the lack of oxygenated blood reaching the body and the baby often presents with a bluish discoloration to the skin as a result of lack of oxygen. Artificial hearts being developed run on batteries to pump the blood and include porting valves to ensure blood flow goes in the correct direction. Essential characteristics of an artificial heart that would make them ideal would be to mimic the real heart in structure and function and resist rejection in the recipient. References Atrial septal defect (ASD). (2014). Retrieved from http://www.heart...
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...Osteoporosis is a disease where decreased bone strength increases the risk of a broken bone. It is the most common reason for a broken bone among people who are old. Bones that commonly break include the back bones, the bones of the forearm, and the hip. Until a broken bone occurs there are typically no symptoms. Bones may weaken to such a degree that a break may occur with minor stress or spontaneously. Chronic pain and a decreased ability to carry out normal activities may occur following a broken bone. Postmenopausal osteoporosis is the most common form of osteoporosis. It affects many women after menopause, leaving some women up in age such as an 84 year old slim, small boned female at high risk for fracture. Osteoarthritis is a type of joint disease that results from breakdown of joint cartilage and underlying bone. The most common symptoms are joint pain and stiffness. Initially, symptoms may occur only following exercise, but over time may become constant. Other symptoms may include joint swelling, decreased range of motion, and when the back is affected weakness or numbness of the arms and legs. The most commonly involved joints are those near the ends of the fingers, at the base of the thumb, neck, lower back, knees, and hips. Joints on one side of the body are often more affected than those on the other. Usually the problems come on over years. It can affect work and normal daily activities. Unlike other types of arthritis, only the joints are typically affected. ...
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...Lewis: Human Anatomy and Physiology, 12th ed. Chapter 1: Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 1: Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology I. Introduction A. The interests of our earliest ancestors most likely concerned injuries and illness because healthy bodies demand little attention from their owners. B. Primitive people certainly suffered from occasional aches and pains, injuries, bleeding, broken bones, and diseases. C. Before agriculture, infectious diseases did not spread easily because isolated bands of people had little contact with each other. D. With agriculture, humans became susceptible to worm diseases because excrement was used in fertilizers and less reliance was placed on wild plants that offered their protective substances. E. With urbanization, humans became more susceptible to infectious diseases and malnutrition. F. Tooth decay was lowest among hunter-gathers and highest among city residents. G. Preserved bones from children can reflect malnutrition because when a child starves or suffers from severe infection, the ends of the bones stop growing. When health returns, growth resumes, but leaves behind areas of dense bone. H. At first healers had to rely on superstitions and notions about magic. I. The forerunners of modern drugs were herbs and potions. J. Early medical providers developed the language of anatomy and physiology from Greek and Latin. II. Anatomy and Physiology A. Anatomy is the study...
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...Sarahbeth Cook May 12, 2011 Anatomy I Professor Kriota Willberg It is rare to find someone with a complete and perfect symmetrical body. Every human being has his or her own skeletal structure and no one is alike. If you are one of those few people lucky enough to have “perfect symmetry and balance,” you might end up finding a flaw elsewhere, or so I’d like to think. For myself, being as active of a dancer that I am, I already put a tremendous amount of wear and tare on my body, especially since I’ve been studying for eighteen years. The chances of me being perfectly in balance are slim to none. No matter how much physical therapy I do on my body, if I continue to dance with extreme physical motion I will always have something that is not in place. After doing these assessments I discovered a few things I didn’t realize about my body, but after analyzing them I see how they possibly may trigger some of my areas of discomfort. These imbalances affect my everyday activities, physical comfort, range of motion, and general sense of well-being. I have the privilege of having a physical trainer to assist me at work before every performance. She’s there to make sure my imbalances are cared for and I’ve been given exercises to strengthen my weak areas. The main areas I’ve decided that need major work consist on my shoulders, spine, core, and ankle/foot. I’ve selected a series of exercises that I believe will help improve my weaknesses. My overall posture is very good and that...
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...We started with the introduction to anatomy by defining it as the scientific discipline that investigates the structure of the body. I have discovered that there are two basic approaches to the study of anatomy are systematic (by system) and regional (by area), the latter which is more commonly used in most medical schools. And of course studying the structure is not enough, this is where physiology comes in which is the scientific discipline that deals with the processes or functions of living things. I have known homeostasis as the maintenance of the relatively constant environment in the body but it is only now that I have learned about positive and negative feedback mechanisms which maintain homeostasis and that positive homeostasis can be detrimental at times. I’ve also learned more on the anatomical terms that will be used throughout our course and maybe even in med school. In the study of cells, I was able to recall the things we have discussed in our biological science course in the previous year. I remember the three types of solution namely hypotonic, isotonic, and hypertonic. I also come to know more about the different movements across the cell membrane. However I was new to the transcription and translation that happens in the gene expression of a cell. I was able to associate codons of the mRNA strand with the anticodon of the tRNA. Similar to cytology, I was also able to look back on our discussions about tissues last year. I have refreshed myself on the...
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...1: The Human Body: An Orientation I. An Overview of Anatomy and Physiology (pp. 1–3) A. Anatomy is the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to each other, and physiology is the study of the function of body parts (p. 2). B. Topics of Anatomy (p. 2) 1. Gross (macroscopic) anatomy is the study of structures large enough to be seen with the naked eye. a. Regional anatomy is the study of all body structures in a given body region. b. Systemic anatomy is the study of all structures in a body system. c. Surface anatomy is the study of internal body structures as they relate to the overlying skin. 2. Microscopic anatomy is the study of structures that are too small to be seen with the naked eye. a. Cytology is the study of individual cells. b. Histology is the study of tissues. 3. Developmental anatomy is the study of the change in body structures over the course of a lifetime; embryology focuses on development that occurs before birth. 4. Specialized Branches of Anatomy a. Pathological anatomy is the study of structural changes associated with disease. b. Radiographic anatomy is the study of internal structures using specialized visualization techniques. c. Molecular biology is the study of biological molecules. 5. Essential tools for studying anatomy are the mastery of medical terminology and the development of keen observational skills. ...
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...BIOL 2010 LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1. 1.1. 1.2. 1.3. 1.4. 1.5. 1.6. 1.7. 2. 2.1. 2.2. 2.3. 2.4. 2.5. 2.6. 2.7. 2.8. 2.9. 2.10. 2.11. 2.12. 2.13. 2.14. 2.15. 2.16. 2.17. 2.18. 2.19. 2.20. 2.21. Describe the physical organization of the human body and explain how interaction between body components is critical for the maintenance of homeostasis. Define the terms anatomy and physiology in reference to the human body. (LECT & LAB) Describe each of the following levels of organization of the human body: chemical, cellular, tissue, system, organism. (LECT & LAB) Identify the principal systems of the body. (LECT & LAB) Describe the standard anatomical position of the human body. (LECT & LAB) Compare common anatomical terms used to describe the various regions of the human body. (LECT & LAB) List by name and location the principal body cavities. (LECT & LAB) Define homeostasis and explain the effects of the lack of homeostasis on the body's function. (LECT & LAB) Describe the chemical level of organization of the human body. Describe the interrelationship of matter, elements, and atoms. (LECT) Identify by name and symbol the principal elements of the human body. (LECT) Diagram and label the structure of a typical atom. (LECT) Describe the function of electrons located in incomplete outer energy levels. (LECT) Define the terms isotope and radioisotope and give their functions. (LECT) Describe the three types of chemical bonding (ionic...
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...Patterson, Shawn SC121-Unit 1- Seminar 1 Seminar 1 Option 2 Assignment “Anatomy is the study of the structure of living organs.” “Physiology is to study and understanding of how living organisms live and keep them alive.” Anatomical position is when the position with the body the position with the body upright and having the arms at their side and their palms forward. The anatomical position is important in anatomy because it is the position of reference for anatomical nomenclature. Anatomical terms such as lateral means toward the side away from the mid section of your body. Medial is the opposite which is toward the middle away from the side of the body. Proximal is closer to the origin of your body and distal is farther...
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...Let’s talk anatomy Anatomy is the science of body structures and the relationships among them. It is all around us, it is basically us. The human anatomy deals with basically all the parts of humans, dealing with molecules to bones to the way we function, but that can also get misinterpreted for Physiology which is the study of body functions and how the body parts work, which in this case it is something different. Anatomy and Physiology are two concepts that are related to each other, as stated before anatomy is the science of body structures and the relationship among them, while Physiology is the study of body functions and how body parts work together. Now, with all of that being said Anatomy differs from physiology in many ways, the study of anatomy usually focuses on the shape, size, and where they are usually located at. In my perspective anatomy is more like dissection of the body, you can easily cut up the body and with your very own eyes see what the body is, or in more scientific forms using a microscope for a more detailed view. A person can easily see what they are encountering on a body and what system is connected to what. In physiology its rather more vigorous mostly involving different types of properties (chemical, physical or electrical) that make the body function. Beginning from the process of how our heart rate is regulated to more difficult systems involving different visual perceptions. Physiology is usually involved with the work of living...
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...Trauma, the O.R room, death and tears is what you will find in Grey's Anatomy. Grey’s Anatomy is a drama based out of Seattle and focuses on a group of doctors/ surgeons. These doctors are starting out at the hospital as interns and the show follows them through till they are doctors and it shows the struggles and such that they have. Grey’s Anatomy can be watched on Netflix or on Thursday nights on ABC. Grey’s Anatomy has been on television since 2005 and it currently has 14 seasons. Ellen Pompeo is one of the main actors in this tv series. She plays the main role of Meredith Grey. Meredith is trying to follow in her mother's footsteps and become the best surgeon she could be. The show it based around her experiences and the people she meets...
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...Greys Anatomy Greys Anatomy tells a story about Meredith Grey who got accepted into Seattle Grace Mercy West Hospital. She was assigned to work under Miranda Bailey along with Christina Yang, Izzie Stevens, George O’Malley and Alex Karev. Greys Anatomy focuses on surgical interns, residents and attending’s as Meredith and the rest of her team evolve into surgical doctors, while trying to maintain personal lives. Miranda Bailey is referred to the new interns as “The Nazi” because she is very straight forward and demands respect. On the first day for Meredith, Christina, Izzie, George and Alex, Miranda starts off by saying “Don’t bother sucking up because I already hate you and that’s not going to change” however later on in the show she starts to show...
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...Task 1 (L.O-1: 1.1, 1.2 and M1, M2, D2). (1.1) List all the systems of the human body with their functions and major organs. (1.2) Identify how body systems interact to ensure proper functioning and growth of the human body. Deliverables: Learning Outcome 1 (to be met by assessment requirements 1.1 and 1.2) Merit criterion: To achieve M1 you need to research in depth on one major organ in any 3 functional systems. To achieve M2 you will have to mention appropriate references and valid academic sources for gaining information. Distinction Criteria: To achieve D2 you will have to explain any 2 examples of Feedback regulation in detail. Task 2 (L.O-2: 2.1, 2.2, 2.3 and M2, M3, D1). A 25 year old individual is working full time as a volunteer in a charity organization. His daily job is to distribute leaflets door to door and take part in charity events. He is now preparing for a marathon run organized by his charity foundation which will be held in 6 months’ time. (2.1) Explain how his body responds to his physical activities (particularly in relation to musculo-skeletal system, cardiovascular system and respiratory system). (2.2) Discuss how body responses are explained by cellular and tissue structure and physiology. (2.3)Further, identify how his body will coordinate its internal activities. Deliverables: Learning Outcome 2 (to be met through assessment requirements 2.1, 2.2 and 2.3) Merit criterion:...
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...Anatomy & Physiology II EXAM 1 Notes: CHAPTER 17: ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 17.1 -You have to have the communication and control network for your 100,000,000 cells -Communication System: NERVOUS * Functions: 1. Collects Information 2. Processes Information 3. Initiates Response * Communication Method: -Nerve signal travels along the neuron then the neurotransmitter is released into the synaptic cleft * Target Cells: 1. Other Neurons 2. Muscle Cells 3. Gland Cells * Response Time: RAPID * Duration of Response: SHORT (terminates with removal of stimulus) -Communication System: ENDOCRINE (Chemical Communication System) * Functions: 1. Maintaining homeostasis 2. Regulating development, growth, and metabolism 3. Controlling Reproductive Activites * Communication Method: -Produces and releases hormones-regulatory chemicals (proteins or lipids) secreted into the blood stream and affects target cells. * Target Cells: -A variety of cells with a specific receptor for a hormone that initiates or inhibits selective cell activities. * Response Time: LONGER * Duration of Response: LONGER LASTING (mins to days and weeks) 17.2 -Endocrine Cells: 1. Derived from epithelium with connective tissue framework 2. Have extensive blood supply to facilitate rapid uptake of hormones 3. Two Locations: -Single Organ: pineal, thyroid, pituitary, parathyroid, and adrenal glands -Cells in...
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