...Rome: The Age of Augustus (32 BC – AD 14) Augustus’ Frontiers and Foreign Campaigns Rome was already seven centuries old at the dissolution of the Republic and her empire substantially in place when her first emperor took the purple. In step with long and glorious achievements both in war and diplomacy, there had grown assumptions of Rome’s omnipotence and eternity, coupled with the belief that her outward march had no limits save those which ocean, unprofitable climate and terrain might impose. Despite the calamity of civil wars, which had brought Augustus to the throne, confidence towards the outside world remained unshaken. (Williams, D, 1996:1) Origin of the Frontier Army By 27 BC, the year of Augustus’ accession, Rome had formed the habit of expansion, but had not yet reached geographical limits which might modify that habit. His reign would be crucial to the frontier idea, for during it Rome encountered these limits and the influences which guided her towards perimeter defence were first felt. The origin of the frontier in its full and formal sense thus coincided almost exactly with the beginning of the empire, though the emergence of actual boundary works still lay some decades ahead. The civil wars had ended on a dangerous note. On the winning side alone sixty legions stood combat ready, a factor which compelled an urgent and radical review of the army’s future. Augustus decided to retain twenty-eight, while the remainder would be demobilised and settled in colonies...
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...Nemeth CLA311 Tacitus, Annals of Imperial Rome Notes Chapter 1 From Augustus to Tiberius “I shall write without indignation or partisanship: in my case the customary incentives to these are lacking.” No republican forces were left after Brutus and Cassius died. Sextus Pompeius in Sicily was defeated, Ledpidus dropped, Antony killed. Only Octavian was left. Seduced with many gifts but soon the legal system was incapacitated by violence, favoritism and bribery. Augustus chose Agrippa as son in law after nephew Marcellus dies. Agrippa has sons Gaius Caesar and Lucius Caesar and adopted Augustus adopted them. Both die premature deaths, Nero Drusus is already dead and Tiberius is the only surviving stepson. Livia had control over aged Augustus—he sent to exile his only surviving grandson, Agrippa Postumus. Son of Nero Drusus, Germanicus was adopted by Tiberius by word of Augustus. Supposed foul play on Livia’s side as she heard how affectionate Augustus was to Agrippa Postumus on a visit and so sent letter to Tiberius and next thing that happens is that Augustus is dead and Tiberius is in control. Tiberius’s first crime was the assassination of Agrippa Postumus. First Senate meeting under Tiberius dealt with Augustus’s funeral—Tiberius and Livia were his heirs, Livia adopted into Julian family with name Augusta. After funeral, Augustus was declared a god and decreed a temple but the major topic of every prayer was Tiberius. Then a document was released that was...
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...History of Roman Empire Name Institution Many have credited Augustus Caesar as the first real great emperor of Rome. Modern historians know him as a historical figure made one of the most significant impacts in the ancient world. He became a Caesar after the Assassination of Julius Caesar (Buchan, 1937, p.18). Many people know Augustus Caesar for his effort and achievement of uniting the Roman Empire that became for over one hundred years. There has been a mixed reaction among many scholars concerning the life and rulership of Augustus. Some have viewed his achievements favorable while the other party sees him as a failure. Both facts are worth looking. It is true that while ruling Augustus achieved a lot but also had failures accompanying his reign. Augustus is Roman born in the year 63 B.C. His name was Gaius Octavius. His family was a very influential family. His father was the governor of Macedonia before he died in the year 58 BC. His Mother Caesonia was niece to the greatest general of Rome Julius Caesar. Julius Caesar took Augustus and adopted him as his son in the year 46 B.C. making him his heir. Augustus took over power from his father in the year 27 BC after his dad died of poisoning (Grant, 1978, p.32). While he was an emperor, he expanded Rome borders and took interest in civic and cultural affairs. Augustus slept in the year 14 A.D. and his son Tiberius replaced him. While still...
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...Greeks and Romans affected and influenced each other greatly in the Hellenistic Period and Ancient Roman Civilization. The greatest effect of Hellenism; specifically between Rome and Greece; was communication. The spoken word, and the language of printing, sculpture, mosaics and architecture all of which they, and the various regions shared. As the provinces consumed the culture at a constant rate, they also managed to keep their own unique local characteristics and joined them while exploring the arts themselves. Architecture was one of the many characteristics of Greek life that the Romans borrowed various aspects of. The simple but elegantly executed Hellenic style had captivated the Romans as much as other perspectives of Greece. Architecture became a common denominator in the religious lives of Rome and Greece. During the last century of the Republic the attachment of the old indigenous form of worship was replaced by the influence of Modern Greek civilization. This combination of Greek mythology and Greek skepticism soon tended to abolish the deep religious feeling characteristic of the old Romans. The religious indifference of the upper classes grew into a decided animosity to religion itself, and many of the older temples fell into chaos. When finally repaired, the old Roman temples took on a unanimous Greek flavor. The Temple of Portunus for example was created by Romans and combined the Etruscan plans and Greek elevations. Another characteristic between Greece and...
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...memory and wisdom it contained or was felt to contain. As Roman-controlled territory and Roman ambition grew, it became impossible to have an army consisting purely of property-owning Roman citizens...
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...Roman Portraiture The Romans practiced the art of capturing an image of a person, otherwise known as Roman portraiture, which is a significant period in the field of portrait art. This practice continued for almost five centuries starting from Ancient Rome. It can be seen that during this period, portraits spoke a lot about a specific person thus it became an integral part of society. The way one was depicted through portraiture became very important for the Romans as it reflected not only them but their history as well. They executed this in various forms of media. Its most popular mediums were coins and sculptures but they were also done in paintings, glass, and gems. These were done in various materials such as for example; the sculptures were made with the use of marble, terracotta and even bronze. With portraiture being done through various mediums, it can be noted how it had both uses for the public such as it appearing on coins and of course for their own private uses or display. Roman portraiture constantly had changing styles, which can be characterized by a stylistic cycle. It can be seen that it had an alternating shift from realistic to idealistic elements. Emperors and public officials portrayed themselves in a way that would benefit their endeavors by switching from one style to the other. For example, since one’s military prowess and devotion to public service were attributes that were highly looked after, public officials would have their portraits made...
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...Tertullian the author of The Prescriptions Against the Heretics is in no way apprehensive in his characterization of the heretics that were speaking against the Holy word of the Lord. In his prescriptions he contends that the heretics, specifically the Gnostics who believed the pathway to salvation is through intellectual seeking which allows them to be closer to their God, are amiss in their justification. He then goes one step further and attempts to identify the root of the heretics motivation, that being the study of philosophy. “… we ought not to be surprised ether at the occurrence of the heresies, since they were foretold”, states Tertullian in Chapter 1 which embodies the thinking of the Christian writers of the time. Given the fact that heretics and naysayers were prophesied in the religious texts these Christian scholars were always on the defense and ready to repudiate any claims made against the church, no matter how much validity there was to the argument. To begin Tertullian asserts that the prevailing heretics would in fact be those that call themselves Christians as well, “ The Lord teaches that many ravening wolves will come in sheep’s clothing. What is this sheep’s clothing but the outward profession of the name “Christian””. He then claims that the heretic is “self- condemned”, that being because “he chooses for himself the cause of his condemnation”. Yet his essential argument is that the nucleus of the heresy is philosophy, “It is philosophy that supplies...
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...Sacred Scripture Last Friday afternoon, we had class Some students had other priorities. Therefore, if you missed class on Friday, you have a make-up assignment. You must write me a 1-2 page paper for Wednesday. Question: Who wrote the Bible? You must discuss 1) the traditional evidence for Moses; 2) the Documentary hypothesis. This is ONLY for those who MISSED Friday. The names of God. Lord: Adonai (Hebrew) LORD: Yahweh or Jehovah or I am who I am. God: Elohim (Hebrew). God Almighty: El Shaddai. Most ancient Jews thought that Moses wrote the Torah/Pentateuch (first five books of the Bible: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy). Moses is traditionally thought to have lived in the 1200sBC. The names of God appear to differ systematically in the Torah. J source: used Yahweh/Jehovah. E source: used Elohim/God. P source: written by priestly writers. D source: The book of Deuteronomy is a separate composition. ------------------------------------------------- Genesis 27.46: Esau’s wives drove his mother CRAZY!!!!!! Welcome back! The New Testament presents Jesus as… The New Moses (but who is Moses?????????????) Exodus 1-20 The Ten Commandments: Exodus 20/Deuteronomy Genesis 1: 10 COMMANDMENTS! The covenant/allianza. I am the LORD your God who brought you out of slavery. 1. You shall have no other gods before me. 2. You shall not take the name of the LORD your God in vain. 3. Remember the Sabbath day to keep it holy. 4. Honor...
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...533-534). Octavius Caesar was related to the famous Julius Caesar through Octavius' mother. Atria was Octavius' grandmother and Julius Caesar's sister, therefore making Octavius his great-nephew. When Julius Caesar was murdered in 44 B.C., his will read that Octavius was to be adopted by him, making Octavius his son and heir to the Roman Empire. Also, in his will it stated that every citizen of Rome would receive a cash gift. Octavius rushed to Rome to take his throne, but when he arrived in Rome, he realized the Antony had already taken control of the city. He could not persuade Antony to release the money in Julius Caesar's treasury so he had to borrow all the money he could to give the gifts to the citizens. Julius Octavius Caesar was only eighteen when he was thrust into the world of hate and greed. Even though he was supposed to be the ruler of Rome, he had to march on Rome in order to get any respect from Cassius and Brutus. Cassius and Brutus were the head of the conspiracy to kill Julius Caesar. Ironically, Augustus comes back to kill Cassius and Brutus for the power. (Hornblower, Companion 105). When Augustus became emperor, he tried to...
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...VESPASIAN ROME’?S EXECUTIONER Robert Fabbri read Drama and Theatre at London University and has worked in film and TV for twenty-five years. As an assistant director he has worked on productions such as Hornblower, Hellraiser, Patriot Games and Billy Elliot. His lifelong passion for ancient history –? especially the Roman Empire –? inspired the birth of the Vespasian series. He lives in London and Berlin. First published in Great Britain in 2012 by Corvus, an imprint of Atlantic Books Ltd. Copyright ©? Robert Fabbri 2012. The moral right of Robert Fabbri to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act of 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of both the copyright owner and the above publisher of this book. This is a work of fiction. All characters, organizations, and events portrayed in this novel are either products of the author’?s imagination or are used fictitiously. 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN: 978-1-84887-912-6 (Hardback) ISBN: 978-1-84887-913-3 (Trade paperback) ISBN: 978-0-85789-676-6 (eBook) Printed in Great Britain. Corvus An imprint of Atlantic Books Ltd Ormond...
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...Beginning with the third century B.C. Roman economic policy started to contrast more and more sharply with that in the Hellenistic world, especially Egypt. In Greece and Egypt economic policy had gradually become highly regimented, depriving individuals of the freedom to pursue personal profit in production or trade, crushing them under a heavy burden of oppressive taxation, and forcing workers into vast collectives where they were little better than bees in a great hive. The later Hellenistic period was also one of almost constant warfare, which, together with rampant piracy, closed the seas to trade. The result, predictably, was stagnation. Stagnation bred weakness in the states of the Mediterranean, which partially explains the ease with which Rome was able to steadily expand its reach beginning in the 3rd century B.C. By the first century B.C., Rome was the undisputed master of the Mediterranean. However, peace did not follow Rome’s victory, for civil wars sapped its strength. Rome’s power hungry leaders and government lead to the downfall of their powerful civilization. Following the murder of Caesar in 44 B.C. His adopted son Octavian finally brought an end to internal strife with his defeat of Mark Antony in the battle of Actium in 31 B.C. Octavian’s victory was due in no small part to his championing of Roman economic freedom against the Oriental despotism of Egypt represented by Antony, who had fled to Egypt and married Cleopatra in 36 B.C. As Oertel (1934: 386) put...
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...Is law a necessary evil? Absolutely yes. Many of us do not like the complete bureaucracy that the legal system is, and equal among us despise lawyers. Nevertheless, all of these roles within the legal system have a purpose, and the legal system as a whole is necessary. For as long as there has been civilization, there has been law in one form or another. From the Code of Hammurabi to the Geneva Conventions, law has existed in some way, shape or form since the beginning of recorded history. The reason it still exists is that we absolutely need it for the development and progress of our society. If law were not necessary, it would have simply ceased to be applied and practiced. In the present day law plays unlimited importance in how our society is structured, stratified and regulated. In the present day, without law Canada as well as the rest of the world would decline into complete anarchy and disarray almost immediately. One such reason that we need law to maintain order is that humans are inherently a vicious and hostile being and that law and fear of punishment is required to keep these primal desires in check. Another such factor for the necessity of law is that left to themselves in a natural environment, humans need not be governed by law. However when humans participate in a society, law is required to ensure a stable and safe society for all member. This stable and safe social environment is paramount to the nurture and upbringing of humans and without it, chaos...
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...Reader, J. (2004). War, Greece and Rome. In, Cities. (pp.51-67 & 310-311 ; Figures : 22-41). London : William Heinemenann. 5 WaJ; Greece and Rome An adequate and reliable food supply is the first priority of every -city - a priority handled so efficiently· in the modern world that we take it for granted. Ancient cities, contending with the vagaries of climate and problems of transport, were not so fortunate. Securing the food supply pushed cities into war and conquest, but also inspired significant advances in farming, transport and government. Sumer can claim a number of important firsts in world history - the first cities, the first irrigated agriculture, the first civilisations, the first written language - and the influence of these is with us still (not least in that every passing minute, every hour acknowledges the Sumerians' sexagesimal system of numeration), but there is one first that humanity might have preferred to do without: warfare. Warfare itself did not provoke the establishment of cities generally (see pp. II-I2) , and there is certainly nothing to suggest that warfare inspired the foundation of Sumer's earliest cities, but there is plenty of evidence indicating that, once established, cities and the fruits of civilisation became important factors in the development of military power. The story of Sumer persuasively suggests that the advent of organised warfare probably began as the growing populations and falling agricultural production described at...
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...HUM 1000: WORLD CIVILIZATIONS NOTES BY DR. KAKAI P.W THE NATURE AND ORIGIN OF CIVILIZATION IN AFRICA Definition of key terms As we begin this course, it is crucial to first discuss our understanding of the concept ‘civilization’. This is a comparative term which is usually applied in comparison to such words as ‘barbarian’ ‘savage’ and ‘primitive’. In classical antiquity the Europeans used the word ‘barbarian’ to refer to a foreigner who was regarded as inferior (Ogutu and Kenyanchui, An Introduction To African History, 1991 p33). Do you think this is still the way we use the word barbarian? The Latin speakers referred to hunters, food-gatherers as savage. In the 17th century this term ‘savage’ referred to a person without art, literacy, or society who lived in fear of existence and death. ‘Primitive’ on the other hand, in Latin meant ‘the first or original’. Europeans used these words interchangeably when referring to non-Europeans while the word civilization was preserved to describe historical developments of European people (ibid). Now the term civilization is no longer confined to the above development but also extends reference to non-European communities. Attributes of civilization includes observance to law, belonging to an organized society, having a society of literate people with advanced developments in urbanization, agriculture, commerce, arts and technology. The French thinkers of the 18th century referred to a person of the arts and literature...
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...religion, for who can read the human heart? But I am certain that they hold it to be indispensible to the maintenance of republican institutions. This opinion is not peculiar to a class of citizens or to a party, but it belongs to the whole nation and to every rank of society (Tocqueville). I pray we can become closer to this ideal once again. Secularism it is commonly held, started during the Renaissance, the early 1400s, Gutenberg invented the movable type printing press, the result was twofold; one was the rapid distribution of printed paper that led to the early and wide spread distribution of the Bible which led to the Reformation. Simultaneously the distribution of humanistic and scientific doctrines which included the philosophers of the Roman and Greek...
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