...Varna Cultural Heritage of the Thracians [pic] Written by: Tsvetan 2010 Bulgarian treasures Once upon a time the Thracians inhabited Bulgarian lands. Millennia after, their ancient and mysterious culture revealed its true magnificence. In the last few decades a number of significant collections of Thracian treasures have been discovered in present-day Bulgaria, providing much of our present knowledge of ancient Thrace. Golden mask of a Thracian king Bulgaria’s ancient Thracian heritage was thrust into the spotlight in 2004 with a number of key archaeological discoveries in the so-called Valley of the Thracian Kings. A team of Bulgarian archaeologists, led by Professor Georgi Kitov, discovered a 2400-year old golden mask in the tomb of an ancient Thracian king on August 19. The mask bears the image of a human face and is made of 500 grams of solid gold. The discovery was made near the town of Shipka, in the heart of the Stara Planina Mountain. Dozens of Thracian mounds are spread throughout this region, which archaeologists have called ‘the Bulgarian valley of the kings,’ a reference to the Valley of the Kings near Luxor, which is home to the tombs of Egyptian Pharaohs. “The unique mask looks even better than the famous image of King Agamemnon, the Greek anti-hero described by Homer in the Iliad,” Kitov said after making the discovery. “This is the first Thracian mask of solid gold ever found,” he said...
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...his hand, as well as visions of Cerberus.After finishing a recent mission and saving his nephew, (on the MacedonianCoast in Northern Greece in 358 BC) Hercules and his team are celebrating and drinking at a tavern when they are approached by Ergenia (Rebecca Ferguson), on behalf of her father, Lord Cotys (John Hurt), who wants Hercules to train the armies of Thrace to defend the kingdom from bloodthirsty warlord Rhesus(Tobias Santelmann). Hercules accepts after he and his men are offered his weight in gold, and the band is welcomed to Thrace by King Cotys and General Sitacles (Peter Mullan), leader of the Thracian army. However, Rheseus has reached the Bessi tribe in Central Thrace and Cotys insists that Hercules leads the army into battle to defend the Bessi, despite their lack of training. However, they are too late as Rhesus' sorcery has turned the Bessi against the Thracians. After the Bessi are defeated, Hercules properly trains the army, then Hercules and Sitacles confront Rheseus and his soldiers on the...
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...defining sign of humanity, the body may well have been the first canvas. Alongside paintings on cave walls visited by early people over 30,000 years ago, we find handprints, ochre deposits, and ornaments. And because the dead were often buried with valuable possessions and provisions for the afterlife, ancient burials reveal that people have been tattooing, piercing, painting, and shaping their bodies for millennia. All of the major forms of body art known today appear in the ancient world, and there is no evidence indicating a single place of origin for particular techniques. Like people today, ancient peoples used body art to express identification with certain people and distinction from others. Through body art, members of a group could define the ideal person and highlight differences between individuals and groups. In the past, as today, body art may have been a way of communicating ideas about the afterlife and about the place of the individual in the universe. A variety of objects demonstrate the use of body art in ancient times including an Egyptian fish-shaped make-up palette from 3650 BC to 3300 BC; a painted Greek vase from the fifth century BC depicting tattooed Thracian women; a ceramic spout bottle depicting the pierced face of a Moche warrior of Peru from AD 100-700; and ceramics of painted Nayarit women from 300 BC to 300 AD. As people from one culture encounter people from another, the diversity of body art can be a source of inspiration, admiration, and...
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...What were the reasons for the Greek cities to make an alliance against Athens? First of all, to answer this question of this work, it is needed to be displayed when and where did the events happen. In V century BC, the territory of today’s Greece was divided between several polices or city-states. The most powerful amongst them were Athens (which was seen as a democracy in the meaning that Ancient Greeks gave to this word), Sparta (a military oligarchy), Corinth, Megara, and Argos. After the battle for Byzantium, won by the Greeks in 478 BC, Spartans didn’t want to continue participate in military operations. They reckoned that the Greeks in Asia Minor could not be given a reliable security against the Persians, the Hellespont, where the Persians had come in Europe was in Greek hands and they had alienated their allies because of the cruel actions of the commander Pausanias. From then on the anti-Persian forces were led by Athens. Athenians had the largest interest continuing the operations – most of the colonies in Asia Minor and on the costs of the Black sea were Athenian. Having them and the Hellespont secured would give Athens a great boom in trade and economic growth. After being united against the barbarian aggressor – the Persians – the Greek polices started being suspicious of each other. Athens, the undisputable leader, was to build walls, surrounding it and protecting it from any aggression. Other cities were uneasy of the advantage that these walls would...
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...336 B.C., all the Greek states – minus Sparta – appointed Alexander the supreme commander of the Greek “war of revenge” against the Persians. In the spring of 334 B.C., Alexander’s campaign was finally in order. He set out for the Hellespont with over 30,000 infantry and over 5,000 cavalry. One of Macedonia’s most respected generals, Parmenion, was in charge of ferrying Alexander’s army across the Hellespont, which took 160 triremes and many more freighters. Alexander would be the first Macedonian to disembark, doing so in full battle array, casting his spear upon the banks of Asia Minor, claiming it as his own. Once disembarked, Alexander and a few of the Companions, most notably Alexander’s best friend Hephaestion, visited the ancient ruined city of Troy, sacrificing to Athena and paying tribute to the fallen Greek soldiers, particularly Achilles and Patroclus. Following the visit to Troy, Alexander reconvened with his army that was encamped at Arisbe and began to march inward across Asia Minor. Hearing news of Alexander’s invasion, the regional Persian commanders met at Zeleia to discuss how to respond to the threat. Memnon of Rhodes, a Greek mercenary commander, suggested adopting a scorched earth policy, a policy in which the defenders burn all land containing any type of resource that the invaders might use, depriving them of needed local provisions. The other Persian commanders, suspicious of Memnon’s motives and unwilling to burn their own land, refused. They...
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...Ancient Greece The Parthenon, a temple dedicated to Athena, located on the Acropolis in Athens, is one of the most representative symbols of the culture and sophistication of the ancient Greeks. Part of a series on the | Modern Greece.Septinsular Republic.War of Independence.First Hellenic Republic.Kingdom of Greece.National Schism.Second Hellenic Republic.4th of August Regime.Axis occupation (collaborationist regime).Civil War.Military Junta.Third Hellenic Republic | History by topic.Art.Constitution.Economy.Military.Names | History of Greece | | Neolithic Greece.Neolithic Greece | Greek Bronze Age.Helladic.Cycladic.Minoan.Mycenaean | Ancient Greece.Homeric Greece.Archaic Greece.Classical Greece.Hellenistic Greece.Roman Greece | Medieval Greece.Byzantine Greece.Frankish and Latin states.Ottoman Greece | | Ancient Greece was a civilization belonging to a period of Greek history that lasted from the Archaic period of the 8th to 6th centuries BCto the end ofantiquity (c. 600 AD). Immediately following this period was the beginning of the Early Middle Ages and the Byzantine era. Included in ancient Greece is the period ofClassical Greece, which flourished during the 5th to 4th centuries BC. Classical Greece began with the repelling of a Persian invasion by Athenian leadership. Because of conquests by Alexander the Great of Macedonia, Hellenistic civilization flourished fromCentral Asia to the western end of the Mediterranean Sea. Classical Greek culture...
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...Assignment 2: Goddess Essay Hera Adam Smith 24th April 2012 Hera is undoubtedly one of the most complex goddesses portrayed throughout history. Unlike many other goddesses who have kept relatively stable images, Hera has been tossed out and about being perceived on entirely different ends of the spectrum as both the Great Mother Goddess and the nagging and jealous wife of Zeus. She is the perfect example of a matriarchal deity that was taken over and transformed by patriarchal culture. It was in “Old” Ancient Greece that Hera was the primary divinity of a matriarchal culture, until the “New” Ancient Greece was founded by the Indo-European Hellenes from the north. It was the Mediterranean pre-Hellenic Greeks that worshiped Hera, and their culture was based around women (Morgan, 2006). Hera was portrayed in the three stages that women experience: the maiden (youth without children or responsibility), the mother (women with children and families in the prime of their lives), and the crone (past mothers who live for themselves once again). There was actually a competitive festival that happened every four years (like a sort of female Olympics) in which women of all ages were divided into three age groups (representing the three stages of Hera) and participated in 160-yard races, bare-breasted and with their hair unbound. There were three winners (one for each age/life stage category) and each winner had the honour of placing a statuette of herself in Hera’s shrine, received...
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...DBRAE200D Professor Daily 28 October 2012 Position Essay: The Necessity for the Explanations of Weather in Ancient Greece The complex, but plausible circumstances surrounding the explanations for different forms of weather in ancient Greece were necessary due to the lack of technological and intellectual advancements it took to really explain the origins of wind, thunderstorms, and rain. “The economy of the ancient Mediterranean world was agriculturally-based. Given the importance of weather to agriculture, it should not be surprising that there was a good deal of interest in the explanation and prediction of weather in the ancient world” (Taub). The mortals of ancient Greece were “normal” people. They worked for a living, served the gods and feared Zeus’ wrath. More revolutionary explanations for the weather in their world would not come around for hundreds of years, leaving a haze of uncertainty and a flurry of stories. The ancient Greeks had many explanations for and references to natural occurrences such as rain, wind, and thunderstorms. The thoughtful myths and the reasoning behind them made these curious occurrences suddenly logical and rational. It was through the descriptions of these events that the mortals of Greece realized that the actions of the gods were out of their control. Taking into account the simplistic lifestyle that Greek mortals led in a society sustained by growing crops year-round, they needed to know-or think they knew why their crops would die...
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...Ancient Egypt Love Poems Ancient Egypt literature and poetry foundation and growth were religious basses and beliefs. In a short amount of time, poetry evolved to deal with people ordinary lives and had a great place among Ancient Egyptian civilization. They wrote religious hymns, plays, dramatic poetry, songs, and in particular love poetry. Ancient Egyptians started and utilized strong literature in order to efficiently communicate their feeling that it affected other cultures, yet these master pieces lack names and titles. These master pieces are originally written inside tomb walls, papyrus and limestone which celebrates the pleasures of food, music, dance, and love. Ancient Egypt Love Poems are significant in our literature because they are one of the first recordings of human literary works and sure enough the earliest example of love poetry. It took them a long time to create these magnificent pieces of literature in writing, but before that oral poetry was part of their tradition; composition of Hymns, stories, and prayers that were passed down from a generation to another orally. The reason was that only a few could read and write in a city and they were more likely royals and merchandisers. Egyptian invented hieroglyphic writing to help their trade system for recording their merchants; later on, they used this writing in tombs in order to compose biographies, narrative poems, and songs. Soon after, Egyptian came up with a new system of writing, hieratic script, which...
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...UYO AKWA IBOM STATE, NIGERIA. FEBRUARY, 2012 1. INTRODUCTION All human societies have medical beliefs that provide explanations for birth, death, and disease. Throughout history, illness has been attributed to witchcraft, demons, astral influence, or the will of the gods. These ideas still retain some power, with faith healing and shrines still used in some places, although the rise of scientific medicine over the past millennium has altered or replaced mysticism in most cases. The ancient Egyptians had a system of medicine that was very advanced for its time and influenced later medical traditions. The Egyptians and Babylonians both introduced the concepts of diagnosis, prognosis, and medical examination. The Hippocratic Oath, still taken by doctors today, was written in Greece in the 5th century BCE, Horstmanshoff et al (2004:7). In the medieval era, surgical practices inherited from the ancient masters were improved and then systematized in Rogerius's The Practice of Surgery. During the Renaissance, understanding of anatomy improved, and the invention of the microscope would later lead to the germ theory of disease. These advancements, along with developments in chemistry, genetics, and lab technology (such as the x-ray) led to modern medicine, O'Leary (1939:65). 2. PREHISTORIC MEDICINE Although there is no record to establish when plants were first used for medicinal purposes (herbalism), the use of plants as healing...
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...of Khufu and some say Djedefre, also Khufu’s son was the immediate successor and Khafre followed his rule. Either way Khafre is known to have ruled during the 4th Dynasty of the Old Kingdom. During his rule he was married to two queens, Khamerenebty I and Meresankh. He had a son with Khamerenebty who was named Menkaure and became king after Khafre’s death. When Khafre became king seems to be lost in history. Sources I have come across believe his rule to roughly be between 2558 BC and 2532 BC. Our book however, (Art History Vol. 1) states his rule to be from 2520-2494 BCE. What I get from this is that little evidence is available for a reliable time of rule. Khafre’s pyramid which will be the main focus of my paper is one of the Ancient Egyptian Pyramids of Giza located in the outskirts of Cairo, Egypt. Khafre’s pyramid lays roughly a few hundred meters to the southwest of his father Khufu and Menkaure’s pyramid lays a few hundred meters further southwest of his father. (Pyramids by Joyce Filer) It only seems natural to first discuss the creation of the pyramid temple of Khafre. To build such a monumental structure thousands of workers would be needed including stone cutters, surveyors, carpenters, mortar makers, and general laborers. These worker would work year round and would stay on site whether at the build site or in the quarries. The stones they used at the bottom of the pyramid are very large and decrease in size to twenty inches thick at the top. Larger...
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...Our Lady of Guadalupe World History 3rd year Name: A. Read the sentences carefully. Write C if the statement is correct. W if it is wrong. ………1. Julius Cesar became famous because of the reforms he implemented for the welfare of the people. ………2. Octavian was a member of the first Triumvirate. ………3. The expansion of the territory and the power of the Rome resulted to political, economic and social problems. ………4. Julius Caesar united the domains of Rome in 45 BCE. ………5. Octavian won over Mark Anthony in the battle of the Rubicon River. ………6. Tiberius wanted to limit the Latifundia and to awards to the farmers. ………7. Julius Caesar defeated Sulta in a civil war. ………8. The reign of Octavian as emperor in 27 BCE was the end of the Roman Republic. ……….9. Julius Caesar failed to conquer Gaul. ………10. The owners of the land claimed the fields left by the soldiers and this expanded their control over the lands called latifundia. B. Identify what is being described in the following items. Choose your answer in the box. Write the letter of the correct answer in the blank. Aqeuduct Pax Romana Colloseum Circus Maximus Danube River Rome Gladiator Latin Augustus Caesar Nero Trajan Latin Livy Cicero Virgil Pliny 1. ………….Period of peace and prosperity in...
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...town stood. The town government was led by a lord mayor and a council, whom usually were among the wealthiest of the tradesmen and craftsmen. A town was usually surrounded by big stone walls. People lived in tall, narrow wooden houses, usually with more than one floor. The ground floor normally was used as the owner’s shop or area to practice his profession. The other floors were the living spaces of the household, and also the place where they kept their animals. Roads in the towns were narrow and long. Before the 13th century, streets were the responsibility of each household. Later on when the council started taking more responsibility, new roads were often built over the previous ones, without bothering to clean them. In London ancient Roman ruins are found at 20 feet below today’s street level. Even though people were supposed to be responsible for the part of the street in front of their house, they never showed much concern and never tried to keep it clean. The only exceptions were during an outbreak of the plague or a royal visit. This wasn’t the only problem for sanitation in the medieval cities. Main drains ran along the side of the streets and people threw dirty water out in their general direction. Stables opened into the streets and livestock like pigs were left to roam. Many people had pigs because they were...
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...Sculptures fulfilled a publicity role, as they had no newspapers or photographs these sculptures were a way to communicate to the public. Realism, hair gains volume, beard appears, Chiaroscuro effects First, that sculpture in this text functions as a kind of mapping device, as a means of constructing or imagining a sacred territory. Second, that the resulting “sacred map” is actually more about locating self than the sacred, about negotiating identity within a particular place and time, and in the face of a variety of socio-politico-cultural forces, in this instance, Flavian Rome. (Ehrenkrook 2008) Among the social institutions of ancient Rome, public baths were unique for their inclusive rather than exclusive policy and their vast appeal to the masses regardless of sex, color, creed, or wealth. Roman baths . What is more interesting, although we have considerable evidence for social segregation in many other institutions of public entertainment, such as the theater, the amphitheater, the stadium and the circus where sits or blocks of seats were formally and rigidly reserved for certain classes or groups, the same groups in mentioned in their benefaction charters appear to have mixed in public baths without restrictions. (Yegul 2010) when fine polished stones are carved, the strong light and reflections conceal the carving. The carving could best be seen by turning the carved part against a strong light." In alerting us to the importance of light, Ghiberti...
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... | Political | Economic | Religion | | The language is almost of Latin. | Greece, and especially Athens, is the cradle of democracy in the western civilization. | The economic and social structure of classical Greece, including thecolonies it sent out around the Mediterranean, had many features in commonWith other agricultural civilizations. | Dancing associated With Religious ceremony. | | Ancient Greek Culture was the birthplace of Western civilization about 4000 years ago. | Apart from many smaller changes, it was mainly based on the opportunity for all citizens over 20 to take part in governing the country. | In the 8th-century Greece depended clearly on farming. | At times Greek peasants showed their interest in some of the more emotionalreligious practices imported from the Middle East, which provided more colorthan the official ceremonies of the Greek pantheon and spiced the demandingRoutines of work. | | The art of ancient Greece has exercised an enormous influence on the culture of many countries from ancient times until the present. | Greek governments supervised the grain trade, providing not onlytransportation facilities but also storage depots to try to minimize theChance of famines. | A common pattern - the Greek economy evolved,Particularly as trade rose and cities grew. | Things that were created turned into their Gods. | | Greek sculptures are very important as the vast majority of them tell us a story about Gods, Heroes...
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