...Angina When describing a cardiovascular illness is best to start with the physical aspects of how the heart works. The Heart Your heart is a pump that keeps blood moving around your body. It delivers oxygen and nutrients to all parts of your body, and carries away unwanted carbon dioxide and waste products. As your heart muscle contracts, it pushes blood through your heart. With each contraction, or heartbeat: * Your heart pumps blood forward from its left side and into the arteries. Blood from the right side is pumped to your lungs. * The blood continues through the arteries, which divide off into smaller and smaller branches of microscopic capillaries. Travelling through this network of capillaries, blood reaches every part of your body. * The blood then travels back to the heart from the capillaries into the veins. The branches of the veins join to form larger veins, which deliver the blood back to the right side of your heart. As the heart relaxes in between each heartbeat or contraction, blood from your veins fills the right side of your heart and blood from the lungs fills the left side of your heart. The two sides of the heart are separate, but they work together. The right side of the heart receives dark, de-oxygenated blood which has circulated around your body. It pumps this to your lungs, where it picks up a fresh supply of oxygen and becomes bright red again. When there is an interruption to the oxygenated blood supply to the heart this can cause...
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...Angina Causes: Angina or chest pain occurs when the heart does not get an adequate oxygen supply because the arteries supplying the heart muscle are either blocked or narrowed. Coronary heart disease is the most common cause of chest pain. Some other causes of angina may be arrhythmias, anemia, coronary artery spasm, heart failure, heart valve disease, and hyperthyroidism. Stable angina is chronic and predictable meaning that it occurs after the activity or exercise and is short lasting (1-15 mins.). Unstable angina is chest pain that occurs suddenly, progressively becomes worse, and lasts longer than 15-20 mins (Chen & Zieve, 2011). S&S: Stable and Unstable angina present with the same symptoms: tightness, heavy pressure, squeezing or crushing pain in the chest, pain may radiate to shoulder, back, neck, jaw, left arm, shortness of breath, weakness, and fatigue. Some other symptoms may be sweating, dizziness or lightheadedness, nausea, vomiting, and palpitations (Chen & Zieve, 2011). Diagnostic tests: Tests that the doctor will run are to see what is causing the poor supply of blood to the heart. Some blood tests that are run are troponin 1 and T-00745, creatine phosphokinase, and myoglobin. These show if there is any damage to the heart tissue or if there is a risk for a heart attack. An electrocardiogram, which shows the electrical activity of the heart, and an echocardiogram, which shows the heart in picture form produced by soundwaves, may be done. Some stress tests...
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...Chronic Angina Case Study Advanced Pathophysiology 2/2/14 1) Basis for diagnosis: Six month history of intermittent chest discomfort, described as lower substernal tightness with numbness of the left upper arm, only during exertion. + exercise stress test with pain and 1.5mm of ST segment depression. Class of Angina: Class 1 Chronic angina is associated with a fixed or stable coronary obstruction that creates a disparity between coronary blood flow and the metabolic demands of the myocardium. It is usually precipitated by situations that increase the metabolic needs of the heart such as physical exertion, cold, and emotional stress and relieved within minutes by rest or nitroglycerin. These symptoms occur repeatedly over time, sometimes months to years. This fixed or stable plaque is commonly associated with chronic angina whereas the unstable plaque is associated with unstable angina and myocardial infarction. It is these unstable plaques that are most prone to abrupt plaque changes, followed by thrombosis, that lead to MI, stroke, and sudden cardiac death. These unstable plaques can be divided into three categories of Acute Coronary Syndrome: Unstable Angina, NSTEMI, and STEMI. The pathophysiology between UA and NSTEMI are similar and include these key features: development of an unstable plaque that ruptures or plaque erosion with superimposed non occlusive thrombosis, an obstruction by spasm, constriction, dysfunction, or adrenergic stimuli, severe narrowing...
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...for our heart. We need its’ life sustaining abilities in order to live. The heart is not only associated with our physical well- being, but it also is strongly linked to our emotional well being as well. “The Greeks believed the heart was the seat of the spirit, the Chinese associated it with the center for happiness and the Egyptians thought the emotions and intellect rose from the heart.” (Condron, 2011). The heart is so much more than just an organ that pumps blood throughout the body. It is a key factor to life. When the heart has issues, it is a domino effect in the body and other body systems are affected too. There are a multitude of problems that can arise with the cardiac system. One of these problems is angina. Key Principles Angina can be defined as a discomfort or pain in the area of the heart or chest. It can feel like heavy pressure or even a squeezing in the chest area. But that is not the only place...
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...What Is Angina? Angina (an-JI-nuh or AN-juh-nuh) is chest pain or discomfort that occurs if an area of your heart muscle doesn't get enough oxygen-rich blood. Angina may feel like pressure or squeezing in your chest. The pain also can occur in your shoulders, arms, neck, jaw, or back. Angina pain may even feel like indigestion. Angina isn't a disease; it's a symptom of an underlying heart problem. Angina usually is a symptom of coronary heart disease (CHD). CHD is the most common type of heart disease in adults. It occurs if a waxy substance called plaque (plak) builds up on the inner walls of your coronary arteries. These arteries carry oxygen-rich blood to your heart. Plaque Buildup in an Artery Plaque narrows and stiffens the coronary arteries. This reduces the flow of oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle, causing chest pain. Plaque buildup also makes it more likely that blood clots will form in your arteries. Blood clots can partially or completely block blood flow, which can cause a heart attack. Types of Angina Classic Angina Stable angina is the most common type of angina. It occurs when the heart is working harder than usual. Stable angina has a regular pattern. (“Pattern” refers to how often the angina occurs, how severe it is, and what factors trigger it.) If you have stable angina, you can learn its pattern and predict...
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...of the first things to occur in heart disease is the narrowing of the _________________________ that supply blood, oxygen, and nutrients to the heart muscle. coronary arteries stenosis ventricles atria Question 5. When a blood vessel in the brain leaks or bursts, bleeding occurs into or around the brain stopping or decreasing blood flow to other areas of the brain. This is called a/an ________________________. thrombotic ischemic stroke embolic ischemic stroke hemorrhagic stroke arrhythmia Question 6. ________________________ is a simple sugar that all cells use as an energy source. Fructose Sucrose Glucose Lactose Question 7. When a blood vessel becomes mostly or totally blocked, _______________________ may result. angina myocardial infarction stenosis arrhythmia Question 8. Diabetes is characterized by __________. high levels of glucose in the blood autoimmune disease pregnancy hypertension Question 9. _________________ happens with exertion, emotional upset, exposure to cold or overeating, and resolves with rest or from taking a medication....
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...Relationship Remarks Name of Secondary Beneficiary/ies Date of Birth (First) M.I. (Last) MM DD YY Designation of Trustee (We suggest that you designate a trustee for minor beneficiaries to facilitate claim settlement). I hereby designate: Name of Trustee Relationship to Applicant as a trustee of the minor beneficiary/ies named above. He is authorized to receive for and behalf of said beneficiary / ies any insurance proceeds due during the minority of the said beneficiary/ies. The receipt of said trustee of the insurance proceeds due to the minor beneficiary/ies shall discharge the liability of the Company with respect to the amount so paid. Additional Information: 1. Have you ever had or been treated to any of the following: Heart attack, angina pectoris or arteriosclerosis? Cancer,...
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...Chronic Pain 1. What are the risk factors for low back injury? 2. Describe differences between acute pain management and chronic pain management. 3. Identify common concerns related to long-term use of opiod medications. 4. What are the top three nursing diagnosis priorities for a patient with an acute exacerbation of chronic pain? 5. Identify and explain at least two adjuncts, other than medications, that are used for chronic pain management. 6. Describe the possible impact of chronic pain on the psychosocial, spiritual, cultural, and developmental levels of a patient. Asthma 1. What are the risk factors for asthma? 2. Describe routine nursing care that would be appropriate for a homecare patient. 3. Describe education a patient requires to self-administer nebulizer treatments. 4. What are the top three nursing diagnosis priorities for the patient having an asthma attack in the home. 5. Identify three common complications for untreated asthma. Explain the nursing care designed to prevent each of these complications from occurring. 6. Describe the effects of common asthma medications. 7. Prepare for teaching a patient with limited English proficiency how to manage asthma at home. Tuberculosis 1. What are the risk factors for tuberculosis? 2. Describe three different types of tuberculosis and the common treatment recommendations for each. 3. Identify common concerns related to long-term administration of tuberculosis...
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...INTRODUCTION This poster presentation is about coronary heart disease and women. Along with the supporting paper I will attempt to identify women’s perception of CHD and some of the risk factors. The author will define coronary heart disease (CHD), and show its implication for women TOPIC AND RATIONALE Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the single largest killer of women in the United Kingdom (Hatchett and Thompson, 2002; Julian et al 2005; Mikhail, 2005). Women perceive breast cancer as a greater risk than CHD though 16% of all deaths in women in the United Kingdom (UK) were from CHD, in comparison to 4% for breast cancer (British Heart Foundation, 2005). It is suggested that these misperceptions may lead women to underestimate their risk for CHD and fail to seek early interventions to prevent unnecessary morbidity and mortality (Hart, 2005). I chose this topic for my poster presentation after reading an article in the newspaper regarding women’s perception of CHD. It sparked my interest as the article made me realize that breast and cervical cancer were at the forefront of my mind, with CHD rarely thought about. This perception I realized was due to the media; in women’s magazines where the campaign for breast awareness is highly visible and the general media where CHD is portrayed as the preserve of the white middle aged male. The BHF, which published the report on women and CHD, seem to perpetuate this view in their current campaign (BHF, 2006a). The campaign...
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...Cardiovascular Disease Name Institution Date Background Throughout my years of occupation as a dental hygienist, I have come across various dental problems. Children as well as adult are capable of succumbing to the various dental illnesses. Nicholas (2011) attests that there underlies a great relationship amid oral inflammatory issue and cardiovascular processes. In other words, Nicholas’s research aims at showcasing that most oral inflammatory issue are likely to lead to cardiovascular dilemmas. The ultimate implication on this particular study is that regular dental care processes play a pragmatic role in preventing most cardiovascular diseases. The following paper is a comprehensive research in which in which I seek to uncover the history of cardiovascular disease as well as how it affects dental practices. History An American Heart Association commonly abbreviated as (AHA) describes the various heart disease as cardiovascular diseases. Cardiovascular illnesses are a leading cause of death throughout the world. Cardiovascular disease dates from several years back. The period at which the disease is said to have come into existence is commonly known as the ancient Egypt. However, it is worth to note that the vast society has only become enlightened regarding the cause a well as the effects of the cardiovascular illnesses just in the wake of the 20th Century despite the ancient history of the disease. As a health practitioner, the implication underlying this revelation...
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...Coronary Artery Disease. Coronary artery disease is the narrowing or blockage of the coronary arteries, usually caused by atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis (sometimes called “hardening” or “clogging” of the arteries) is the buildup of cholesterol and fatty deposits (called plaques) on the inner walls of the arteries. These plaques can restrict blood flow to the heart muscle by physically clogging the artery or by causing abnormal artery tone and function. Without an adequate blood supply, the heart becomes starved of oxygen and the vital nutrients it needs to work properly. This can cause chest pain called angina. If blood supply to a portion of the heart muscle is cut off entirely, or if the energy demands of the heart become much greater than its blood supply, a heart attack (injury to the heart muscle) may occur. Your coronary arteries are shaped like hollow tubes through which blood can flow freely. The muscular walls of the coronary arteries are normally smooth and elastic and are lined with a layer of cells called the endothelium. The endothelium provides a physical barrier between the blood stream and the coronary artery walls, while regulating the function of the artery by releasing chemical signals in response to various stimuli. Coronary artery disease starts when you are very young. Before your teen years, the blood vessel walls begin to show streaks of fat. As you get older, the fat builds up, causing slight injury to your blood vessel walls. Other substances traveling...
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...Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is the most common type of heart surgery. CABG improves blood flow to the heart. Surgeons use CABG to treat people who have severe coronary heart disease (CHD). CHD is a disease in which a waxy substance called plaque (plak) builds up inside the coronary arteries. These arteries supply oxygen-rich blood to your heart. Over time, plaque can harden or rupture (break open). Hardened plaque narrows the coronary arteries and reduces the flow of oxygen-rich blood to the heart. This can cause chest pain or discomfort called angina (an-JI-nuh or AN-juh-nuh). If the plaque ruptures, a blood clot can form on its surface. A large blood clot can mostly or completely block blood flow through a coronary artery. This is the most common cause of a heart attack. Over time, ruptured plaque also hardens and narrows the coronary arteries. During CABG, a healthy artery or vein from the body is connected, or grafted, to the blocked coronary artery. The grafted artery or vein bypasses (that is, goes around) the blocked portion of the coronary artery. This creates a new path for oxygen-rich blood to flow to the heart muscle. Surgeons can bypass multiple blocked coronary arteries during one surgery. Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting What To Expect Before Heart Surgery There are many types of heart surgery. One person's experience before surgery can be very different from another's. Some people carefully plan their surgeries with their doctors. They know exactly...
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...extent of blockage of lumen. [1] The use of percutaneous coronary intervention is, but not restricted to, to treat coronary artery diseases. [2] The American Heart Association uses Classes I, II, III to incorporate the indications and contraindications for the procedure. Class I incorporates conditions that prove the procedure is needed. Class II refers to findings challenge the efficiency of the procedure. Class III refers to all conditions which prove this procedure is not effective or harmful in some cases. [2] The American Board of Surgery describes Class I conditions (clinical indications for angiography) as acute ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarctions (STEMI), Non ST-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome (NSTE-ACS), stable angina, variant and unstable angina. Immediate coronary angiography is recommended upon finding a patient with STEMI. For patients with NSTE-ACS, effective preventive and management is recommended. [3] For Class II patients, objective evidence of a moderate to large area of viable myocardium or moderate ischemia on non-invasive testing is an indication for angiography. Class III comprise of all clinical contraindications. These include intolerance to long term antiplatelet therapy, old age, presence of any comorbid conditions that limit the lifespan of patient. Arteries with diameters lesser than 1.5mm pose a threat and can lead to various risks. [3] The possibility of key complications is less than 2%, but dynamics such as patient’s health, acute renal inefficiency...
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...Case Study 5—Coronary Artery Disease It is midmorning on the cardiac unit where you work, and you are getting a new patient. G.P., a 60- year-old retired businessman, is married and has 3 grown children. As you take his health history, he tells you that he began feeling changes in his heart rhythm about 10 days ago. He has hypertension and a 5-year history of angina pectoris. During the past week he has had more frequent episodes of midchest discomfort. The chest pain has awakened him from sleep but does respond to NTG, which he has taken sublingually about 8 to 10 times over the past week. During the week he has also experienced increased fatigue. He states, “I just feel crappy all the time anymore.” A cardiac catheterization done several years ago revealed 50% occlusion of the right coronary artery (RCA) and 50% occlusion of the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery. He tells you that both his mother and father had CAD. He is taking amlodipine, metoprolol, lipitor, and baby ASA qd. Setting: Hospital, outpatient cardiac rehabilitation Index Words: coronary artery disease (CAD), hypertension, angina, lifestyle modification, medications, laboratory values, assessment, risk factors, pacemaker 1. What other information are you going to ask about his episodes of chest pain? [k] P Precipitating events What events or activities precipitated the pain (e.g., argument, exercise, resting)? Q Quality of pain What does the pain feel like (e.g., pressure, dull, aching...
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...Running head: NURSING CARE PLAN II Nursing Care Plan II Maria Milazzo Cochise College Nursing 123 April 16, 2010 Maxine Parmley RN, MSN Nursing Care Plan II Setting and Demographics My scheduled clinical rotation at Life Care Center began on April 8th. Mrs. X, a long-term resident, was the patient I had chosen. I had conducted several patient interviews and she appeared to be an interesting patient. After passing out the morning medicines to the resident’s, I made my way down the hall to Mrs. X’s room. When I arrived to Mrs. X’s room she was quietly sleeping in her bed with a book titled the “Autobiography of Hilary Clinton” on her stomach. I knocked on the door and proceeded to greet her and introduce myself, she sat up, smiled, and said she loved visitors. I explained my school assignment to Mrs. X , and requested permission, and perform a physical assessment she stated, “ it was quite alright.” She is a hispanic ninety one year old woman, approximately five feet five inches tall, and weighs 98 pounds; she has been a resident of Life care for eight months. Her current diagnoses included a closed ulnar fracture with rehabilitation, atrial fibrillation, and coronary artery disease. Her secondary diagnoses are hypothyroidism, depressive disorder, hypertension, esophageal reflux, generalized pain, and chest pain. Functional Health Patterns Health Perception-Health Management: Subjective: Patient stated her general health has been declining recently, with three...
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