...Assignment: SCIE207 Phase 2 Lab Report Title: Animal and Plant Cell Structures Instructions: Your lab report will consist of the completed tables. Label each structure of the plant and animal cell with its description and function in the provided tables. When your lab report is complete, submit this document to your instructor in your assignment box. 1. Animal cell: Observe the diagram that shows the components of an animal cell. Using the textbook and virtual library resources, fill in the following table: Animal Cell Number Cell Structure Description and Function 1 Chromatin (DNA) The primary functions are to package DNA into a smaller volume to fit the cell, to enforce DNA macromolecule to allow mitosis, to prevent DNA damage, and to control gene expression and DNA replications 2 Nucleolus The largest structure in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells where it primarily serves as the site of ribosome synthesis and assembly. 3 Nucleus The nucleus is basically the command center of the cell, it controls eating, movement, and reproduction. 4 Nuclear Pore Are large protein complexes that serve as the pathways for exchange of the materials between the nucleus and cytoplasm 5 Nuclear Envelope A highly regulated membrane barrier that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm in eukaryotic cells. 6 Centrioles Self-replicating organelles made up of nine bundles of microtubules and appear to help in organizing cell division. 7 Cilia and Flagella Hair like organelles...
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...because when the plant cells and the human cells were viewed in the microscope, they took on differentiating forms, enabling visual differentiation of the two forms of cells. The onion skin cell, an example of a plant cell, generally has a rigid, rectangular shape. The onion skin cells were positioned beside each other (length touching length, width touching width) and formed a checkered pattern. When observing the onion skin cell, we noticed that the cells took on a brick-like structure and within the cells, small dots (the nuclei) can be seen.When we first looked into the microscope, the microscope’s total magnification was 10X so there were about a hundred rows of rectangular cells (see diagram provided), but as we changed magnifications, the number of cells in the field of view decreased.When we viewed the onion skin cells at 40X total magnification, we noticed the nuclei of the cells looked clearer and larger and we were able to study the cell with more understanding than when we used the first magnification. The organelles that we were able to see in this type of cell were the nucleus, the cytoplasm and the cell wall. | -----The cheek cell, an example of an animal cell, generally has a circular, oval shape. the animal cell structure is the most prominent in human cheek cells. animal cell simply stands on it's own without being closely packed together. We noticed that the cells were secluded and spread out (see diagram provided), when we viewed the cheek cells at 40X total...
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...1) How are plants and animals similar in structure? How are they different? Plants and animals are similar because they both show the presence of cytoplasm, plasma membrane, endoplasmic reticulum (smooth and rough), mitochondria, vacuole, mitochondria, golgi apparatus, peroxisomes, microtubules/ microfilaments, nucleus, and flagella (present in some cells). They are different because Plant cells have centrioles or intermediate filaments. They also have a more square shape and contain chloroplasts. This allows plant cells produce their own food or energy. Animal cells must obtain food from a source outside of the body. Plants have a cell wall that is made up of fibrils of cellulose. Plants have only one big vacuole, but animals have many small vacuoles. Plants also contain plastids while it is absent in animal cells. Animals have lysosomes, while plants don’t. 2) What was the purpose of adding the iodine solution to the onion cells?...
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...Cell wall Plant cell and animal cell are different in shape, size and also has few different organelles which function in different way. One of the main difference between plant cells and animal cells is that plant cells have a cell wall, whereas animal cells don't. Instead of cell wall animal cells have cell membrane but the plant cells have both cell wall and cell membrane. The cell wall in plant cells work as a protection layer outside the cell membrane which also provides structure for the plant cell. It is seen as a shape giver to the plant. Likewise it also purify or determine the substances that goes in and out of the cells which protect the cells from being damage. Although all plant have cell wall but they are constructed in different way for different plants and also they act in different way which depend in the plants type. For example the world tallest tree Hyperion needs a very firm and stern cell wall so that it can stand still and grow to its fullest height. Whereas, for small plant like Hebe needs more mobility so it can bend but not break. Fig 1: Cellulose (Sugar Chain) The cell wall are made of cellulose. Cellulose is a type of fibres that is made up of sugar molecules which is formed in a long chain like structure to strengthen the cell. Cellulose is made up of complex sugar because it is used in both protection as well as structure. It's main function is to give strength to the cell wall. Nucleus and Nucleolus Plants cells and animals cells...
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...Biology » Outlines Chapter 21 - The Genetic Basis of Development Chapter 21 The Genetic Basis of Development Lecture Outline Overview: From Single Cell to Multicellular Organism * The application of genetic analysis and DNA technology to the study of development has brought about a revolution in our understanding of how a complex multicellular organism develops from a single cell. * In 1995, Swiss researchers identified a gene that functions as a master switch to trigger the development of the eye in Drosophila. * A similar gene triggers eye development in mammals. * Developmental biologists are discovering remarkable similarities in the mechanisms that shape diverse organisms. * While geneticists were advancing from Mendel’s laws to an understanding of the molecular basis of inheritance, developmental biologists were focusing on embryology. * Embryology is the study of the stages of development leading from fertilized egg to fully formed organism. * In recent years, the concepts and tools of molecular genetics have reached a point where a real synthesis of genetics and developmental biology has been possible. * When the primary research goal is to understand broad biological principles, the organism chosen for study is called a model organism. * Researchers select model organisms that are representative of a larger group, suitable for the questions under investigation, and easy to grow in the lab. * For study...
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...Cells, Exchange and Transport Cell Structure State the resolution and magnification that can be achieved by a light microscope, a transmission electron microscope and a scanning electron microscope; | Light microscope | TEM | SEM | Resolution | 200nm | 0.1nm | 0.1nm | Magnification | X1500 | X250 000 | X100 000 | Explain the difference between magnification and resolution; Magnification: How much bigger the image is than the specimen. Resolution: How detailed the image is and how well a microscope can distinguish between two different points. Explain the need for staining samples for use in light microscopy and electron microscopy; Objects need to be stained because they can sometimes be viewed as completely transparent under a microscope. The stain is taken up by some parts more than others and the contrast makes the different parts show up darker than others. Calculate the linear magnification of an image; Magnification = length of image/ length of specimen Describe and interpret drawings and photographs of eukaryotic cells as seen under an electron microscope and be able to recognise the following structures: nucleus, nucleolus, nuclear envelope, rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi apparatus, ribosomes, mitochondria, lysosomes, chloroplasts, plasma (cell surface) membrane, centrioles, flagella and cilia; Nucleus: Large organelle Nucleolus: spherical structure inside...
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...Lori Stenbeck Bio K121 June 14, 2012 Animal and Plant Cells Introduction: There are two different types of cells, prokaryotic and eukaryotic. Prokaryotic, such as bacteria, lack a nuclear membrane and other membrane bound organelles. Their genetic material consists of a single molecule of singular DNA. Eukaryotic, such as plant and animal cells have a nuclear membrane and other membrane bound organelles. Their genetic structure consists of one or more linear strands of DNA. Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus, cytoplasm, and a plasma membrane surrounding the cell. The typical plant cell has in addition a cell wall, a rigid structure made up of cellulose that surrounds the plasma membrane. Most animal cells are mostly filled with cytoplasm, whereas the plant cell has much of its volume taken up by a central vacuole containing water, salts, sugars and other compounds. The purpose of this experiment is to differentiate between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Also to distinguish among plant and animal cells and identifying the organelles that are evident in them. Eukaryotic Cells: Plant Cells: Elodea: When viewing the Elodea (also known as pond weed) it was easy to distinguish it was a plant cell due to its rectangular shape. The cellular organelles that were observed were a cell, wall, chloroplast, cytoplasm, and a nucleus. The nucleus was located off to the side of the cell. This was assumed to be because of the large central vacuole. As the slide began to...
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...is a cell? A cell is the smallest unit of life. 2. How have microscopes contributed to the study of cells? Microscopes have led to the discovery of cells, have allowed us to differentiate structures in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, have allowed us to study the organelles that make up a eukaryotic cell, and have even let us watch some basic cell functions as they occur. 3. What are the main components of cell theory? The main components of cell theory are that all life is made of cells, that cells are the fundamental unit of life, and that all cells come from preexisting cells 4. Describe the differences between light and electron microscopes. The light microscope can be used to study living organisms, does not distort structures, can show structures in stained color, and is less expensive than the electron microscope. However, the light microscope lacks much of the magnification and resolution of the electron microscope. 5. Which molecules and structures occur in all cells? All cells have DNA, proteins, RNA, ribosomes, a watery cytoplasm, and a cell membrane. 6. Describe adaptations that increase the ratio of surface area to volume in cells. Adaptations that increase the surface area to volume ratio include elongated or flattened cell shapes. An efficient transportation system, a water-filled vacuole, and improved efficiency help cells sidestep surface area limitations. 3.2 1. How do prokaryotic cells differ from eukaryotic cells? ...
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...Cell Structure and Function AbstractThis report is about cell structure and function. The cell is the basic unit of life. All living things are madeof cells. By doing this lab, I hoped to learn how a cell looked and how it functioned. I also wanted toknow the differences between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells Introduction The concept of this lab is producing a replica of an animal cell, and a plant cell. Producing the models of the cells helps to provide a better understanding of each cell and its contents also, to explore thedifferences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Cell theory states that all cells reproduce new cells,while passing their genetic information. In addition, cells make up all living things, metabolize energyand that the chemical make-up of cells is similar. The objectives for this lab are to gather the materials,which include gelatin packs, plastic bags, water, Tupperware, bowls, and some small various householditems. The other objectives are preparing the gelatin as directed, gathering the household items that willserve as cell organelles, pouring the gelatin in the bag and placing the items in the plastic bags. Thenplace the cell replicas in the refrigerator for 24 hours. Results After twenty-four hours, I removed the cell replicas from the refrigerator and observed them. They didnot look exactly like I planed but they were understandable. Discussion Replicating the cell structures provides better understand the structure and...
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...In an ideal world, plants would not be cut down; in an ideal world, animals would be allowed to survive; in an ideal world, humans would value the life that grew around them. Sadly, this is not our world. Every year, nearly 900,000,000 trees are cut down. In this decade alone, our percentage of deforestation has increased by 8.5 percent. How can humans allow this to go on? Why do they not see the true value of plants? Why can they not appreciate the beautiful mechanics of these fine specimen? Plant lives matter. Like humans, they have cells that make up their foundation. Like humans, they are made up of several organelles. Like humans, they are alive. In chapter 7, section 3 of Biology, the Dynamics of Life, they teach students about the organelles...
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...concerned with the study of plants. The main branches of botany (also referred to as "Plant science") are commonly divided into three groups: core topics, concerned with the study of the fundamental natural phenomena and processes of plant life, the classification and description of plant diversity; applied topics which study the ways in which plants may be used for economic benefit in horticulture, agriculture and forestry and organismal topics which focus on plant groups such as algae, mosses or flowering plants. Core topics Cytology — cell structure, chromosome number Epigenetics — Control of gene expression Paleobotany — Study of fossil plants and plant evolution Palynology — Pollen and spores Plant biochemistry — Chemical processes of primary and secondary metabolism Phenology — timing of germination, flowering and fruiting Phytochemistry — Plant secondary chemistry and chemical processes Phytogeography — Plant Biogeography, the study of plant distributions Phytosociology — Plant communities and interactions Plant anatomy — Structure of plant cells and tissues Plant ecology — Role and function of plants in the environment Plant evolutionary developmental biology — Plant development from an evolutionary perspective Plant genetics — Genetic inheritance in plants Plant morphology — Structure of plants Plant physiology — Life functions of plants Plant reproduction — Processes of plant reproduction Plant systematics — Classification and naming of plants Plant taxonomy — Classification...
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...Cell Structure and Function Lab Drawings: Draw 1 cell at high power and label parts as given in directions. Elodea leaf cells (400X) Stained Onion Cells (400X) [pic] Stained Cheek Cell (400X) Stem Cell (from pictures) Lab Summary 1. “Plants and animals obtain food in different ways.” What microscopic evidence did you see to support that statement? Plant cells have chloroplasts and organelle that can produce food. Animals do not. 2. Did the iodine solution aid in your observation of onion cells? Why do biologists use stains to study cells? Yes, the cytoplasm and the nucleus were much easier to see. Stains allow parts of the cell to be seen more clearly. 3. What microscopic structure shows that the onion cell is a plant cell? The cell wall 4. What structures can be seen in an unstained onion cell? The cell wall 5. What structures can be seen in a stained onion cell? The cell wall, cytoplasm and nucleus, (maybe the cell membrane) 6. In what ways are Elodea cells different from onion cells? What organelle does Elodea have that the onion does not? Why might this be so? The Elodea has chloroplasts and the onion cells did not. The onion cells that we were looking at are found below ground where the sun doesn’t shine; therefore, chloroplasts are of no use to them. If I had given you the leafy part of the onion, you would have seen chloroplasts. 7. The...
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...CHAPTER 4: A TOUR OF THE CELL I. CELLS ARE THE SMALLEST UNITS OF LIFE A. The study of cells began with the microscope. • Robert Hooke was the first to describe cells in 1665. • Micrographs are photos taken with microscopes • Light microscope (LM) has magnification up to 1000x o For viewing living cells • Electron microscope (EM) has magnification up to 1,000,000x o Scanning EM (SEM) for viewing surface features o Transmission EM (TEM) for viewing internal structures [pic][pic][pic] B. Why are cells small? • A cell’s surface area-to-volume ratio limits its size • Volume increases faster than Surface Area • Larger cells do not have enough Surface Area to support their Volume • Organisms get larger by becoming multicellular [pic] C. There are two major categories of cells. [pic] D. All cells are surrounded by a plasma membrane. • Prokaryotic AND eukaryotic cells are surrounded by a plasma membrane • Eukaryotic cells also have internal membranes • All membranes act as selective barriers • All membranes are built from proteins and phospholipids • Form phospholipid bilayer when exposed to water o Hydrophilic on outside, hydrophobic on inside • Membranes are described by the fluid mosaic model o Fluid because...
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...ssignment: SCIE207 Phase 2 Lab Report Title: Animal and Plant Cell Structures Instructions: Your lab report will consist of the completed tables. Label each structure of the plant and animal cell with its description and function in the tables provided. When your lab report is complete, post it in Submitted Assignment files. 1. Animal Cell: Observe the diagram showing the components of an animal cell. Using the textbook and virtual library resources, fill in the following table: Animal Cell Number | Cell Structure | Description and Function | 1 | Nuclear Pore | Passage of substance between nucleus & cytoplasm | 2 | Chromatin (DNA) | Loose coils; | 3 | Nucleolus | Made up of DNA; responsible for making ribosomes | 4 | Nuclear envelope | Membranes surrounding nucleus | 5 | Nucleus | Large circle shape; control all cell activity | 6 | Centriole | Made of microtubules; to organize | 7 | Intermediate filaments | Consist of several ropelike proteins & they work with microtubules to support the cell | 8 | Plasma membrane | Contain & protect contents, regulate passage in/out of cell | 9 | Flagellum | To move in a whiplike motion to propel a cell through its environment | 10 | Cytoplasm | Inside of cell wall; | 11 | Rough endoplasmic reticulum | Filled with ribosomes; responsible for shipping and making proteins | 12 | Ribosome | | 13 | Lysosome | Sac; Digest/recycle particles | 14 | Microtubules | Made of...
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...living cells have the same cell structure, which is to say: plasma membrane, cytosol, ribosomes, and at least one chromosome. The plasma membrane is vital to the cell to be able to perform even basic functions. The plasma membrane is made up of fats and proteins (Editorial Board, 2012). The basic function of the plasma membrane is to be able to allow certain molecules to pass in and out of the cell. The fat helps to allow food and waste to pass through the cell, while the protein serves as channels to allow other substances to flow in and out of the cell. Small molecules such as oxygen pass through the cell passively without using up any energy, while larger molecules, such as sugars, the cell must actively allow passage through the membrane; so they use up energy within the cell. Both prokaryotic cells and some eukaryotic cells contain the cell structure flagella. Flagella are little hair like structures that allow the cell to move easier through a fluid environment. The flagella are similar in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells in that it’s used for movement in both cases. The difference is when you take into account why the cell chooses to move. Prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria usually live off of other cells, and as such they use their flagella to help them find suitable hosts. Eukaryotic cells with flagella however use it for different means. The only Eukaryotic cells which have flagella are those within animals. In the case of Eukaryotic cells, the reason...
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