...bringing additional imagery into verse, making the abstract concrete, making literary works more sensuous. The third, figurative is a way of adding emotional intensity to otherwise merely informative statements and conveying attitudes along with information. And the last, it is a way of saying much in brief compass. She divides figurative language into seven types, namely metaphor, simile, personification, metonymy, paradox, overstatement, understatement, irony and illusion. 2 Keraf (1998: 129) divided majas (figures of speech) into two classifications, namely majas retoris (rhetoric) and majas kiasan (analogy). The first classification covers illiteracy, assonances, anastrophe, apophasis, apostrophe, asyndeton, polycyndenton, chiasmus, ellipsis, euphemism, litotes, paradox, hyperbole and oxymoron. Meanwhile the later covers simile, metaphor, allegory, personification, allusion, metonymy, irony and synecdoche. Another Indonesian linguist, Muliono (1989) divided majas or gaya bahasa into three categories. They are majas kiasan or perumpamaan/perbandingan (analogy/comparison) which consists of simile, metaphor and personification,...
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...Plowshare and Pruning Hooks Sue Scarbrough Mid America Christian University Prophetic Books/Eschatology Professor Brent Hinkle April 15, 2012 Plowshare and Pruning Hooks Reading Sandy’s “Plowshare and Pruning Hooks for the first week covered exactly what Prophecy is and how it is viewed. When we look at the very first chapter Sandy goes over “What Makes Prophecy Powerful”, he states, and “prophecy is like whitewater, perhaps the most powerful whitewater in Scripture-maybe in all the literature in the world. This is language unmatched in what it beholds and in how it describes the beholden. Words of worship, terror and mercy are unparalleled. Words of beauty, passion and hope are unequalled; words of adoration, condemnation and salvation are unrivaled” (Sandy 2002 p.19). When I think about prophecy it takes me back to when I was a young child growing up in church and the elders would give the “prophecy” over others in the congregation and would also tell of things that had come to pass and were to come in the future. I remember that if someone had received a “word” and later it did not come to pass that person that gave the prophecy was declared a fraud when the truth is they maybe weren’t letting God lead them and the flesh took over. The Bible states, “Beloved, do not believe every spirit, but test the spirits to see whether they are from God, for many false prophets have gone out into the world. 2 By this you know the Spirit of God: every spirit that confesses that Jesus...
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...Metaphors Essay Angelica Encalada PHL/251 July 20, 2015 Deeadra Albert-Green Metaphors Essay The metaphor vs plain language. There are so many thoughts going through your mind can you really explain it in your own words? This is where metaphors come to place. Metaphor is a figure of speech in which a word or phrase is applied to an object or action to which it is not literally applicable. (Google) Metaphors can help explain something to make it more understanding. For example, my cousin is the black sheep of the family. He really is not black nor is a sheep. A black sheep is an unusual animal that you do not usually see with the herd. My cousin is never around and when he is, he stays behind. He and the black sheep share the same characteristics, therefore, I use the metaphor, and he is the black sheep in the family. Another type of metaphor is called a conventional metaphor. These types of metaphors are sometimes constructed through our common language. Another example, someone who loves the nightlife would be referred to a ‘night owl’ versus someone who is the first one up in the morning and can take on the day with no coffee would be referred to being an early bird. Plain language unlike metaphors is clear. The language is designed for the reader to understand complete and clear as possible. Some people refrain from using plain language since it would be out of their comfort zone so they use metaphor to make their statement more understanding. The metaphor...
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...plot, theme, style or structure, characters, and perspective, or voice of the story, since literary techniques are best understood in the context of one of these elements. Types of Narrative Techniques There are many literary techniques, but for this lesson, we will examine literary techniques relevant to style, plot, and narrative perspective, or point of view. Common techniques relevant to style, or the language chosen to tell a story, include metaphors, similes, personification, imagery, hyperbole, and alliteration. Common techniques relevant to plot, which is the sequence of events that make up a narrative, include back-story, flashback, flash-forward, and foreshadowing. Common techniques relevant to narrative perspective, or who is telling the story, include first person, second person, third person, and third-person omniscient. Examples of Narrative Techniques in Style The style a writer uses is seen in the diction, or the language used. Figurative language is a common element in narrative writing. Metaphors and similes are expressions used to compare two things in an effort to help the reader have a better understanding of what the writer is attempting to convey....
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...Mirror because of her use of figurative language. I am also drawn to her dark style of writing. Personification, symbolism and metaphors used were key elements in attracting my attention. The personification of the mirror gives the point of view of an impartial bystander observing a woman as she struggles with her changing image and self-esteem. The simile is used to show a woman who is unable to accept who she really is. The use of metaphor explains how something as small as a mirror can have much control over how we view ourselves. Personification occurs when inanimate objects, animals or ideas are assigned human characteristics. In the first four lines the mirror is given human traits with the use of the word “I”, “Whatever I see, I swallow…” gives the ability to see and swallow, and “I am not cruel, only truthful” gives the mirror a sense of truth and honesty. (As cited by Clugston, 2010, 12.2) The use of personification brings into effect past, present and future. This different perspective allowed me to “see” what the mirror sees and not get involved in the emotions of the woman and how she views herself. The mirror and reflection are metaphors representing the exact truth. The mirror is "unmisted" by prejudice human "preconceptions" and reveals "only" the "truthful" viewpoints of the world right in front of it. The use of metaphor can also be found in the second stanza. “The eye of a little god, four cornered” (as cited by Clugston, 2010, section 12.2,...
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...A simile is a figure of speech comparing two unlike things, often introduced with the word "like" or "as". It takes the form of: X is (not) like Y X is (not) as Y X is (not) similar to Y Examples of simile: He fights like a lion. He swims as fast as a fish. He slithers like a snake. "My dad was a mechanic by trade when he was in the Army, When he got the tools out, he was like a surgeon." Unlike simile, metaphor (from the Greek language: meaning "transfer") is language that directly compares seemingly unrelated subjects. It is a figure of speech that compares two or more things not using like or as. In the simplest case, this takes the form: X - is - Y Examples of metaphor: All the world's a stage, And all the men and women merely players; They have their exits and their entrances; (William Shakespeare, As You Like It , 2/7) Personification is a figure of speech in which human characteristics are attributed to an abstract quality, animal, or inanimate object. Examples Notice the use of personification in William Blake's poem below: Two Sunflowers Move in the Yellow Room. "Ah, William, we're weary of weather," said the sunflowers, shining with dew. "Our traveling habits have tired us. Can you give us a room with a view?" They arranged themselves at the window and counted the steps of the sun, and they both took root in the carpet where the topaz tortoises run. William Blake (1757-1827) Hyperbole is the use of exaggeration as a rhetorical device or figure of speech. It may be...
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...them. 1. Describe the meaning and function of each term. 1. Idiom is a language, dialect or speaking style peculiar to a people. 2. Analogy is a similarity between two like subjects on which a comparison can be based. 3. Metaphor is a figure of speech in which a term or phrase is applied to which is not literally applicable in order to suggest a resemblance. 4. Simile is a figure of speech in which two unlike things are explicably compared. 5. Cliché is a sentence or phrase usually expressing a popular or common thought or idea which has lost its originality, ingenuity, and impact by long overuse. 6. Amphiboly is ambiguity of speech, especially from uncertainty of the grammatical construction rather than the meaning of the word. 7. "Flame word" is a word used or tone used to insult someone. 8. Hyperbole is a figure of speech not intended to be taken literally. 9. Euphemism is the substitution of a mild, indirect or vague expression for one thought to be offensive, harsh or blunt. 10. Colloquialism is a style or usage in a conversation (dictionaryreference.com, 2012). 2. Provide an example for each term. 1. Idiom - He went to the house on that play. 2. Analogy - He maybe a man but he is behaving like a two year old. 3. Metaphor - Cat eye can describe how one has excellent eyesight. 4. Simile - He is as hard as a rock. 5. Cliché - Haste makes waste. 6....
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...Wait for the laws to change before you can fulfill your destiny. Wait, until you’re allowed to go to college. If any of the people of Harlem were a shining gem just waiting to be polished, it might not ever happen, or it would have had to of been postponed. Because the residents of Harlem had black skin, their dreams were deferred. L. Hughes shines light on the minds of Harlem past and everyone else’s, who’ve experienced a dream that never came true or hasn’t yet. He effectively uses similes, metaphors, and rhetorical questions to express how he feels about a dream being postponed. The “dream” is a goal in life, not experienced while sleeping. an expected goal. The poem, in its’ current form leaves the dream up to the reader. But the poem was originally titled “Harlem”. Hughes since then gave this title to another one of his poems that more clearly states was happening there. That poem in black ink, clearly states that the residents of Harlem were told to “wait”, not needing to use metaphors like the original. Wait for racism, wait for the white people to change the laws. These people had to postpone their dreams. Because they weren’t equal in the eyes of their white skinned counterparts. Racism would keep them in Harlem, just waiting. Langston Hughes’ “A Dream Deferred”, identifies the hopes and...
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...Ministry of Education of the Republic of Moldova State Pedagogical University “Ion Creangă” Foreign Languages and Literature Faculty English Philology Department DIPLOMA PAPER Figurative Language, Language Shaped by Imagination in Katherine Mansfield’s Short Stories Submitted by: the 4th year student Paşcaneanu Mariana Group 404 Scientific adviser: Tataru Nina Senior Lecturer Chişinău 2012 Contents INTRODUCTION 2 CHAPTER I: SHORT STORY AS A FORM OF FICTION 5 I.1.Common Characteristics of a Short Story as a Form of Fiction. Its Plot and Structure. 5 I.2. Figurative Language. Definition. Function. 9 I.3. Imagery – Language that Appeals to the Senses 11 I.3.1. Simile, Metaphor and Personification. 13 1.3.2. Symbol and Symbolism. 26 I.3.3 Allegory. 30 CHAPTER II: LANGUAGE SHAPED BY IMAGINATION IN K. MANSFIELD’S SHORT STORIES 36 II.1. Figurative Language, Symbolism and Theme in "Her First Ball": 37 II.2. Katherine Mansfield – Techniques and Effects in A Cup of Tea. 41 II.3. Literary Colloquial Style in “Miss Brill” by K. Mansfield. 49 II.3.1. Lexical features—Vague Words and Expressions 49 II.3.2 Syntactical and Morphological Features 52 II.3.3 Phonological Schemes of the Figures of Speech 55 II.4. Simplifying Figurative Language in K.Mansfield’s Short Stories 60 CONCLUSION 64 BIBLIOGRAPHY 66 APPENDIX 70 INTRODUCTION Figurative Language is the use of words that...
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...Art as Technique 1. Defamiliarization is stripping objects or subjects from their individual or “familiar” characteristics and giving them unusual or “unfamiliar” traits to allow the reader to see it in a whole new perspective. An example of this is in Tolstoy's defamiliarization of spanking, explaining the act as “to strip people who have broken the law, to hurl them to the floor, and to rap on their bottoms with switches.” The crude description removes the disciplinary context it had and creates a vicious and “savage” form of abuse. This continues with Tolstoy saying “Just why precisely this stupid, savage means of causing pain and not any other – why not prick the shoulders or any part of the body with needles, squeeze the hands or the feet in a vice, or anything like that?” The initial reaction to the latter quote is condemning its barbaric nature. However upon thinking that, it exposes several contradictions and hypocritical opinions as the only thing that changed in both scenarios was the form of punishment, not the infliction of pain on the child itself. Like Shklovsky said “the object isn’t important,” it is the connotations it conveys. 2. The concept is quite prevalent in feminist literature, specifically in the feminist critique in which most, if not all, the female characters are produced by men and male-oriented literature. However, gynocriticism isn’t immune to this technique as it could easily be exploited to further “radical feminism”. In the feminist...
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...Figures of Speech - These are subjected to many interpretations - Approximately 150+ figures of speech are found in literature - Uses Figurative Language (or figuring ideas out based on one’s scheme) 1. Irony – A statement which thought in the first part contradicts the second one. Ex. a. In Shakespeare’s Oedipus Rex, the audience is aware that Oedipus’s journey to find the murderer will be fruitless because he himself is the murderer b. A marriage counselor filed for divorce. c. My teacher failed the test. 2. Paradox - A statement that is usually a concept that apparently contradicts itself and yet might be true (or wrong at the same time). Ex. a. You can save money by spending it. b. A rich man is no richer than a poor man. c. Be cruel to be kind. 3. Antithesis – A statement that in which two opposing ideas are out together to achieve balance or contrasting effect. Ex. a. Speech is silver, but silence is gold. b. You are easy on the eyes, but hard on the heart. c. Give every man thy ear, but few thy voice. 4. Synecdoche - uses a part of something to represent the entire whole or vice versa. Ex. a. The word "wheels" refers to a vehicle. b. The word “sails” is often used to refer to a whole ship. c. The word "police" can be used to represent only one or a few police officers. d. "Milk" is commonly used to refer to cow's milk when, in reality there are many sources of milk. 5. Metonymy – Word(s) used to stand for another word (or act as a substitute)...
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...Idioms 1) “Absence makes heart grow fonder” :- Our feeling for those we love increases when we are apart from them . 2) “Armed to the teeth” :- To be heavily armed. 3) “Back-handed compliment” :- A compliment that also insults or put down at the same time. 4) “Bleed like a stuck pig” :- To bleed heavily. 5) “Blow off some steam” :- To enjoy oneself by relaxing normal formalities. 6) “Blowing smoke” :- To be boasting without being able to back it up ; talking about action without intent to follow through. 7) “Bouched up” :- Substandard; Messed up; Make a shamble of. 8) “Brand Spanking New” :- New and Unused. 9) “Break A Leg” :- A wish of good luck, do well. 10) “A burnt child dreads the fire” :- One does not repeat a painful lesson twice. 11) “Bust your balls” :- To harass with the intent to break one’s spirit. 12) “Busting your chops” :- To say things intended to harass. 13) “Can’t hold a candle to” :- To be far less competent or have far less skills than someone else. 14) “Cat bird seat” :- A highly advantaged position, to have it all. 15) “Chew the fat” :- To talk about unimportant things. 16) “Clean bill of health” :- To be found healthy. 17) “Clear as a Bell” :- Clearly understood. 18) “Close, but no cigar” :- Nearly achieving success, but not quite. 19) “Cold Turkey” :- To Quit something abruptly. 20) “Cooking with gas” :- To be working fast, proceeding rapidly. 21) “ In the Crapper” :- In...
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...SIOP® LESSON PLANS Grade 9/SIFE Reading/Language Arts/Writing Unit/Theme: Emotions and The House on Mango Street *Content Objective(s): *Students will describe Cisneros’ voice and style, listing some of her creative uses of language as characteristic of this author’s craft*Students will explore the physical and emotional prisons in which people live. *Students will discover and evaluate different methods of escape from these prisons. *Students will practice writing in the persuasive mode, using evidence from the text and from their own lives to construct effective arguments proposing the best way to escape the troubles of life*Students will peer edit and revise for content, for sentence structure, and for use of figurative language. *Language Objective(s): *Students will continue to build vocabulary resources for discussing emotions. *Students will identify fragmentary sentence structure, voice, and effective use of figurative language in Cisneros’ style and use knowledge of style to develop originality in their own writing style. *Student will be able to participate in and contribute to collaborative learning, such as “think, pair, share” and “expert groups.” Key Vocabulary: prison, escape, safe haven, voice, style, figurative language, persuasive mode, context, concept map, anticipatory set, peer editing, rubric, tapping prior knowledge, description, sensory detail, quotation, five senses, , sentence fragments, “unacceptable in academic writing,” punctuation,...
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...written by Maya Angelou is an inspirational poem symbolizing defiance and her strength to overcome negative criticism and oppression. There are many references to slavery and feminist rights throughout the piece that have a very powerful effect. She uses various amounts of poetic devices to further encapsulate the theme in this poem. These include the use of imagery, symbolism, metaphors and similes along with numerous sound devices. Maya Angelou utilized figurative imagery to exemplify the sad reality, which was the oppression of African Americans during slavery along with the mistreatment of women. “You may trod me in the very dirt But still, like dust, I’ll rise.” (3-4) In relation to the past events of slavery and the manner in which women were treated, these lines portray an image of poorly treated races and sexes being walked all over. The word choice “Trod” and “Dirt” have connotative meanings because the majority of people would associate these words with animals. The poet is not meaning this literally, where as she is really figuratively comparing the culprits of this mistreatment to animals. There are many other examples of figurative imagery in this poem such as comparing “Oil Wells” (7), “Gold” (19) and “Diamonds” to these women and slaves. This use of imagery is used because all of these minerals are now valued higher then they were in the past. Along with figurative imagery, Maya also uses literal imagery often throughout the poem. "Did you want to see me broken...
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...1. Alliteration: Life gave me some lemons so i make some lemonade - the repetition of same sounds or kinds of sounds - the effect of alliteration most of the time is positive as used in nursery rhymes 2. Assonance: He opens his mouth, but the words won't come out - the repetition of vowel sounds - the effect of assonance is mostly positive and used many times in rap 3. Consonance: whisper words of wisdom - repetition of the same consonant - Consonances give off positive effect. In poetry consonances are used to give off a sound like rhyme or rhythm. Consonances draw the audience into the words of the piece. 4. Cacophony: candy is dandy but liquor is quicker - a series of harsh sounds - Cacophony gives off a negative effect due its harsh, rough sounding words and phrases. 5. Euphony: lonely island - a series of pleasant sounds - The effect of euphony is positive due its use of nice flowy words. The words give off a calm smooth sound. 6. Onomatopoeia: I got that boom boom pow - words that sound like their meanings - Depending on which type of word a phrase uses, onomatopoeia can give off both positive and negative effects depending on how its used. 7. Repetition: Yeah I wish I’d been a, wish I’d been a teen, teen idle - the re-use of words and phrases - The effect of repetition can be both negative and positive depending on its context. Authors usually use repetition to give certain emphasis and importance of a word...
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