...Almost all species of owls are nocturnal, meaning they are quite active during the night. Because they are highly sensitive to the light, the Tyto alba cannot perform their daily function during the day or else they will be at a disadvantage to their temporary blindness (Orlowski, 2012). Research performed by Harmening show that in the presence of light using an aberrometer, the barn owl can voluntarily control the size of their pupils between 6.3 mm and 7.1 mm depending on the light intensity, a unique characteristic not found in most mammals (Harmening, 2007). Because of this ability the barn owls have low astigmatism or glaring of the light reflected back in their eyes. The asymmetrical eyes of the Tyto alba are oriented in front of the head so that these birds can be able to process larger 3D imaging than other organisms, which compensate for their poor visual acuity (Harmening, 2007). Due to the position of these eyes, the barn owl cannot fully rotate them and see everything in plain view. Thus, the adaptation of rotating their heads via the neck muscles allows for detection of other preys/predators in close hearing range. Even the auditory neurons in the hindbrain of the Tyto alba help send information to the optic tectum for spatial map inputting, hence the phrase “seeing with your ears” (Schwab, 2003). Another significance of the eyes of a barn owl has to deal with the fact that the retina is entirely rod-based and does not contain a fovea (Harmening, 2011). If there is...
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...At any given time and location animals are subjected to daily and seasonal changes in their surroundings. By far, the most obvious change is the daily fluctuation in temperature of their environment (Clarke & Fraser, 2004). The physiological effects of such changes in temperature is seen clearly in ectotherms (Clarke & Johnston, 1999), who rely on external heat sources for metabolic efficiency. It is generally known that the metabolic rate, and thus the heartrate, of animals scale exponentially with a change in temperature. A common rule of thumb is that the metabolic rate of an animal doubles with a 10 ͦC increase in temperature (Lawson, 2001) Daphnia, more commonly known as water lice, are soft-bodied aquatic animals used for live feeding of aquarium fish. The transparent exoskeleton of this animal makes it...
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...Psych 100, Notes Sept. 6, 2012 History and Perspectives * Definitions of Psychology * The science of mental life (William James, 1890) * “The study of human or animal behaviour” (Webster’s Dictionary 1988) * “The scientific study of behavior and mind” “The scientific study of behaviour and its causes” (Passer & Smith) * Roots of the Word * Psyche – Greek for soul * Logos – Greek for the study of a subject * Related Fields * Philosophy * Rene Decartes (1595-1650) Dualism (interactionism) * Body is physical entity * Mind is nonphysical entity * Mind and body are separate, distinct entities involved in the production of behaviour * Pineal gland (Used for mind and body to communicate) * Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) * Materialism – position that since nothing exists other than matter and energy the concept of soul is meaningless * Form of monism * Empiricism (Position that all human knowledge and thought are derived from sensory experience * Branch of Biology concerned with the scientific study of how living organisms function (Muller, Helmholtz, Fechner) * Birth of Psychology * Wilhelm Wundt * Established first independent psychology lab at university of Leipzig 1879 (birth of psychology) * Established first psychology journal 1881 * Studied consciousness (one’s awareness...
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...populated by fewer than 2,000 people." This was amid evidence that there was once sophisticated civilization on the island. Indeed, further studies found that the island was once lushly forested, supporting a society of 6,000 to 30,000 people. Evidence indicates that "this once-flourishing civilization overused its resources and cut down all its trees, destroying itself in a downward spiral of starvation and conflict. Today, Easter Island stands as a parable and a warning for what can happen when a population consumes too much of the limited resources that support it." Using the scientific method, analyze and prepare a report on the story of Easter Island. In your report, include responses to the following questions: Observation: What were some of the key observations at Easter Island? Hypothesis: What hypothesis was formed as a result of the observations? Results: What were the results and conclusions after applying the scientific method? Do you agree with the assertion that Easter Island holds important lessons for our world today, regarding the use of natural resources? Why or why not? Support your answer with examples. Sustainability Easter Island holds important less for the world today, once all the natural resources were used up, the population decreased. Only one resource was eliminated from the landscape of the Island, yet it led to total destruction of a thriving society. The trees of the Island...
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...Portfolio of Child Observations | 1 The Brief: Observation report instructions: carry out three observations of the same child, one must be timed, one written and the other your own choice. In all the observations you must look at the child's physical, language, and social skills and ultimately their overall cognitive development. The report must be written up in the format: abstract, introduction, method, results, discussion and analysis. In the discussion and analysis you must tie together what you have observed with the theory of what would be expected of a child of the appropriate age. The report must contain the following: Abstract: where you outline briefly what you did and why, what you found and the recommendations, Introduction: include information about the child observed, discuss the reasons for observing, assessing young children, ethical considerations, the use of norms, cultural bias etc. Methods: where you explain the methods used, reasons for choice, limitations, strengths and weaknesses. Results: evaluate the child's holistic development, list the three areas of development, physical, social and language, discuss the links between these areas, refer to the stages of development and child development theory in making your judgments. Discussion: summarize your findings, make recommendations for the child's learning and development. Bibliography Overall: mention why is it important to observe young children, what might the information be used for? What rights...
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...03-Montello-4862.qxd 1/30/2006 12:17 PM Page 35 CHAPTER 3 Data Collection in Geography Overview Learning Objectives: • • • What is the distinction between primary and secondary data sources? What are the five major types of data collection in geography? What are some of the ways geographers and others have made a distinction between quantitative and qualitative methods, and how do they relate to scientific and humanistic approaches in geography? I n the previous chapter, we explained that the empirical part of scientific research involves systematically observing cases in order to record measurements of variables that reflect properties of those cases. Researchers analyze the resulting set of data (usually numbers) graphically, verbally, and mathematically in order to learn something about the properties of the cases. Data collection efforts do not generally go on continuously but are grouped into periods of activity focused on particular research issues or questions. Such a focused period of data collection and analysis is a study (in Chapter 7, we learn that there are two major categories of scientific studies, experimental and nonexperimental). In this chapter, we introduce some basic characteristics of data collection in geography, including the distinction between primary and secondary data sources, the five major types of data collection, and the distinction between quantitative and qualitative methods. 35 03-Montello-4862...
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...Cognitive Psychology Definition Psy 360 June 6, 2011 Dr. Felix Montes Cognitive Psychology Definition Cognitive psychology has a different approach than that of previous psychologies. Cognitive psychology accepts the scientific method and introspection as a method of investigations. Introspection is the self-observation reports of the conscious inner thoughts, desires, and sensations. It is the oneself (Wikipedia, 2011). The other way cognitive psychology is different is in the way it acknowledges the existence of internal mental states like beliefs, desires, ideas, and motivation (Wikipedia, 2011). The definition of cognitive psychology is described as the study of mental processes and how a person thinks, perceives information, remembers the information, and learns from the experience. In the larger field of cognitivism, neuroscience, philosophy, and linguistics play a role. Although this science stems from behaviorism it is its own science. The core of cognitive psychology is how to acquire, process, and store information (Willingham, 2007). Most of the famous psychologists and philosophers somehow relate back to Wilhelm Wundt. Wundt is credited with the founding of the first lab back in 1879. There was a lab at Harvard University before this in 1875 but because William James used this lab as a source of teaching and for experiments, he is not credited for the first lab. Wundt did the necessary steps to have cognitive psychology sighted as a science...
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...The Field of Psychology We humans are a strange species and our behavior is often inconsistent. Some of us smile when we're angry, others cry when we're happy. And all of us expect other people to figure out what in the world we are thinking. Not only are we different from other species, we're radically different from each other. Thankfully, our differences can be examined more easily through the lens of psychology—the science that tells us how the mind, brain, and body work together. This lesson introduces you to the field of psychology—its origins, history, key perspectives, research methods, issues, and current trends. This lesson presents the following topics: • What is Psychology? • The History of Psychology • Modern Psychology Perspectives • Types of Psychological Professionals • The Science of Psychology • Ethics of Psychological Research What is Psychology? Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. • Behavior includes outward or obvious actions or reactions such as facial expressions or movement. These actions and reactions are sometimes referred to as body language. John wants to ask Susan for a date, and Susan wants him to ask her out. John worked up his courage, was about to ask her out when he walked by her desk, but Susan looked up with a frown on her face. Assuming that she was frowning at him, John walked quickly back to his own office. Susan, who had a horrible sinus...
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...What is Psychology? * Psychology – Scientific study of behavior and mental processes. * Behavior - outward or overt actions and reactions. * Mental processes - Internal , covert activity of our minds. * Psychology is a science * Prevent possible biases from leading to faulty observations * Precise and careful as they can. Psychology’s Four Goals * Description * What is happening? * Explanation * Why is it happening? * Theory - general explanation of a set of observations or facts * Prediction * Will it happen again? * Control * How can it be changed? Structuralism * Structuralism - focused on structure or basic elements of the mind. * Wilhelm Wundt’s psychology laboratory * Germany in 1879 * Developed the technique of objective introspection – process of objectively examining and measuring one’s thoughts and mental activities. * Edward Titchener * Wundt’s student; brought structuralism to America. * Washburn * Titchener’s student; first woman to earn a Ph.D. in psychology. * Structuralism died out in early 1900s. Functionalism * Functionalism - how the mind allows people to adapt, live, work, and play. * Proposed by . * Influenced the modern fields of: * Educational psychology * Evolutionary psychology * Industrial/organizational psychology Gestalt Psychology * Gestalt – “ an organized whole ”...
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...The Gibbon Ape Gibbon Formal Lab Report Mariah Asher New Community Jewish High School Biology Period E Mrs. Tarle December, 3, 2014 Table of Contents Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………………3 Materials & Methods …………………………………………………………………………..7 Data……………………………………………………………………………………………..9 Results………………………………………………………………………………………….10 Analysis & Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………12 References………………………………………………………………………………………15 Appendix A (Field Trip Packet)…………………………………………………………………16 Appendix B (Introduction Peer Edit)…………………………………..……………………….17 Appendix C (Materials and Methods Peer Edit…………………………………………………18 Appendix D (Results Peer Edit)…………………………………………………………………19 Appendix E (Analysis and Conclusion Peer Edit)……………………………………………….20 Introduction Gibbon apes are the world’s most acrobatic apes. “They can leap distances of 40 feet at speeds up to 35 mph while 200 feet above the ground” (Gibbon Center, 2012). Their average lifespan is 30 to 35 years in the wild, but in captivity, they can live to be about 40 to 50 years old (Gibbon Center, 2012). “The oldest known living gibbon was a 60 year-old male Müller’s gibbon named Nippy, who was housed in the Wellington Zoo in New Zealand. He passed away in 2008”...
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...psychologists: Pavlov & Watson * Unreliable method of investigation * Different participants provide different introspective reports about same stimulus. * Trained in introspection not very useful * Pavlov got reliable, reproducible results in experiments on animals and can be generalised to humans * Can’t study on children and animals due to limited vocab and can’t express feelings properly. * Animal thoughts can’t be studied * Learning, development, mental disorders & personality can’t investigate through introspection – questions validity of using introspection as a method for investigating human behaviour because it’s subjective (only his/her can report mental processes * For Watson, only way to make psychology a science is to emulate natural science and adopt its own objective methods * Psychologists often use it alongside other scientific methods to investigate. Key behaviourist psychologists: Pavlov & Watson * Unreliable method of investigation * Different participants provide different introspective reports about same stimulus. * Trained in introspection not very useful * Pavlov got reliable, reproducible results in experiments on animals and can be generalised to humans * Can’t study on children and animals due to limited vocab and can’t express feelings properly. * Animal thoughts can’t be studied...
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...security. My special regard goes to Dr. Suman Prosad Sahaand Dr. Shabareen Tisha who have supported us and helped us all the way through and took care of all the problems faced by us during the program. Special thanks go to the LFE monitors Ruman bhaiya (Technical), Tutul bhaiya (Technical), Fahim bhaiya (Regular) and Tasnia apu (Regular), they were also very co-operative and helpful. All of them have guided us throughout the course session to achieve our success in collecting the data. Letter of Transmittal: 11, Feb 2016 Coordinator Dr. Suman Prosad Saha Dr. Shabareen Tisha Live-in-Field Experience Program- Jan 2016, RDA, Bogra. Subject: Submission of survey report. Dear Sir, With due respects and humble submission, I am Hadiuzzaman Rasel, the member of Group no-13, would like to submit my LFE report, which was held from 2nd January to 13th January...
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...OBSERVATION REPORT (Observe – to pay attention to, to perceive or notice, to watch, to recognize or note occurrences, to draw inferences, to remark or comment) The Observation Report is to be the result of an in-person observation made for the purpose of partially fulfilling the requirements of this course, and must include a complete and comprehensive report on any 2.5 hours of observation from the list of choices below, exclusive of breaks and recesses. The observation report shall include the type of observation, the name of the presiding officer, the physical location of the observation, the parties involved, the issues, any decisions made and your personal comments regarding how you “see” the proceedings. Please place emphasis on your personal comments, clearly including what you “bring to the table” (your personal background and why you selected your observation). NOTE: Dr. Flower is the only person who will read your reports. You should, prior to the observation, make notes on your preconceived notions, ideas, and perceptions on what you expect to observe. Your pre-work should then be contrasted or compared with your actual observations. Your “gut” reactions to issues, personalities, competencies and results will most likely be very accurate and should serve as the backbone of your report. DO NOT wait until the last minute to attend the observation since it is common for students to discover the scheduled or planned observation does not take place when the...
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...unpublished 2007 report from the UK military, obtained by Nature after a request under the Freedom of Information Act 2000. The impact of sonar on whales has become an increasingly fraught issue in recent years, with submarine exercises being linked to several high-profile mass strandings. The US Navy has admitted concerns over sonar’s effects on marine mammals, although actual evidence for harm has been in short supply. submarine Submarines' sonar has been implicated in whale strandings.Punchstock But military-sponsored tests now suggest that low levels of sonar, which do not cause direct damage to whales, could still cause harm by triggering behavioural changes. The UK military report details observations of whale activity during Operation Anglo-Saxon 06, a submarine war-games exercise in 2006. Produced for the UK’s Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, it states the results are “potentially very significant”. The study used an array of hydrophones to listen for whale sounds during the war games. Across the course of the exercise, the number of whale recordings dropped from over 200 to less than 50. “Beaked whale species ... appear to cease vocalising and foraging for food in the area around active sonar transmissions,” concludes the report. It notes, “Since these animals feed at depth, this could have the effect of preventing a beaked whale from feeding over the course of the trial and could lead to second or third order effects on the animal and population...
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...Pain and Pleasure:An Evidential for Theists Problem PAUL DRAPER FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY I. THE NATURE OF THE PROBLEM I will argue in this paper that our knowledge about pain and pleasure creates an epistemic problem for theists. The problem is not that some proposition about pain and pleasure can be shown to be both true and logically inconsistent with theism. Rather, the problem is evidential. A statement reporting the observations and testimony upon which our knowledge about pain and pleasure is based bears a certain significant negative evidential relation to theism.' And because of this, we have a prima facie good epistemic reason to reject theism-that is, a reason that is sufficient for rejecting theism unless overridden by other reasons for not rejecting theism. By "theism" I mean the following statement: There exists an omnipotent, omniscient, and morally perfect person who created the Universe. I will use the word "God" as a title rather than as a proper name, and I will stipulate that necessary and sufficient conditions for bearing this title are that one be an omnipotent, omniscient, and morally perfect person who created the Universe. Given this (probably technical) use of the term "God," theism is the statement that God exists. Some philosophers believe that the evils we find in the world create an evidential problem for theists because theism fails to explain these evils (or most of what we know about them). (See, for example, (Hare 1968).) This position...
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