...The Purpose of Physiology • What is the evolutionary goal of every biological organism? Reproduction. • What must every organism do to accomplish this goal? Survive. • How do organisms maximize their chances of survival? Maintain homoeostasis. Homeostasis • Every physiological system is aimed at preserving one thing: Homeostasis. • Homeostasis is the maintenance of internal environment. Why homeostasis? Entropy: The tendency for all matter and energy in the universe to evolve toward a state of inert uniformity. Homeostasis: The tendency of biology to fight entropy to maintain internal equilibrium by adjusting its physiological processes. How is homeostasis maintained? Energy needs to be added to the system. What does that energy do? It fuels physiological machines that are built to keep aspects of the body constant. Maintenance = Homeostasis Maintenance Physiology How is homeostasis maintained? Control theory: A control center senses when an physiological condition is out of balance and stimulates an effector organ to return the condition to the normal, optimal level. Homeostasis: Recap Why maintain homeostasis? To preserve physiological function, in order to increase survivorship, in order to increase reproductive fitness… Evolution Shapes Physiology • Evolution is itself a process that allows populations of organisms to adapt to their environments. Evolution and Genetics • Evolution is defined as: changes...
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...discovery of Bernard was related to use of the secretions of the pancreatic tissues to break down the molecules of fat into smaller particles so as to aid the digestion process and the other specific discovery was that the principle process of digestion does not take place in the stomach rather it takes place in the small intestine. His next discovery unveiled the ability of the liver to split the reserves of the glycogen energy into sugar particles so as to use them as a quick source of energy for the body and to maintain the levels of the sugar in the body. Finally, Bernard discovered the control of the vasomotor nerves on the blood vessels, and how it responds to the changes in the temperatures while operating in an environment. With this the Bernard was able to advance his work on blood vessels and tried to understand the ability of the body to constantly maintain the internal temperature. This led him to formulate the ideas in relation to the constancy of the internal environment of the body. In the 19th century his concept of constancy of the internal environment (milieu interieur) was officially presented. In this paper, we are going to analyze the statement made by Claude Bernard in 19th century- “The constancy of the internal environment is the condition for a free and independent life.” and we will relate this statement to the life processes and the other important...
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...Anatomy and Physiology (pp. 1–3) A. Anatomy is the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to each other, and physiology is the study of the function of body parts (p. 2). B. Topics of Anatomy (p. 2) 1. Gross (macroscopic) anatomy is the study of structures large enough to be seen with the naked eye. a. Regional anatomy is the study of all body structures in a given body region. b. Systemic anatomy is the study of all structures in a body system. c. Surface anatomy is the study of internal body structures as they relate to the overlying skin. 2. Microscopic anatomy is the study of structures that are too small to be seen with the naked eye. a. Cytology is the study of individual cells. b. Histology is the study of tissues. 3. Developmental anatomy is the study of the change in body structures over the course of a lifetime; embryology focuses on development that occurs before birth. 4. Specialized Branches of Anatomy a. Pathological anatomy is the study of structural changes associated with disease. b. Radiographic anatomy is the study of internal structures using specialized visualization techniques. c. Molecular biology is the study of biological molecules. 5. Essential tools for studying anatomy are the mastery of medical terminology and the development of keen observational skills. C. Topics of Physiology (p. 2) 1. Physiology has several...
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...Paper Temperature is very important in many ways and more than one and is very vital to human and animal lives. As humans we don’t hibernate but, animals do and it is amazing how smart they are that they literally will tuck away for spring and some for winter. Researchers tend to think it’s because certain animals are mating but, in actuality it’s just too cold for them. Even as I look out my window and see the smaller birds who I feed throughout the year, peaking above my ledge right outside my window peeking for food, they do not want to come out at all. The research team hypothesized that there was a minimum weight threshold below which the birds have been limited yet are needed to test the validity of this interesting hypothesis. For example, and in stark contrast to behavioral studies. Hypothesis on what defines the cognitive rift between humans and animals. He identifies four key differences in human thought that make it unique. Animals, for example, have "laser beam" intelligence, in which a specific solution is used to solve a specific problem. But these solutions cannot be applied to new situations or to solve different kinds of problem. In contrast, humans have "floodlight" cognition, allowing us to use thought processes in new ways and to apply the solution of one problem to another situation Their behavior is almost survival and unlike ducks and larger bird like wild turkey they love the cold as you seem some tucking their leg to keep warm somehow. Temperature regulation...
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...Logan Hornberger Physiology 330 2/17/2016 Acclimation of metabolic enzymes in reptiles It is necessary for reptiles and all other animals to maintain a state of homeostasis within the body. I fluctuation of enzymes within the body must happen in order for such animals to maintain relative body temperatures needed for survival. Reptiles that undergo changes in body temperature over the seasons will demonstrate fluctuations in the activity of metabolic enzymes; specifically lactate dehydrogenase, citrate synthase, and c-oxidase. Body temperature is a key factor in increasing the rates of specific temperature-sensitive physiological functions. The rates of enzymatic reactions correspond directly to temperature. As seen in fish, body temperatures adjust to changing water temperatures by adjusting overall storage and function of enzyme-catalyzed metabolic processes. In freshwater turtles, enzymatic activities were slowed during winter months compared to warmer summer months. Thermoregulation along with control of enzymatic activity allows for maintenance of body temperature within a narrow range. Researchers looked for a correlation between body temperature in different seasons compared to the activity of lactate dehydrogenase, citrate synthase, and c-oxidase. Researched tested these variables in alligators located in the wild at Rockefeller Wildlife Refuge. Researchers used a sample of 14 males and 16 females in the summer and 17 males and 14 females in the winter in this experiment...
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...Guided Learning Hours Description: The qualifications within the diploma are designed to equip individuals with the knowledge and understanding to enable them to work as members of the teams that carry out the official controls within meat plants specified in the Community Regulation 854/2004. The Level 3 Diploma in Meat Hygiene and Inspection meets the requirements for the professional qualifications of Official Auxiliaries (meat hygiene inspectors) specified to Annex 1, Section II, Chapter IV, B of 854/2004. It should be noted that these regulations stipulate that candidates for assessment must have received at least 500 hours of theoretical training and at least 400 hours of practical training covering the areas specified in the regulations The Level 3 Diploma award is broken into 8 units: Unit 1 Introduction to food safety management Unit2 Regulations and responsibilities in meat processing Unit 3a Post mortem inspection of poultry (boilers and hens) Unit 3b Post mortem inspection of poultry (turkeys) Unit 3c Post mortem inspection of poultry (ducks and geese) Unit 3d Post mortem inspection of poultry (game birds) Unit 4 Meat hygiene and regulation Unit 5 Aetiology, pathology and welfare in poultry Unit 6 Aetiology, pathology and welfare in red meat animals Unit 7 Post mortem inspection of red meat Unit 8 Principles of hygiene and HACCP regulatory auditing ©2008 RSPH Level 3 Diploma in Meat Hygiene and Inspection Unit One: Introduction to Food Safety Management Level 2...
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...ECTOTHERMS METABOLIC RESPONSE TO A CHANGING TEMPERATURE Abstract The effects of changing temperature on a chameleon’s metabolic rate by allowing the organism to interact with changing temperatures form 5oC to 40oC. In the laboratory, the animal was placed in a closed chamber, were the flow of gases was recorded, and the change in Oxygen intake was recorded using a gas sensor. Indirect calorimetry was employed. The data outcome shows a linear relationship between the animal’s body temperature and the ambient temperature, while also showing a small exponential relationship with steady increments of both the O2 consumption and body temperature, as the ambient temperature increased. Thus leading to a supported hypothesis. Introduction An ectotherm's metabolic rate is largely dependent on the temperature of its environment because, they are organisms that allow their internal temperature to mimic that of the environment they are inhabiting (Wyse, Hill & Anderson, 2009). Ectotherms control their body temperatures primarily through behavior. Contreras & Bradley (2011), found that as the temperature increased the metabolic rate of insects, which are ectotherms, increased; thus showing an expected linear relationship between temperature and mass-specific metabolic rate. The metabolic rate of an ectotherm can be measured by analyzing the oxygen intake per unit time per unit mass, using a respirometry system. In this lab the metabolic rate change of an ectotherm, a chameleon...
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...12. Social Sciences 13. Organic Chemistry 14. Biology II 15. Organic Chemistry II 16. Mathematics 17. Practical Physics 18. Use of Library Sub-Total 200 Credits 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 18 Credits Credits 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 17 Credits Level 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. First Semester Climatology and Biogeography General Agriculture Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals Crop Anatomy, Taxonomy and Physiology Principles of Soil Science Principles of Agricultural Economics Introduction to Forestry Resource Manag~ment Introduction to Biotechnology Sub-Total 8. 9. 10 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. Second Semester Principles of Animal Production Principles of Crop Production Principles of Food Science and Technology Introductory Biochemistry Introduction to Computers Introduction to Fisheries & Wildlife Introductory Statistics Entrepreneurial Studies I Introduction to Home Economics Sub-Total Credits 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 18 Credits Credits 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 19 Credits Total = 37 Credits All courses are core-courses for Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry. 300 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Level First Semester l\Ion-ruminant Animal Production Arable Crop Production Introduction to Soil Pedology and Physics Introduction to Agricultural Extension and Rural Sociology Introduction to Farm Machinery Applications of Computer to Agricultural Production Crop Genetics and Breeding Introduction to Farm Management and Production Economics Sub-Total 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16...
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...Crayfish have traditionally served as model organisms for studying the physiology and development of decapod crustaceans as well as a wide variety of other animals (Vogt 2008). The relatively easy access to the heart as well as the ability of the organism to remain alive for about 30 minutes after being dissected makes it a viable candidate for studying the circulatory system in a living organism. Decapods, such as crayfish, have an open circulatory system, which differs from vertebrate closed systems in the method of dispersing the nutrient-carrying fluid. The hemolymph in open systems is pumped directly into the body cavity, whereas the blood in closed systems is circulated within vessels and the blood never leaves the confinement of the...
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...TYPE YOUR FULL NAME: Ericka Burton TYPE YOUR FULL NAME: Ericka Burton UMUC Biology 102/103 Lab 4: Enzymes Experiment 1: Effect of Enzyme Concentration Table 1: Effect of Enzyme Concentration on the Production of Gas Tube | Amount of yeast | Balloon circumference (cm) After 1 minute | Balloon circumference (cm) After 3 minutes | Balloon circumference (cm) After 5 minutes | Final Circumference (cm) | Time Required to Complete | 1 | 0.05 g | 15.5 cm | 17.2 cm | 20.5 cm | 21.9 cm | 11 mins | 2 | 0.005 g | 13.8 cm | 15.1 cm | 19.6 cm | 20.1 cm | 12 mins | 3 | 0.0005 g | 8.8 cm | 10.5 cm | 13.1 cm | 13.1 cm | 9 mins | Questions 1. What is the enzyme in this experiment? What is the substrate? Yeast is the enzyme. Sugar as the substrate. 2. Did you notice a difference in the rate of reaction in the tubes with different concentrations of enzymes? Why or why not? It is yes, since there is change in balloon size. More the concentration of the enzyme more will be the consumption of substrate. That indicates the rate of reaction is more. 3. What was the effect of using less enzyme on your experiment? There is less size of the balloon for less enzyme concentration. There is less production in the gas. 4. Do you expect more enzyme activity if the substrate concentration is increased or decreased? Draw a graph to illustrate this relationship. If you increase the substrate concentration the rate will also increase up to a...
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...enriched with varying concentrations (1.0%, 1.5%, and 2.0%) of Hughes, et. al. (1958) Mineral Medium No. II. After ten (10) days of culture, the Trichome Length (TL), Trichome Width (TW), Sheath Width (SW) and Total Length of the Lyngbya filaments were measured from photomicrographs of the samples using Image Tool (Version 3.00) developed by the University of Texas Health Science in San Antonio (UTHSCSA). Lyngbya filaments in all cultures enriched with the Hughes medium obtained significantly higher TL and TW over those of the control treatment. But enrichment of the agar medium did not result in an increase of sheath widths. Filaments cultured in 1.5% and 2% enriched agar showed contamination. Those in 1% nutrient concentration had comparable growth, but no contamination. Furthermore, Lyngbya cultured in enriched agar did not grow beyond the area of inoculation. Isolation was also more difficult in agar than in the liquid control medium. INTRODUCTION As early as the 1900s, Lyngbya sp. blooms were documented in the areas of Eastern Moreton Bay and Bribie Island in Australia (Abal & Lawn, 2004). Lyngbya is a genus which is composed of species which are usually inhabitants of the sea. Numerous species reside in estuarine places and in brackish channels. Others are found in freshwater areas and thermal springs (Harvey, 1857). Lyngbya has been found to be a nuisance in the areas of South Eastern United States. It is a cyanobacteria which lives naturally in the...
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...change is increasing the frequency and severity of heat waves. How do heat waves impact short-lived poikilotherms such as insects? In the cricket, Gryllus texensis, 6days of elevated temperatures (i.e. 7°C above the average field temperature and 5°C above their preferred temperature) resulted in increased egg laying, faster egg development and greater mass gain. The increased temperature also increased activity of phenoloxidase and lysozyme-like enzymes, two immune-related enzymes, and enhanced resistance to the Gram-negative bacterium Serratia marcescens. When given a sublethal S. marcescens infection, G. texensis maintained increased reproductive output at the elevated temperature (33°C). These data suggest that heat waves could result in more numerous, disease resistant, crickets. However, resistance to the Gram-positive bacterium, Bacillus cereus was lower at temperatures above or below the average field temperature (26°C). A sublethal infection with B. cereus reduced egg laying at all temperatures and suppressed the increase in egg laying induced by higher temperatures. These results suggest that for some species–pathogen interactions, increased temperatures can induce trade-offs between reproduction and disease resistance. This result may partly explain why G. texensis prefers temperatures lower than...
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...xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxxxx Integrated Natural Science Applications Problem Statement The growth of organisms is influenced by proper rearing conditions determined by temperature, light, air, and moisture (Lawson, 2001). However, literature indicates that mealworms are unlike most organisms as they are the second phase of development of the beetle. The beetle is an insect with grows and develops in four stages to reach complete metamorphosis from egg, larva, pupa, and adult (Schaffer, 2003). This research carries out a scientific experiment to identify the growth rate of the yellow mealworm, Tenebrio Molitor. The goal of the experiment will be to map out the rate of development of the beetle in its second life cycle in different conditions. The research will try to solve the following research questions: 1. What is the rate of growth of mealworms? 2. To what extent does temperature affect the rate of growth of mealworms? 3. To what extent does light, affect the rate of growth of mealworms? Relevance of Testable Question The research questions identified assist in identifying the research variables that will be tested. They also define the scope and extent of the study and determine the extent of the scientific research. Therefore, from the research questions the variables are rate of growth, temperature, time, and light. Literature Review Mealworms are the second stage of development of insects whose growth and development is in four stages of development, this...
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...Ancient Science of Life Vol : XXV (3 & 4) January, February, March & April, May, June 2006 BURN WOUND HEALING ACTIVITY OF Euphorbia hirta Jaiprakash.B1, Chandramohan2, D.Narasimha Reddy1 CMR College of Pharmacy, C.A.No.5, Bhuvanagiri, OMBR Layout, Bangalore-560 043. 2 Bharathi College of Pharmacy, Bharathi Nagar, Mandya (Dt), Karnataka Received : 19-10-2005 Accepted : 12-12-2005 ABSTRACT The Ethanolic extract of whole plant of Euphorbia hirta was screened for burn wound healing activity in rats as 2% W/W cream. The study was carried out based on the assessment of percentage reduction in original wound. It showed significant burn wound healing activity. INTRODUCTION: Tissue damage from excessive heat, electricity, radioactivity or corrosive chemicals that destroy (denature) protein in the exposed cells is called a burn. Burns disrupt haemostasis because they destroy the protection afforded by the skin. They permit microbial invasion and infection, loss of body fluid and loss of thermoregulation.1 Several indigenous drugs have been described in Ayurveda (an ancient Indian system of Medicine) for the management of wounds and burns. Hence, in an attempt to study the wound healing activity of several locally available indigenous herbs, we studied and reported the wound healing activity of the ethonalic extract of the whole plant of Euphorbia hirta in various models like excision, incision and dead space wounds.2 In this communication we report the bourn wound healing activity of...
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...13A – Cells and Movement of Materials P1: Describe the microstructure of a typical animal cell and the main function of the cells components The microstructure of a typical animal cell is made up of various components, all of which play a vital role within the body. Each component has its own specific role that it performs in order for the cell to function and maintains the cell membrane. The main components of the cell include the cell membrane, cytoplasm, the nucleus, nucleolus, nuclear membrane, endoplasmic reticulum (smooth ER and rough ER), mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, ribosomes and vacuoles. The cell membrane – The cell membrane otherwise known as the plasma membrane is located on the surface of a typical animal cell. The cell membrane is made up of a phospholipid bilayer and is a selectively permeable membrane that allows substances to pass in and out of the cell. This selectively permeable membrane means that only water, gases and other nutrients are able to pass through whilst keeping toxins out. The lipid bilayer of the cell membrane aids in the protection of the cell, as it helps to control the movement of particles that pass in and out of the cell. The structure of the phospholipid is made up of hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails. Cytoplasm – The cytoplasm is a gel-like substance that is clear in colour made up of 80% water and also contains enzymes, salts, organelles and other organic molecules. It consists of all the contents...
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