...The eating disorders—anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and eating disorder NOS, which includes binge eating disorder—are actually entities or syndromes and are not considered to be specific diseases. It is not known if they share a common cause and pathology; therefore, it is more appropriate to conceptualize them as syndromes on the basis of the cluster of symptoms they present to be specific diseases. It is not known if they share a common cause and pathology; therefore, it is more appropriate to conceptualize them as syndromes on the basis of the cluster of symptoms they present Genetic There is a strong genetic link for eating disorders. In fact, data from community-based twin studies have suggested that the heritability is greater than 50% Neurobiological Research demonstrates that altered brain serotonin function contributes to dysregulation of appetite, mood, and impulse control in the eating disorders Newer brain imaging capabilities allow for more research into etiological factors of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa Psychological Factors Because anorexia nervosa was observed primarily in girls approaching puberty, early psychoanalytic theories linked the symptoms to an unconscious aversion to sexuality. By maintaining a childlike body, the patient avoids the anxiety associated with developing into a mature sexual being Environmental Factors The Western cultural ideal that equates feminine beauty to tall, thin models has received much attention in the media...
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...and as such attract a public discussion in most forum. The epidemic has mostly cut across a demographic populations of young people between age 15 to 25 as supported by Walsh (2007a) surprisingly, women are the most affected in this group. There are three classifications of this eating abnormality; known as - Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia nervosa and Binge eating disorders. However, I will base this essay on one of these classifications known as Anorexia Nervosa eating disorder which is defined as a physiological illness whereby people starve themselves and refused to eat - Ambrose and Deisler (2011). Another author defines anorexia nervosa as refusal to maintain a healthy body weight and fear of gaining weight Shepphired (2010). For the purpose of this essay, I will discuss much more on this type of eating disorder popularly known as Anorexia nervosa by DSM-V(2013). I am going to divide this essay into three parts. I will look at the signs and symptoms of anorexia nervosa. I will identify the possible impact of the illness in the life of a patient and her immediate environments (the families and Friends of the individual) and the treatment or nursing intervention. I will also relate this experience to one of my patient at my placement. In accordance with the Data Protection Act (2000) and Nursing and Midwifery code of conduct (2010), I have adopted the name Lola (not the Real name) in order to maintain confidentiality. Meanwhile, I have sought her permission to use...
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...Disorders PSY 103 Intro to Psychology January 2015 Michael Phillips - instructor FINAL WEEK PP PRESENTATION Behavior and Psychological Disorders Anorexia Nervosa is an eating disorder that typically starts during the teenage aged years, mainly affecting females more than males. It is a dangerous and potentially life threatening illness that affects the body and the mind. People affected by this disorder have an extreme terror of gaining weight and severely reduce the volume of food they eat becoming under-weight, and have a distorted view of their body image. Eating disorders are very complex and experts cannot explain the exact cause but they have learned it may be created by an assortment of genetics, family behaviors, social influences, and personality traits. Research has shown that there are some specific psychological factors and personality traits that may have influencing factors for some people to develop an eating disorder. Many of these individuals have low self-esteem, feeling helpless, tend to be perfectionists, and have an intense dissatisfaction in their appearance. If the disorder is left untreated, it can lead to starvation, serious health problems, and even death. Early intervention and treatment has shown to be effective in its recovery. General Behaviors People suffering from anorexia nervosa are typically very competitive and are determined to succeed. They compulsively measure their appearance and compare their successes against impractical...
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...In addition to Cognitive Behaviorial Therapy, Family Based Therapy has also proved to be an effective treatment for Anorexia Nervosa. In one study published by the International Journal of Eating Disorders, they measured the key components of treatment for Family Based Therapy. In their findings they found that higher parental control, greater unity by parents, lower judgment, and greater manifestation of Anorexia Nervosa were related to weight gain through treatment outcome. Parental Control was found to be the most significant cause of Anorexia Nervosa because parents believe that they should take control of their child’s recovery. In fact, higher parental control significantly forecasted fewer dropouts. However, this is one of the key features of Family Based Therapy as suffers become infatuated with a feeling of complete control to the point where eliminating this sensation from patients may be a vital part of this treatment. In addition to Parental Control, sibiling support was the only component of FBT that did not directly result in weight gain. However, increased parental control was significantly related to higher levels of support through siblings. The results of this study state that siblings should not be removed from therapy because they create a sense of empowerment for the patient but need to be on reservation. Single child families were instructed to rely on school, family friends or relatives, in order to create the sense sibling support was present. Therapeutic...
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...Body Fat and Eating Disorders Paper 1 Week 8 Assignment: Body Fat and Eating Disorders Paper Savanna Engstrom SCI/241 August 26, 2012 Dr. Mike Collins Body Fat and Eating Disorders Paper 2 Body composition is the comparison between muscle and fat in a person’s body. A person’s weight could be high because of either large muscles or having too much extra fat. When a person is overweight because of excess fat, they are at risk of coming down with a variety of very dangerous and life threatening diseases. Excess fat can also cause a person to have a weaker immune system which leads to infections, slower wound healing, and complications during surgery. Extra fat poses a danger to women especially while they are pregnant, and their baby could be threatened as well. There are also psychological aspects of being overweight which can harm a person over time such as becoming depressed, dependent on others, unable to take care of themselves, and possibly developing eating disorders. There are so many factors these days that contribute to the world’s obesity epidemic. The two leading factors, in my opinion, are not eating healthy and not getting the appropriate amount of physical activity. These two factors work together because they go hand in hand: unhealthy food causes people to feel lazy and lack energy, so they sit around and play video games and watch TV rather than go out to play. There is also the fact that many people were never taught how to shop for...
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...reproduced by permission of the American Academy of Pediatrics Silber TJ. Treatment of anorexia nervosa against the patient's will: ethical considerations. Adolesc Med State Art Rev. 2011;22(2):283-8, x. Adolesc Med 022 (2011) 283–288 Treatment of Anorexia Nervosa against the Patient’s Will: Ethical Considerations Tomas J. Silber, MD, MASS* Director, Pediatric Ethics Program, Division of Adolescent Medicine, Children’s National Medical Center, Professor of Pediatrics, George Washington University, 111 Michigan Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20010 INTRODUCTION Practitioners of adolescent medicine are frequently the medical consultants responsible for determining the hospitalization of patients with anorexia nervosa (AN), deciding whether they may require nasogastric tube feeding, and potentially recommending measures that may restrict their freedom. Thus the treatment of adolescents with AN can include ethically concerning practices such as privation of liberty, nonacceptance of treatment refusal, and limits on privacy and confidentiality, to name a few. Treating professionals are thus often caught between the conflicting values of respect for patients and their duty to prevent nutritional injury and even death. Therefore there is always a potential tension between obtaining the patient’s trust (fiduciary fidelity) and having to make recommendations that threaten this working relationship (fiduciary protection). In many, if not most, instances of treatment for AN, patients...
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...Bulimia Nervosa Bulimia Nervosa (BN) is one of the leading eating disorders worldwide alongside anorexia nervosa and continues to pose a major health threat as sufferers experience psychological and medical symptoms that most often lead to complications (Le Grange & Lock, 2007, p. 4). One of these complications is the tendency of bulimic patients to commit suicide because of aggravating sense of despair and loss of hope. According to Pompili, Girardi, Ruberto & Tatarelli (2006), “suicide in anoxeria nervosa and bulimia nervosa is a major cause of death” (p. 1). Aside from suicide, one of the disturbing realities about bulimia nervosa is how it tends to affect women and adolescents. The usual onset or starting point of bulimia is set at adolescence (Le Grange & Lock, 2007, p. 3) when young adults are starting to form their own self-identity, a process tied to the notion of body image. The seriousness of bulimia nervosa compels one to understand the ‘entire story’ of this eating disorder that includes knowing its history and nature, the etiology, symptoms and prognosis as well as the innovative treatments that have emerged in the recent years that can solve the case and problem that is bulimia nervosa. Bulimia Nervosa: At a Glance Characteristics and symptoms often associated to BN are known to have existed and observed in the ancient times. Emperors Claudius and Vitellius of ancient Rome are found to have exhibited the typical features of bulimia nervosa (Willer...
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...Psychological Medicine, 1991, 21, 577-580 Printed in Great Britain EDITORIAL Eating disorders in pregnancy1 During pregnancy, most women will experience a short-lived and benign disturbance in their normal eating patterns. The majority report the onset of cravings or aversions to certain food-stuffs while a small number indulge in pica, the consumption of non-nutritious substances such as soap or clay (Dickens & Trethowan, 1971). These disturbances usually remit after delivery and rarely give rise to physical complications for mother or foetus. However, more serious and chronic eating disorders including bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa may also occur during pregnancy. These conditions are most prevalent among women of childbearing age and some evidence suggests that both disorders can also be precipitated by pregnancy (Weinfeld et al. 1977; Price et al. 1986). The prevalence of eating disorders among pregnant women is unknown, but the low body weight and sexual inactivity of anorexic women suggests that this disorder is much less common than in the general population. Markedly reduced fertility rates have been confirmed in long-term outcome studies of these patients (Brinch et al. 1988). Comparable data are not available for bulimia, but most of these patients are of normal weight and they are more likely to be married than anorexics. Although the prevalence rate for bulimia in women is approximately 1 % (King, 1986; JohnsonSabine et al. 1988), and partial syndromes...
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...Anorexia Nervosa-intro? Anorexia Nervosa is considered a psychiatric illness characterized by disturbed eating patterns and severe loss of weight with potentially serious medical complications (DSM 4, 2000; Halmi, 2005; Mehler, 2001). It is the third most common chronic illness among females in the United States, with a mortality rate that is 12 times higher than all other causes of death for females between 15 – 24 years old (cite). What usually begins as a relatively benign attempt to lose weight can turn into a life threatening disease with a persistent scope that profoundly affects the individual, the family, and society (Anorexia book). Research has shown that anorexia usually begins during late adolescence following a reduction in caloric intake due to voluntary dieting, stress, illness, or other precipitating cause (Cite). Onset is rare in individuals over 40 years old. The course is varied; some individuals have a single episode, and others experience a long-term disease process with an increased likelihood of multiple relapses and remissions (cite). Up to 16% of patients meet the criteria for anorexia but often not until approximately a decade after their initial symptoms. Prognosis is poor for patients with long-term illnesses; treatment is much more effective if initiated early in the course of the disease (cite). Approximately 20% of people with anorexia will die from complications such as heart complications, lack of nutritional needs, and suicide (cite). ...
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...1. List and explain the most common eating disorders affecting adolescents and emerging adults and why? According to the National Association of Anorexia Nervosa and Associated Disorders, Inc., (“ANAD”), there are three recognized eating disorders: • Anorexia nervosa: a person with anorexia nervosa typically has a fear of gaining weight or becoming fat so the person restricts calories by only eating specific foods or skipping frequent meals. • Bulimia nervosa: a person with bulimia may also be afraid of becoming fat or gaining weight. This disorder is characterized by binging (eating large amounts of food) and then making themselves vomit, exercise excessively, or use laxatives, diuretics, or diet pills to purge calories. • Binge eating disorder: eating large amounts of food rapidly (even to feeling uncomfortable or sick) frequently and when the person feels that they cannot stop or control what or how much they are eating. • ED-NOS: Some other resources also include a fourth disorder, ED-NOS (Eating Disorders not otherwise specified). This disorder is characterized by having traits of other disorders. For example, a person may have periods of time where they restrict their eating and then binge. These disorders can begin for people for numerous reasons, including self esteem, psychological issues (coping skills, trauma, personality factors, family issues), social pressures, and genetics. • Psychological issues: ANAD documents that research...
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...PY 354-Introduction to Psychological Research Spring, 2013 This exam will evaluate how well you understand the material in the class so far. It covers the information presented in Chapters 1-4 of the McBride text, as well as the course notes that I have provided. You may use your book, notes, or outside resources to help you with your exam, but you may NOT consult with each other. Also, do not simply copy/paste information from any source…put things into your own words and use your own examples!!! Evidence of copy/paste or other forms of plagiarism will result in a score of 0 for the exam. If you use an outside source, cite it properly and provide an APA style reference list at the end of your exam. (100 points) Part A: Research Scenarios—Read each scenario carefully. At times, I may ask for a definite answer and at other times, a potential answer. Each scenario is worth 10 points. A researcher wants to examine the effects of LSD on complex learning in rats. One group of rats was given a very small dose that would be unlikely to cause any behavioral effects. The second group of rats was given a larger dose of the drug. Both groups of rats then ran through a complex maze several times. 10/10 a. What is the independent variable (s) and is it a true or subject variable: The independent variable would be the different amounts of LSD given to the rats. This is a true variable. b. What is the dependent variable(s): The dependent variable is the time...
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...Anorexia Nervosa Anorexia nervosa (AN) is an eating disorder that is characterized by the refusal to sustain a healthy weight (Kumar, Tung, & Iqbai, 2010). Many believe that anorexia is more common amongst Caucasian women, but anorexia occurs throughout all cultures and races. AN has the highest mortality rate of an psychiatric disorder (Kumar, Tung, & Iqbai, 2010). Every major organ system is affected because of the malnutrition that anorexia causes. People with anorexia look in the mirror and see a distorted image rather than what is reality. Victims of anorexia see someone that is huge when in actuality they may be average size and weight. Once a person is diagnosed with anorexia it is hard for them to recover. Not only is it hard for a person with AN to recover, it is also extremely easy to relapse. It takes intense therapy and treatment to cure someone with anorexia. AN exists in every culture and race; it varies amongst African Americans differently as opposed to other cultures. Symptoms of anorexia include an intense fear of gaining weight, refusal to keep body weight up, and amenorrhea for 3 consecutive months (Kumar, Tung, & Iqbai, 2010). Amenorrhea is the abnormal absence of menstruation. Some other symptoms of AN are lanugo, joint swelling, dental cavities, tooth loss, and abdominal distension (Kumar, Tung, & Iqbai, 2010). Lanugo is the growth of fine white hair that grows when anorexics have no body fat left to keep themselves warm (Morrisey, 2010). There also...
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...BEHAVIORAL Eating Disorders Anorexia nervosa Restricting type anorexia binge-eating/purging type anorexia Bulimia nervosa eating disorder not otherwise specified (EDNOS) binge eating disorder (BED) Anorexia nervosa- Refusal to maintain body weight at or above minimally normal weight for age and height (less than 85% of expectable weight). (p. 279) Restricting type anorexia – Anorexia in which the individual loses weight by severely restricting food intake. (p. 280). binge-eating/purging type anorexia- Anorexia in which the individual loses weight by bingeing and purging. Bulimia nervosa- A disorder involving repeated binge eating followed by compensatory measures to avoid weight gain. Purging type bulimia Bulimia in which the individual tries to avoid weight gain from binges by physically removing ingested food from her body, usually through vomiting or the use of laxatives. Non-purging type bulimia- Bulimia in which the individual tries to avoid weight gain from binges by burning off calories, usually through fasting or engaging in excessive exercise. EDNOS- eating behaviors that are disordered but do not meet diagnostic criteria for either anorexia or bulimia nervosa (p. 283). Ex. People who meet the diagnostic criteria for anorexia while maintaining normal weight or...
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...• Monitor for suicidal tendencies, it is a common complication from anorexia and safety of the client is important • Assess for GI issues, constipation may occur, also bloating or nausea may become a complication that may need medical help • Assess for other mental disorders such as depression, personality disorder, OCD, or alcohol/drug abuse; as it is common for clients suffering from anorexia to also have other mental disorders as well. • Assess for malnourishment, make sure that the body does not have any underlying conditions that may be the cause of the malnourishment, if not then speak to the client about possibility of anorexia as being the cause. • Medications for other symptoms if any may be given: Antidepressants: Paxil • Assess for suicidal tendencies and monitor for symptoms worsening while taking medication • Educate client that noticeable decrease of symptoms may take up to four weeks to improve after taking...
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...Week 8 Assignment Marc McDougal Chapter 15 - #1 Anxiety disorders are a class of disorders marked by feelings of excessive apprehension and anxiety. Studies suggest that anxiety disorders are quite common, and affect roughly 19% of the population. For this assignment I am focusing on a subject with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Post-traumatic Stress Disorder involves enduring psychological disturbance attributed to the experience of a major traumatic event. My subject is now 38, and lived in New Orleans when hurricane Katrina ravished through the south. His symptoms include re-experiencing the event in the form of nightmares, emotional numbing, alienation, anxiety, anger, and guilt. Research suggests that about 7% of the population has suffered from PTSD at some point in their life, and that prevalence is twice as high among women.¹ The etiology of PTSD, like most psychological disorders, develops out of complicated interactions among a variety of biological and psychological factors. In this case, my subject had witnessed many people die, lose their homes, and devastate his city of New Orleans. There are many factors that play into the role of PTSD; I’ll briefly cover each of them. * Biological factors: In studies that assess the impact of heredity on psychological disorders, investigators look at concordance rates. A concordance rate indicates the percentage of twin pairs or other pairs of relatives who exhibit the same...
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