...Anti Drug Legislation Analysis Lisa Myatt CJA/343 May 16, 2011 Lora Terrill In our country today the Federal and State legislation has its focus on prohibiting and reducing the illegal drug trade. The federal and state anti-drug legislation policies differ and from state to state various factors are considered. The federal government as well as the government of every state has established policies and laws to discourage the production, distribution and consumption of several types of controlled substances. The United States anti-drug legislation dates back to around 1875 with a statute enacted by the city of San Francisco on the prohibiting of smoking opium (Pearson Edu, 2010). In 1914 the federal anti-drug legislation enacted the Harrison Act. This act required physicians, pharmacists, and other medical professionals to register and pay a $1.00 tax per year (Pearson Edu, 2010). Those individuals who were not registered and were found to be drug trafficking were faced with a maximum fine of $2,000 and up to five years in prison. The Crime Control Act of 1990 is another federal anti-drug legislation targeting drug crime and the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 provided funding for rural anticrime and antidrug efforts (Pearson Edu, 2010). In 1986 legislation was passed by U.S. Congress requiring mandatory prison sentences for a variety of drug offenses. This legislation...
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...Anti-Drug legislation Analysis Joe Lamb CJA/354 May 21, 2012 Lora Terrill Anti-Drug legislation Analysis The topic of paper will focus on the numerous anti-drug policies created by federal and state legislation. Furthermore, the similarities and differences between the various states will be compared with federal policy. An analysis will further be provided regarding the legalization or decriminalization of the drug marijuana and the possible impact legalizing drugs like marijuana could have on the federal, state, and local law enforcement, corrections, and society. In 1875, San Francisco was the first state to enact a ban that prohibited individuals from smoking opium. Unfortunately, the Act targeted mainly Chinese immigrants but was a leading factor to the creation of future antidrug laws. In 1914 the Harrison Act came into effect which required all medical professionals dealing in morphine, opium, and other substances to register with the federal government and pay an annual tax of one dollar. Any individual not registered and who were caught trafficking drugs could be punished with a fine of not more than two thousand dollars and serve up to five years in prison. Before the Heroin Maintenance Act was put into effect in 1920, individuals addicted to drugs could be treated at a clinic with medially prescribed Heroin. Studies conducted over time proved that the use of heroin to treat substance abuse was only causing further damage by prolonging one's addiction and delaying...
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...Course Syllabus College of Criminal Justice and Security CJA/354 Version 4 Criminal Law Copyright © 2012, 2011, 2010, 2009 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. Course Description This is an introductory course in the study of criminal law, general legal principles, and how the criminal law functions in and affects modern society. This course highlights a variety of key topics, including the concept of crime and the development of criminal law, defenses to criminal charges, and a number of specific types of crimes, including personal crimes, property crimes, public order crimes, and offenses against public morality. Legal issues affecting punishment will also be discussed, as will ways the criminal law impacts victims of crime. Policies Faculty and students will be held responsible for understanding and adhering to all policies contained within the following two documents: • University policies: You must be logged into the student website to view this document. • Instructor policies: This document is posted in the Course Materials forum. University policies are subject to change. Be sure to read the policies at the beginning of each class. Policies may be slightly different depending on the modality in which you attend class. If you have recently changed modalities, read the policies governing your current class modality. Course Materials Champion, D. J. (2009). Leading U.S. Supreme Court cases in criminal justice: Briefs and key terms. Upper...
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...Question 1: What is the ‘problem’ represented to be in your case study? An initial analysis of alcohol and drug-related violence inquiry in Sydney (CBD) makes it clear that the ‘problem’ has been represented to be alcohol consumption and substance abuse, causing violence and anti-social behaviour in King Cross and around the CBD areas, which, in turn, has triggered public safety. Clearly, the ‘problem’ has been directed to individuals, licensed premises and trading hours. Bacchi (2009) argues that, rather fixing and addressing policy problems, how policy makers construct or represent ‘problems’ in a particular way, will give shape the problem, which in turn, will be the representation of the policy problem. Bacchi (2009) suggests that the representation of the problem will determine the policy response of a particular issue or problem. Following the death Daniel Christie as a result of being assaulted in King Cross, on the 21th January 2014, the New South Wales (NSW) State Government introduced new restrictions on licensed premises to reduce alcohol-related violence (Roth, 2014). Therefore, the new regulations (the January 2014 reforms) specifically focusses on licensed premises through restrictions( contained in the Liquor Amendment Act, 2014) on the trading hours such as, 1:30 am lockouts, 3a.m last alcohol, a freeze on new liquor licences, no alcohol takeaway after 10 pm, banning of people up to 48 hours, extension of temporary and long-term banning orders issued to “trouble-makers”...
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...Money laundering From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Money laundering refers to the process of concealing the source of legally, illegally, and grey area obtained monies. The methods by which money may be laundered are varied and can range in sophistication. Many regulatory and governmental authorities quote estimates each year for the amount of money laundered, either worldwide or within their national economy. In 1996 the International Monetary Fund estimated that two to five percent of the worldwide global economy involved laundered money. However, the Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering (FATF), an intergovernmental body set up to combat money laundering, admitted that "overall it is absolutely impossible to produce a reliable estimate of the amount of money laundered and therefore the FATF does not publish any figures in this regard".[1] Academic commentators have likewise been unable to estimate the volume of money with any degree of assurance.[2] Regardless of the difficulty in measurement, the amount of money laundered each year is in the billions (US dollars) and poses a significant policy concern for governments.[2] As a result, governments and international bodies have undertaken efforts to deter, prevent and apprehend money launderers. Financial institutions have likewise undertaken efforts to prevent and detect transactions involving dirty money, both as a result of government requirements and to avoid the reputational...
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...The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) is a global organization that is based throughout the world in over 150 countries. It is a leader in the fight against international crime, illegal drugs, crime and terrorism. Cultural issues are part of this organizations responsibility as it seeks to assist Member States in concerted efforts to improve the lives of everyday people. As global threats are on the rise, the UNODC continues to grow and its impact can be felt on many ethical and social levels. In 1987 there were two United Nations Divisions for Drug and Crime Prevention that combined into the organization known today as the UNODC. The UNODC came into existence as a means to better assist the UN in issues of international importance. They launch campaigns every year to raise awareness against drugs and crime and commemorate International Anti-Corruption Day. It is a member of the United Nations Development Group and has a broad spectrum of international aims and functions. It employs about 1,500 people that are based throughout the world. Its main field and liaison offices are located in New York City, Brussels, and Vienna, Austria. The current Executive Director is Yuri Fedotov, formally a Russian Ambassador to the United Kingdom. The Strategy for the UNODC covering the next three years has been set in motion. According to United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime website (2012), it encompasses areas with sound based programs such as; “countering...
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...substances was the same, and both started at the state level with congressional action following later. During the prohibition of alcohol in the 1920s, the government spent millions of dollars trying to enforce an ineffective law it had in place.2 The same can be said about marijuana, but one a much larger, more devastating scale. The “evils” of alcohol were matters of public knowledge, with countless debates leading to the Eighteenth Amendment and later the Volstead Act. It was the direct opposite regarding marijuana. There were no public opinion polls before legislation was passed, and narcotics got dragged along with the largely popular alcohol debate. 2 Legislation against marijuana was a result of three things: decisions uninformed by scientific study or public polls, racial bias towards Mexican Americans, and sensationalistic myths.3 With heavy Mexican immigration in the early 1900s, marijuana, a drug with Mexican origins, became more prevalent as...
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...Metropolitan South Institute of TAFE Mt. Gravatt Campus-1030 Cavendish Rd. Mt Gravatt Qld. 4 June, 2012 Mr Kieran Tricker Student -Justice Studies MSIT-Mt Gravatt Dear Ms Turner Please find enclosed/attached the report which you requested on the 4 June 2012 for assessment in the units QLD594JUS01A- Analyse Social Justice Issues and BSBRES401- Analyse and Present Research Information. The aim of the research was to investigate /analyse/identify the Consumption of alcohol at harmful levels among young people which increasing in Australia. This report presents the findings of this investigation and is based on an analysis of both primary and secondary source data including the results of a survey prepared and conducted by Mr. Tricker the writer of the report. This report includes a number of recommendations to assist in addressing the issues raised in the research. I express my gratitude to the participants who completed the survey and who provided valuable input into this research. I look forward to discussing these recommendations with you and will be available to do so at a time convenient to you. Yours faithfully, Kieran Tricker Student, the Diploma of Justice Administration Program MSIT-2012 A report which outlines that Consumption of alcohol at harmful levels among young people is increasing in Australia. By Kieran Tricker Student of MSIT QLD594JUS01A- Analyse Social Justice Issues and BSBRES401- Analyse and Present...
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...an article, A Frame Analysis of Communication About Doping Among Talented, Young, Norwegian Road Cyclists by Renslo Sandvik, Ase Strandbu, and Sigmund Loland from the Norwegian School of Sport Science attempts to fill this gap in the literature. Through focus group interviews, the authors explore how a group of young, Norwegian road cyclists communicate about doping. The article demonstrates that this communication is strongly norm-regulated and often appears as brief,...
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...Combating the Modern Day Drug Problem Deleasa Bell CRJ.362.01.2138 Drugs & Drug Abuse Arthur Acosta May 26, 2015 Is there a drug problem in our society? You bet there is. Are we winning the so call “War on Drugs”? No we are not winning the so called “War on Drugs”. Should something be done to combat the drug problem that exists in our society? You bet something should definitely be done. In addition to outlining the drug problem in society, this proposal will contrast supply side and demand side as it is related to our society’s drug problem and how we can win the “War on Drugs. The illegal use of drugs and the nonmedical use of prescription medications are increasing, and this is largely driven by an increased rate of marijuana use, a survey shows. The survey on drug use was released by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). According to the National Survey on Drug Use and Health, which included about 67,500 people in the U.S. aged 12 and up?Continue reading below... * More young adults aged 18 to 25 are using illicit drugs, up from 19.6% in 2008 to 21.5% in 2010. * Rates of nonmedical use of prescription drugs, hallucinogens, and inhalants are around the same as in 2009. There were some signs of hope in this survey: * The number of current methamphetamine users decreased by roughly half from 2006 to 2010. * Cocaine use also declined, from...
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...Policy Development CJA/464 Criminal Justice Policy When most individuals think of organized crime, the mafia is the first thing that comes to mind; however, organized crime comes from across the world. Some functions within the criminal justice system are established only to deter national and international organized crime groups. The impacts of organized crime are significant as they dominate and influence financial institutions and construction, bring drugs into the community, corrupting and bribing criminal justice officials and politicians, and run illegal underground businesses such as prostitution and human trafficking. Although organized crime is not a high priority to policymakers, the effects and destruction are equally as invasive and can be felt at the international, national, and local levels. “The economic impact alone is staggering: it [is] estimated that global organized crime reaps illegal profits of around $1 trillion per year” (Federal Bureau of Investigation, n.d., para 5). Under this regard, the policy needs to be put in place in order to assist with the threat, financially and to national safety, of organized crime groups. “With more open borders and the expansion of the Internet, organized criminals threaten the United States not only from within the borders, but beyond. Organized crime stretches far beyond the Italian mafia, encompassing Russian, Asian, Balkan, Middle Eastern, and African syndicates” (Finklea, 2010, p. 1). The perception of organized...
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... BUS 5112 SUBJECT NAME: INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MANAGEMENT NAME: MARIAM LIANA Introduction This paper explores the impact of pharmaceutical patent laws on Anti-AIDS drug, substantial controversy which has been generated around the globe on ethical grounds. Pharmaceutical patents on Anti-AIDS drug availability in the third world countries, focusing on an ethics of the Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs) Agreement. It highlights the value of essential drugs and generic production in developing countries, using India, Cipla as a case study. It also explores global ways to deal with unethical grounds to TRIPs. History of Cipla, Indian Pharmaceutical Company Cipla is one of the world's largest producers of generic medicines.Cipla is one of India's top five pharmaceutical manufacturers. Although Cipla's primary market is India, the company sells its products worldwide. Cipla's lines of more than 400 drugs include anti-asthmatic, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-depressant and anti-AIDS medications. Over the years, the company has developed strong research and marketing capabilities. In recent times, Cipla has attracted considerable media attention because of its efforts to offer AIDS drugs globally at very low prices. But in its quest to capture this market, Cipla faces the might of global multinational corporations, who are doing all they can to protect and enforce their patent rights. The case...
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...Key issues answered through this analysis: What are acute and chronic ailments? What is the proportion of drugs for each segment in the total domestic formulations market? How have various therapeutic categories in the domestic formulation market performed over the last three years? Publish Date: 15-Jul-2013 | | Majority of ailments in India are more acute than chronic in nature Types of ailments Source: CRISIL Research Ailments can be classified into acute and chronic. Acute ailments are characterised by sudden, severe exposure (usually a single, large exposure) and rapid onset of the disease. The patient shows intense symptoms for a brief duration (not longer than 30 days). Infectious diseases such as common cold, fever, etc are some examples of acute ailments. However, some acute ailments may turn chronic if left unaddressed. Chronic ailments are characterised by prolonged or repeated exposures over many days, months or years. Chronic diseases can only be alleviated through treatments, but not fully cured. Unlike acute ailments, they do not usually resolve on their own accord. Examples of chronic diseases include diabetes, asthma, blood pressure, cancer, etc. Due to relatively poor sanitation facilities, India has a greater share of acute diseases than chronic diseases, as compared to developed countries. Thus, drugs addressing acute diseases dominate the domestic pharmaceutical market. About 68 per cent of total drugs sold are used to treat acute diseases...
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...Anti-Cancer Drug Cost Regulations- Cost-Containment for the Pharmaceutical Companies Brenda Roberson University of Maryland University College Abstract Drug development is a long, inefficient, and expensive process and takes 10 to 15 years for development at a cost of about $1.3 billion (Nelson, 2014). When speaking of research and development (R&D) for new drugs; a large number of drugs that go through research do not make it to the FDA or the marketplace. Critics of pharmaceutical companies point out that only a small portion of the pharmaceutical companies’ expenditures account for research and development (R&D). The majority of the money’s spent in marketing and administration. There is also controversy over the $1.3 billion figure as an actual cost. Reported by Nelson (2014) Dr. Kantarjian of M.D. Anderson disputes the $1.3 billion figure for development; he believes this figure to be inflated to cover ancillary expenses, salaries, bonuses, stock market returns, and other indirect costs not related to R&D. The cost of cancer drug therapy is becoming impossible to justify or rationalize for both patient and society. New cancer drugs being approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) are typically costing upwards of $100,000 per year and many times used in combination with other agents (Bunnell, 2012, p. 932) increasing the cost even more. These high priced anti-cancer drugs achieve only marginal benefit for the patient. Benefits achievements of...
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...Law enforcement was practically helpless to the instant rapid growth in both minor and major crimes alike. Such crimes included but were not limited to gang violence, public intoxication, stealing, and murder. Arrests that were made for drunkenness and disorderly conduct increased by 41%, theft and burglary increased by 9%, and murder and assault increased by 13%. These elevated crime rates obviously had a harmful impact on federal funding. The government was forced to spend $11.4 million on developing a larger police force. They were also forced to raise the amount of money spent on penal institutions by 1,000% due to the 366% increase in prisoner population. (Meredith) Such figures as these just go to show how the legislation directly correlated to a worsening economic and crime filled nation. These numbers provide objective evidence of the negative influence that prohibition had on federal assets and...
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