...Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier Antoine Lavoisier known as the “Father of Modern Chemistry,” a French noblemen who made influential contributions to the world of both Biology and Chemistry. Lavoisier was a natural philosopher in the late 18th century, this was during the Chemical Revolution. He played a role in the conversion of Chemistry from a qualitative to a quantitative science. Some of his many contributions to Science include; the first chemistry book, extensive list of elements and naming Hydrogen, Oxygen and Carbon. Lavoisier made a vast mark on the world of Science resulting in advancements in better understanding the natural world. Lavoisier was born in Paris, France on August 26, 1743 to a wealthy Paris family. His father Jean-Antoine Lavoisier, was a Parisian lawyer in the Paris Parliament. He was married to Émilie Punctis, the daughter of an affluent family due to their butchery business. His mother died at the age of 5 and left him a large amount of riches. Through the ages 11 and 18 he attended school at Marzarin College, here he studied the general subjects. During his final two years he studied the sciences in depth, his interest in science was encouraged by geologist Jean-Étienne Guettard. This was a professor whom he had gotten close to, later on he would go on to collaborate with on a geological survey. Lavoisier was always interested in Science and Mathematics but instead influenced by his father he followed his family’s wishes and began his career in the study...
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...Daniel Rutherford Jacobus Henricus Walther Hermann Nernst Reinhold Benesch & Ruth Erica Benesch Find How Oxygen is Transported in Human Body Frederick Soddy Artturi Ilmari Virtanen Louis Jacques Thenard discovers hydrogen peroxide Jbir ibn Hayyn Ya'qub Al-Kindi Paul Karrer Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier Few things are as important as water, which we know is made of oxygen and hydrogen. Did you know that Antoine Lavoisier was the discoverer of both elements? Contributions to Science Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier is one of the most important scientists in the history of chemistry. He discovered elements, formulated a basic law of chemistry and helped create the metric system. During his time, people believed that when an object burns, a mysterious substance called ‘phlogiston’ was released. This was called the ‘phlogiston theory’. Lavoisier’s experiments demonstrated the contrary, i.e. when something burned, it actually absorbed something from the air, instead of releasing anything. He later named the ‘something’ from the air as oxygen, when he found that it combined with other chemicals to form acid. (In Greek, ‘oxy’ means sharp, referring to the sharp taste of acids.) Henry Cavendish had earlier isolated hydrogen, but he called it inflammable air. Lavoisier showed that this inflammable air burned to form a colourless liquid, which turned out to be water. The Greek word for water is ‘hydro’, so the air that burned to form water was hydrogen! Lavoisier was...
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...François Truffaut is highly impactful first-person narrative. The protagonist Antoine Doniel (Jean-Pierre Léaud), is a young Parisian boy who struggles with life. The theme rejection is supported in the film, Les 400 Coups through demonstrations of abandonment, neglect and unhappiness, conveyed through robust cinematography. Abandonment is dramatically demonstrated in the opening sequence. Anotine Doniel, is first introduced to us in the classroom setting. The camera zooms in on him drawing on a pinup poster. Immediately Anotine gets in trouble and is segregated from everyone by being directed behind a large black board. He is being denounced from the...
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...image, and space conform to the generally recognized set of characteristics that typify the genre. In the film the life of the protagonist, Antoine Doinel, accords with the filmmaker’s conscious attempt at creating a film that challenges commonly held notions of narrative, character, and style. As such, Les Quatre Cents Coups is a film in which the central character’s motives are ambiguous, narrative events are loosely connected, and degrees of closure are limited. These characteristics will later form the basic structure of the art film model and can be used to understand the film and art films, in general. An understanding of Les Quatre Cents Coups proves a difficult task without some understanding of the French New Wave, an influential film movement falling roughly between 1959 and 1964. During this era, directors such as: Godard, Chabrol, Truffaut, sought to produce films with a casual style and ambiguous but psychologically developed characters; these directors were opposed to studio filmmaking and the norms of “classical style” and story, which promoted narrative clarity and unity. According to James Monaco, the “aesthetic of the New Wave cinema was improvisational and its photography and editing were far less mannered than its predecessors” (Monaco). Truffaut’s attempt to grapple with the “poetry of childhood” in the story of Antoine Doinel is replete with the methods of the New Wave. Doinel’s psychological tension becomes the focus of the camera; Truffaut maps out a world...
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...현혹 고대문학과 신화에 심취 종교개혁(1517): 세속화한 종교제도를 버리고 복음 자체로 돌아가자는 운동 스위스 카펠전쟁, 독일 슈말칼덴전쟁, 프랑스 위그노전쟁, 네덜란드 (스페인 으로부터의) 독립전쟁 중세: Duccio 르네상스: Raphaelo Jean Fouquet 바로크 시기(1600-1750) 궁정생활이 꽃피우던 시기, 왕족과 귀족이 경쟁하듯이 학문과 교양을 쌓았음. 셰익스피어, 렘브란트, 뉴턴의 만유인력 반종교개혁(counter-Reformation) 30년 전쟁(1618-1648): 구교와 신교 대립 계몽주의운동 시작 바로크 회화: 가장 극적인 장면 포착, 음영 대비 반종교개혁의 영향 정신의 육체화, 육체의 정신화 루벤스 렘브란트 젠틸레스키 Baroque Rococo Style 바로크와 겹쳐지는 로코코 양식 (전고전 양식) 시기 (1720-780) 바로크의 무겁고 장중하고 기념비적인 양식 친근 하고 가볍고 우아하고 세련되고 장식적인 로코코 양 식으로 변화 가벼운 색채, 섬세한 곡선, 우아한 장식 C. P. E. Bach: “모방적 다성음악은 무미건조하고 지나 치게 학자적이다” : polyphonic homophonic 바로크 건축 양식 로코코 건축 양식 로코코 실내양식 Boucher Jean-Honoré Fragonard Antoine Watteau 고전시기 로코코 양식(전고전 양식) 시기: 1720-1780 고전주의 시기: 1770-1800(1820) 후기 고전시기-귀족의 위치가 흔들리고 새로운 계층 질서 확립 중산층 대두 프랑스 혁명(1789), 미국 독립선언(1776), 나폴레옹 와트의 스팀엔진 발명-산업혁명의 시작 칸트, 괴테, 쉴러, 제인 오스틴, 고야 등의 활동시기 모차르 트, 베토벤, 슈베르트 초기 작품시기 18세기 중후반: Rococo Classical 가볍고, 지나치게 장식적, 윤리적으로 해이한 로코코 양식 고상한 단순명료함과 침착한 위엄(noble simplicity and calm grandeur)을 추구하는 고전양식 ( 그리스, 로마 예술 양식) 견고한 선, 명료한 구조, 도덕적 주제 고전양식의 음악:...
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...The History of Ancient Chemistry © Copyright 2002 by Lois Fruen This article accompanies the textbook The Real World of Chemistry 6th ed by Lois Fruen Kendall/Hunt Publishing ISBN 0-7872-9677-5 (Information from Alan Shapiro’s History of Science class at the University of Minnesota and Early Greek Science: Thales to Aristotle by G.E.R. Lloyd.) __________________________________________________________________ It is said that science began with the Greeks. However, development of science in Greece drew on the older, more mature cultures of Egypt and Babylonia. Scientific thought advanced and literature flourished in Babylon under King Hammurabi (1792-1750 BC) due to the stability of his reign. Babylonian astrologers kept records of the movement of planets and made detailed lists of stars and constellations. Known metals such as gold, silver, mercury, lead, tin, iron, and copper were matched with the brightest heavenly bodies: sun, moon, Mercury, Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, and Venus respectively. Symbols assigned to these metals by the ancient Babylonians are used today by astronomers as the symbols for the planets. The early Greek (Presocratic) philosophers were particularly concerned about the origin of the universe and began to explain natural phenomenon by natural causes rather than supernatural acts. Philosophers who lived in Miletus (on the coast of modern-day Turkey) were the most influential early thinkers. Thales of Miletus (582 BC) suggested that water was the basic...
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...Part 1 Law of Conservation of Mass: New Knowledge Changes the Course of Research In the late-17th century, scientists believe that a substance called phlogiston is released in the process of burning a substance. (Wikipedia.org, 2016). • Georg Ernst Stahl applied the name phlogiston to J.J. Becher’s 1660 hypothesis (Britannica.com, 2016) In 1775, French chemist Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier : • Disproved the existence of phlogiston (American Chemical Society International Historic Chemical Landmarks, 2016)., and • Discovered the Law of Conservation of Mass (Bohning, J., 1999). Discovery of the law of conservation of mass helped to turn chemistry into a quantitative science. Example 1: Before the Law of Conservation of Mass Aristotle endorsed the belief that there were only 4 elements - air, water, earth, and fire, that made up all matter. (California State University, n.d.). Alchemists, influenced by Aristotle, believed and were trying to convert metal to gold. (Columbia.edu, 2000). Scientist and alchemists believed a substance called phlogiston came out of burning material and was released into the air. (Lavoisier, M., n.d.) Example 2: Pivotal Change with the Discovery of Oxygen Beginning around 1770, Lavoisier weighed substances before and after heating them in sealed containers when conducting experiments and determined the substances did not lose weight when burned. (Bohning, J., 1999). He discovered that the element of oxygen in the air was...
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...Alexa Hernandez 9 Maranao Antoine Lavoisier “Father of Modern Chemistry” Early Life and Education: After having a formal education in law and literature, Lavoisier studied science under some of the most well-known figures of the day. He helped develop the first geological map of France and the main water supply of Paris in 1769 at a young age of 25. This earned him a membership of the Royal Academy of Sciences in 1768. The same year he managed to purchase a part-share in the ‘tax farm’, a private tax collection agency. Contributions and Achievements: Lavoisier started working on such processes as combustion, respiration and the calcination or oxidation of metals in 1772. His influential research helped discard the old prevailing theories which dealt with absurd combustion principle called Phlogiston. He gave modern explanations to these processes. His concepts about the nature of acids, bases and salts were more logical and methodical. Lavoisier introduced a chemical element in its modern sense and demonstrated how it should be implemented by composing the first modern list of the chemical elements. His revolutionary approaches helped many chemists realize the fundamental processes of science and implement the scientific method. This proved to be the turning point in scientific and industrial chemistry. Lavoisier was hired by the Government to continue his research into a number of practical questions with a chemical bias, for instance the production of starch...
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...A Comparison of the tale of “Aladdin and the Enchanted Lamp” and the Disney Movie Aladdin: A Cultural Study According to N. J. Dawood, the translator of The Thousand and One Nights, “Aladdin has been retold or presented to so many different generations all over the world that it can perhaps be rightly described as the most renowned story invented by man”. Interestingly enough, “Aladdin and the Enchanted Lamp” was not part of the original collection of stories that composed The Arabian Nights. No one knows exactly when a given story is originated, but it is obvious that some stories circulated orally for centuries before they actually were collected or written down. The story of Aladdin appeared for the first time in Antoine Galland’s (1646-1715) translation of the Thousand and One Nights, the first major European version. Before Galland, there was no known Arabic version of Aladdin and his lamp. The first Arabic version showed up after Galland’s version and very well could have been translations of Galland’s French version. One of the more recent and most popular versions of “Aladdin” was an animated feature produced in 1992 by Walt Disney Pictures. Aladdin made over $217 million in revenue in the United States, and over $504 million worldwide. Even though the American film and the medieval Arabian tale share common elements and are both plotted around a young impoverished boy named Aladdin, the moral lessons they offer differ in ways that can be described through the values...
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...The Revolution of Chemistry Over the last few centuries the field of chemistry has made great strides. Humans have been experimenting and reaping the benefits of this field for millenniums, yet never had a great understanding it’s fundamentals until the chemical revolution. By the 16th century there had been many advances in the field later to be known as chemistry; smelting and refining of metals, the production of glass ware, pottery and dyes, the development of explosives, artists’ materials, and medicines (Butterfield, 191). Despite the production of these materials, they are not enough to be attributed to a science. As Butterfield suggests, the results of early chemical experiments lacked “adequate intellectual framework which on the one hand embrace the observed data and on the other helps to decide at any moment the direction of the next inquiry” (191). There is no better example of unorganized study than that of alchemy. Although Jensen cites alchemy as being a pillar of modern chemistry, Butterfield suggests it took away from the progression of chemistry into a modern science (191). To understand modern chemistry, we must first examine the origins of it. One of the key terms in chemistry is “elements.” This term was first used by Plato to describe matter. Soon after, Aristotle summarized the theories of earlier philosophers and developed the view that all substances were made of a primary matter. Aristotle defined an element as “one of those bodies into which...
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...Antoine Robidoux was the most colorful and perhaps the best known of the six Robidoux brothers. He is known so much not through the records of St. Louis or St. Joseph, as through the documentary sources from places scattered across the Western half of the United States and from a wide array of others who knew and met him and briefly described their encounter. He is in some ways more controversial than his brother Joseph--virtually villanized as a ruthless slave trader by the Mormons of Utah, he is referred to as a "gentleman" in his obituary and by many others who had his acquaintance. One time becoming a Mexican citizen and first non-Mexican Alcalde' of Santa Fe, he publicly denounced and chastized the other American traders of Santa Fe for not following suit. Twenty years later he is literally leading Kearny's Army of the West against the Mexican Government. Known as the Kingpin of the Colorado fur trade, he died in poverty, blind and crippled from his lance-wounds. Well respected and even liked by many different Indians, his two forts were some of the few trading forts ever to be attacked...
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...Name: Instructor: Course: Date: The entombment of Christ was painted by Caravaggio for the church of Santa Maria, owned by Saint Phillip Neri. The painting is in the counter-reformation style which started roughly around 1520. Italian Art had begun to sink into mannerism by striving for effect and its high sophistication. Pressure from the Catholic Church to put a leash on religious imagery greatly affected Italian art, resulting in decrees concerning religious images during the Council of Trent in the year 1563. This had a significant impact on Church-funded paintings. Of all paintings done by Caravaggio, this painting is essentially the most monumental. The painting consists of a group of figures and objects that are strictly symmetrical and built up from a stone slab that is jutting from the background in a diagonal alignment. The painting comes from the Chiesa Nuova church altar in Rome and was dedicated to the Pieta. The painting is a lamentation whose focal point is the mourning Mary, mother of Jesus, as well as a secondary event in the descent of Jesus’ corpse from the cross and his entombment. This painting perfectly distinguishes Caravaggio’s work from the Renaissance art, especially in his refusal to portray human beings as heroic, beautiful, and sublime. Instead, Caravaggio preferred to have figures that were bent, stooped, reclining, or cowering. This was in step with the Vatican’s directive to show more human submission to God in their works. Therefore...
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...On November 18, 2011, charges was bought against Antoine Jones for possession of drug trafficking. The case was the Supreme Court of the United States, No. 10-1259, Citation 565 U.S 132 s. Ct. 945, 181 L. Ed 2d 911; United States, petitioner v. Antoine Jones. All 9 parties of the Supreme Court were present for the trail as well as the plaintiffs which were the law enforcements along with Deputy Michael R. Dreeben and the defendant Antoine Jones. Each party hand a chance to deliberate their opinions and stating their case against Antoine Jones. This case was not only bought into court just for Mr. Jones’s cocaine distribution but for authorities violating Antoine Jones Fourth Amendment rights by planting a global positioning system on the defendant’s’...
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...Parmienter- Potato In France and in French cuisine, Parmentier is code for potatoes. Find a dish adorned with that name and it’s bound to feature potatoes as its main ingredient. Antoine Augustin Parmentier, after whom such dishes are named, is somewhat of a hero when it comes to the potato in France. He was the man who, back in the late 18th century, was chiefly responsible for popularising the consumption of potatoes in that country. These days in Paris you’ll find an avenue and a metro stop which also bear his name. What’s more, if you’re a potato head like me, Princesse-Asparagus The dish can be prepared up to this point in a dvance. Melt the butter in the soup pot on the stove over medium high heat and sauté t he onion until it is soft and translucent. Add the asparagus and the stock. Reduce the he at to low and simmer until the asparagus is tender. In a food processor or blender, purée the soup until it is smooth. Return the soup to the pot and gently reheat on the stove over low heat. Add a small amount of the hot soup to the cream so the cream won’t curdle. Slowly stir the cream into the soup. Serve hot. The soup can be made in advan ce of the dinner and gently reheated. Do not boil the soup or the cream will curdle Lyonnaise- Onions To lyonnaise an onion -- slice the onion to achieve long thin strips. Perfect for french onion soup, fajitas, philly cheese steaks and caramelized onions. The shape of this slice prevents the onion...
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...The cocktail has the distinction of being an original American drink. Its origins are murky, but the most common accounts name one Antoine Amedee Peychaud, a young Creole from a distinguished French family, as the originator of the drink. Peychaud, along with wealthy plantation owners, fled his home in the French controlled portion of the island of Hispaniola during the slave uprisings of 1793. Peychaud, trained as an apothecary, settled in New Orleans and set up shop in the French Quarter. Along with his education, he had salvaged an old secret family recipe for the compounding of a liquid tonic called bitters. The bitters were good for whatever ailed you. And they added zest to the cognac brandy he served friends and others who wandered into his pharmacy. Fame of the concoction spread. Soon the ubiquitous New Orleans coffee houses, as liquor dispensing establishments were then called, were offering their French brandy spiked...
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