Part – VI : Organizational Design, Competences and Technology:

# Technology:
Technology is the making, modification, usage, and knowledge of tools, machines, techniques, crafts, systems, and methods of organization, in order to solve a problem, improve a pre-existing solution to a problem, achieve a goal, handle an applied input/output relation or perform a specific function. It can also refer to the collection of such tools, including machinery, modifications, arrangements and procedures. Hence, technology is the combination of skills, knowledge, abilities, techniques, materials, machines, computers, tolls, and other equipments that people use to convert or change raw materials into valuable goods and service.

Inside an organization, technology exists at three levels: individual, functional or departmental, and organizational. At the individual level, technology is the personal skills, knowledge, and competencies that individual employee possess. At the functional or departmental level, the procedures and technique that the groups work out to perform their work create competences that constitute technology. The interactions of the members in a team, their cooperative efforts and techniques developed and used are technologies at functional level. Similarly, the way an organization converts inputs into outputs is used to characterize technology at the organizational level. Mass production is the organizational technology based on competences in using a standardized, progressive assembly process to manufacture goods. Craftwork is the technology that involves groups of skilled workers, interacting closely and blending their competences to produce custom-designed products.

# Technology and Organizational Effectiveness:
Organizations are always involves in a process: Input, Transformation and Output. Organizations take inputs from the environment and create