...Engineering and Technology Management, 8 ( 1991 ) 67-83 Elsevier Towards a new theory of innovation management: A case study comparing Canon, Inc. and Apple Computer, Inc. Ikujiro Nonaka Institute of Business Research, Hitotsuhashi University, Kunitachi, Tokyo, Japan Martin Kenney Department of Applied Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA Abstract This paper argues that innovation can be best understood as an information process which is then concretized as a product that meets demand. Two very different firms, Canon Inc. and Apple Computer Inc., are used as case study illustrations. Innovation does not proceed through logical deduction, but rather is furthered by the use of metaphors and analogies. The bureaucratic and staid structures of the firm can be challenged and broken up to provide the space for innovations to emerge. The leader’s role in the innovating firm is as a catalyst and facilitator, not as an allknowing despot. The importance of innovations is not merely in the new product, but also the “ripple” effects of innovations which can propel the firm into a self-renewal process. Keywords: Innovation management, High-technology, Case study. 1. Introduction Increasingly, corporate competitive success is hinging upon the effective management of innovation. Innovation has been the object of considerable academic study from a variety of perspectives. However, innovations are usually considered as objects. We choose to look at...
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...GB520: Strategic Human Resource Management Professor Susan Pettine Kaplan University Apple Inc. Case Study 2008 Apple Inc. Case Analysis Introduction The 2008 Harvard Business Case Study on Apple Inc, describes the illustrious company which is fast becoming the wealthiest company ever with a net worth of $500 billion dollars. It illustrates how the company has had some issues, but still find a way to yet sustain its’ name and position over the years. The status of the company was examined in detail by the article which revealed a number of strategic moves under the leadership of several CEO’s in marketing, the PC industry and the consumer electronics industry. This paper offers an analysis of how I view Apple Inc. using the Strategic Management Process. Therefore, the latter part will offer recommendations of some difficulties Apple Inc. faced as it made successful changes (Slind & Yoffie, 2008). Synopsis (Background) of the Situation April 1, 1976 Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak cofounded Apple Computer in Los Angeles, California from Jobs garage; they built a computer circuit board and named it Apple I. In just a few months they sold 200, in less than three years Apple had annual sales of $1billion which quickly propelled them an industry leader. Apple was thriving to a degree that seemed to be beyond the capacity of Apple computer. Although Mac sales surged in recent years, Apple’s share of the PC market consistently...
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...companies representing 71.5% share. The industry had an annual growth of 1.1% in 2008-13, businesses profited over $106.2m creating the industry revenue of $2.0 billion. The major findings indicate the importance of correct advertising and labelling of fruit juice this ensures that no legal matters are taken against the business, how black-label brands hold a 10% share of the market holding a threat to other business with the ability to charge lower prices and committing more shelf space to their own fruit juices and how important it is for business to follow customer trends as they hold the purchasing power. The report also compares and contrasts Boost Juice Bars and Spring Valley Juice marketing strategies, recommending that Boost Juice Bars continue on with their strong marketing mix and Spring Valley focus on their customer trends and target market. The report also recommends the industry swap to BPA free plastic bottles to better enhance their brand and health and safety of their consumers. Table of Contents 1. Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………3 2. Fruit Juice Industry Overview …………………………………………………………3 3. Environmental Analysis 3.1 Fruit Juice Industry Warned …………………………………………………4 3.2 Private-label Brands to Take Over …………………………………………5 3.3 Consumer Trends …………………………………………………………6 4. Marketing Analysis 4.1 Defining the Target Markets …………………………………………………6 4.2 Product Offering …………………………………………………………………7 4.3 Target Consumers with Promotion …………………………………………7...
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...223 Innovation and Job Creation in a Global Economy: The Case of Apple’s iPod Greg Linden1, University of California, Berkeley Jason Dedrick, School of Information Studies, Syracuse University Kenneth L. Kraemer, University of California, Irvine Abstract Globalization skeptics argue that the benefits of globalization, such as lower consumer prices, are outweighed by job losses, lower earnings for U.S. workers, and a potential loss of technology to foreign rivals. To shed light on the jobs issue, we analyze the iPod, which is manufactured offshore using mostly foreign-made components. In terms of headcount, we estimate that, in 2006, the iPod supported nearly twice as many jobs offshore as in the United States. Yet the total wages paid in the United States amounted to more than twice as much as those paid overseas. Driving this result is the fact that Apple keeps most of its research and development (R&D) and corporate support functions in the United States, providing thousands of high-paid professional and engineering jobs that can be attributed to the success of the iPod. This case provides evidence that innovation by a U.S. company at the head of a global value chain can benefit both the company and U.S. workers. 1 This article represents solely the views of the authors and not the views of the U.S. International Trade Commission or any of its individual Commissioners. This paper should be cited as the work of the authors only, and not as an official...
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...Steve Jobs' successor is making his mark and trying to keep the Apple magic going. Apple CEO Tim CookFORTUNE -- In February of this year, a group of investors visited Apple as part of a "bus tour" led by a research analyst for Citibank. The session started with a 45-minute presentation by Peter Oppenheimer, Apple's chief financial officer, and the 15 or so investors who attended the session were treated to Apple's unique brand of hospitality: They met in a threadbare conference room in Apple's Town Hall public conference center at the 4 Infinite Loop building in Cupertino, Calif., where the refreshments consisted of "three stale cookies and two Diet Cokes," in the words of one participant. All that, save the meager refreshments, is routine for big public companies in Silicon Valley, which use the check-ins as opportunities to communicate with large owners of their stock. What shocked the Apple (AAPL) investors that day was that CEO Tim Cook popped into the room about 20 minutes into Oppenheimer's talk, quietly sat down in the back of the room, and did something unusual for a CEO of Apple: He listened. He didn't check his e-mail once. He didn't interrupt. After the CFO finished, Cook, at that point chief executive of Apple for all of five months, stood to offer his remarks. He strode confidently to the front of the room and held court in the no-nonsense style that has become his trademark. "He was in complete control and knew exactly who he was and where he wanted to go," says...
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...Homework – Study Trip San Francisco & Silicon Valley Mag. Roland Suttner ------------------------------------------------- December 2013 “I have not failed. I’ve just found 10,000 ways that won’t work.” – Thomas Alva Edison “Most great people have attained their greatest success just one step beyond their greatest failure” -Napoleon Hill Contents 1 Venture Capital 4 2 Mechanics of raising equity capital 5 2.1 Equity financing for private companies – Sources for funding 5 2.1.1 Angel Investors 5 2.1.2 Venture Capital Firms 6 2.1.3 Institutional Investors 6 2.1.4 Corporate Investors 6 2.2 Outside Investors 6 2.3 Exiting an Investment in a Private Company 7 3 The process of start-up funding 8 3.1 Idea and co-founder stage 8 3.2 Family and friends stage 8 3.3 Seed or angel round 8 3.4 Venture Capital Round 8 4 The Initial Public Offering 10 4.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Going Public 10 5 Key Elements for successful Entrepreneurship 11 6 The importance of Silicon Valley in the U.S. venture capital system 13 6.1 Venture Capital Investment in the U.S. 13 6.1.1 Venture Capital Investment since 2006 13 6.1.2 Investment by industry 13 6.1.3 Investment by regions 15 6.2 Evolution of Silicon Valley 15 6.3 Silicon Valley – an advanced high tech entrepreneurial habitat 16 6.4 The Power of Clustering 16 6.5 Features of an advanced high tech entrepreneurial habitat 16 6.6 The high-tech habitat:...
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...research has been supported by grants from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation and the U.S. National Science Foundation (CISE/IIS). Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Sloan Foundation or the National Science Foundation. Abstract This article analyzes the distribution of value from innovation in the global supply chains of the Apple iPad and iPhone. We find that Apple continues to capture the largest share of value from these innovations. While these products, including most of their components, are manufactured in China, the primary benefits go to the U.S. economy as Apple continues to keep most of its product design, software development, product management, marketing and other high-wage functions in the U.S. China’s role is much smaller than most casual observers would think. A key finding for managers is that they need to beware of relying too heavily on single customers. With its control over the supply chain, Apple has the power to make and break the fortunes of many of its suppliers. A key finding for policymakers is that there is little value in electronics assembly. Bringing high-volume electronics assembly back to the U.S. is not the path to “good jobs” or economic growth. Capturing Value in Global Networks: Apple’s iPad and iPhone In an earlier article in Communications of the ACM [7], we conducted a micro-level economic analysis of Apple’s...
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...31 STEVE JOBS AND APPLE, INC. Todd A. Finkle, Gonzaga University Michael L. Mallin, The University of Toledo CASE DESCRIPTION The primary issues in this case involve business startup and management, and are appropriate for entrepreneurship and management courses. A secondary issue demonstrates how personal drive and motivation are critical components of successfully managing and growing a business, thereby making this case appropriate for discussion on the topic of strategic management. The case chronicles the life and passion of entrepreneur, Steve Jobs – illustrating the rise, fall, and current state of the Apple Computer Company. The case has a difficulty level 2 and is designed to be covered within one (75 minute) class period. The required preparation time is about 2 hours. It is appropriate for small business, entrepreneurship, or management classes. The purpose of this case is to illustrate to students how individual passion, determination, and innovation is a critical element in business start up success and also to stimulate critical thinking in terms of future direction for a company in a struggling economy. CASE SYNOPSIS The Apple Computer Company is arguably one of the most innovative technology companies to emerge in the last three decades. Apple, Inc. is responsible for bringing to market such products as the Macintosh computer and laptop, iPod and iTunes, and most recently, the iPhone. The success of the company can be traced primarily to a...
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...the high w h-tech industry y. Ro oizen had spe the first decade of her career activel building h network in order to hel the ent ly her n lp softw ware company she co-found y ded, T/Maker compete ag r, gainst better-c capitalized software develo opers. Throu her roles as CEO of T ugh T/Maker, pre esident of the Software Pu ublishers Asso ociation, and later, vice p president of worldwide developer re elations at A Apple Compu uter, Roizen had develop ped a netwo that inclu ork uded many of the most po owerful busin ness leaders i the techno in ology sector. Over the y years, Roizen had also m n mastered the skill of blen nding professional netwo orking with social netwo orking; she was well-know throughou Silicon Va w wn ut alley for hosti ing dinner pa arties at her h house that in ncluded the li ikes of Bill Ga of Micros and Scott McNealy of Sun Microsys ates soft t stems. An outgoin high-ener person by nature, Roiz had a genuine passion for meeting s ng, rgy y zen smart, intere esting people and helping t them connect with other p t people she kne ew. In some cases, Roizen even n took i a step furth and activ it her vely helped people in her network find new career opportunitie but d es, she w careful to leverage her contacts only when she co was y ould see a true win-win...
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...Apple Ashley Dr. Allen Barclay Marketing Management: BADM 471 12/14/14 Internal Environment Background Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs, both college dropouts, founded the Apple Company on April 1976. Their partnership started several years before they created Apple. Wozniak, a self-taught electronics engineer, built a box that was able to call long-distance for free. They couldn’t simply make enough money with how small their company was, so they decided to expand ("Reference for Business."). To help expand Apple, Jobs hired Mike Markkula. Markkula is a retired engineer who also managed the marketing department for Intel Corporation and Fairchild Semiconductor. Markkula bought one third of Apple Company for $250,000. He was a huge help with the business plan ("Reference for Business."). Jobs also hired Regis McKenna. McKenna was the owner of one of the most successful advertising and public relation firms in Silicon Valley. McKenna was hired to create an advertising strategy for the company. Regis’ idea was to put personal computers in consumer magazines. With the professional marketing team, in 1977 Apple 2 reached annual sales of $1 million. Regis created the Apple logo ("Reference for Business."). Refer to appendix A for a basic timeline of apple history. Products Apple products are not like other products. The products are easy to use and they have features that other products don’t have. For instances, the mouse on the macs are unique compared to those...
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...1. Introduction 1.1 Background of Apple Inc The corporate history of Apple Inc is considered as a history of passion (Schermerhorn 2010, p.438). It was begun by a pair of Stevens, i.e. Steven Wozniak and Steven Jobs together with Ronald Wayne, who combined their professional skills to create Apple Computer [1]on 1st April 1976 with the release of the Apple I, the first Apple computer, in the same year. Since the establishment, Apple has been focusing on the consumer electronics, computer software, and personal computers and the best-known products include Iphone, Ipad, Mac line of computers and other hardware and software products. And according one of the most recent brand study carried out by the global brands agency Millward Brown, Apple has overtaken Google as the world’s most valuable brand (Bbc.co.uk 2011). Figure 1 Steve Jobs and the most recent Iphone 4 in white Source: Yohe 2010 1.2 Industrial environment introduction As claimed by Hill and Jones (2008, p.100) that for the last 20 years, fast growth of the power of the computer has greatly attributed to the high extent of innovation and a turbulent environment in the personal computer industry. There are a number of players and potential entrants in the industry that drive up the competition and such fierce competition again is enhanced by the fast technological innovation resulting in the fact that no single company, no matter how large and power it is once, could maintain...
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...design is now known, hasn't been updated now since September 2009, with a modest capacity jump from 120GB to 160GB. On the Apple Online Store, shipping times have slipped from 24 hours to 1-3 day in the UK. Across the US, several major retailers have reported short supplies, leading to speculation the device may soon be discontinued. It didn't even warrant a mention at Apple's annual Developers Conference in 2010. "The iPod's essentially finished, give or take," says Dr Alice Enders, a former senior economist at the World Trade Organisation who now reports on global music markets for media consultancy Enders Analysis. "Sales have been in decline for some time. The converged media device is the way forward." In other words: the iPhone, the iPod Touch and the iPad - devices that the iPod paved the way for, devices that have helped push Apple's latest profits to a record-breaking $US20b. If the iPod now finds itself as the least-loved of the company's shiny portable devices, you get the sense Apple is probably OK with that. The iPod is 10 this year. Developed during 2001 and brought to market in just eight months, the circumstances surrounding its launch were hardly auspicious. For a start, it debuted days after 9/11. The press launch promised "the unveiling of a breakthrough device", the only other information on the invitations from Apple's Silicon Valley HQ was some small print along the bottom: "Hint: It's Not a Mac". The assembled media probably figured that was just as well...
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...Child Labour, unsolvable? The International Labour Organisation (ILO) defines “Child Labour” as “work that deprives children of their childhood, their potential and their dignity, and that is harmful to physical and mental development”. It refers to work that is physically, morally and mentally dangerous for a child to engage in while also often depriving them of some of their basic human rights such as a right to an education. The types of work children are engaging in varies, from children working on a family farm or in the home to situations involving children working in hazardous environments such as manufacturing plants in Asia or mining and quarrying operations in Brazil and Colombia. However there is also a darker side to the child labour problem where many children are forced to engage in activities such as armed conflict, drug trafficking, prostitution and even slavery. It is important to note that child labour is not a thing of the past. It is still a huge problem worldwide. The ILO estimated that in the year 2000 there were as many as 246 million children worldwide engaged in some form of child labour with almost three quarters of these children engaged in the worst forms of child labour such as trafficking and prostitution. As of the year 2012 the worldwide figure has since fallen to approximately 168 million, a huge decrease in the number of children engaged in child labour. Most of these children live within the South East Asia and Pacific region where many children...
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...– An Analysis of Apple Incorporated 09 March, 2014 Abstract The advanced technology that is available today has not only allowed Apple to produce the innovative products that are available to their customers today, this same technology is used by others to remain a competitor in the market place today. Most business analyses would agree that Apple is a good strong organization. Most would also agree that Apple is strong because of its ability to accomplish the short and long term goals that have been established through its strategic plan and the SWOT analysis of the organization. Although Apple is a power house in the market place; the organization does have its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats that will have to be addressed or Apple could eventually experience a decline in its market share. A SWOT analysis not only can help an organization realize it strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats it can also help the organization capitalize on the weaknesses that may exist with other organizations. Introduction Apple Inc. was founded 1976 and was the brain child of Steven Jobs and Steven Wozniak. Although the organization was actually born on April Fool’s Day many will agree that Jobs and Wozniak’s vision for the future of computers was much bigger than a foolish dream or prank. Wozniak had a love for developing computers and while working for Hewlett-Packard he developed what would become the first Apple Computer (Apple, n.d.). It was Jobs...
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...to the scene, changing the way we listen to and buy music for good. But could it soon be time to hang up our white headphones? Johnny Davis reports. Monday lunchtime at the world's largest Apple Store in London's Covent Garden and Georgina Evans, visiting from Bath in south-west England for a day's shopping, is trying to score some cred points with her daughter Emily. "I want to see how competent I am," she says, jabbing the screen of an iPhone 4. "Put it down," tuts her husband, Andrew. "You're not." Across the cavernous chambers of the Grade II-listed building similar human-technology interactions are taking place. At other tables, as in any of Apple's 300-plus stores worldwide, tourists check their emails and update their Facebook pages. Like everything else Apple does, its store layouts are ruthlessly designed. Pricey laptops and desktops by the door to lure you in, then iPads, then iPhones, then iPod Touches. The only table not occupied by a small cluster of people prodding, touching and fondling the technology is right at the back, in the store's depths. It's the table with the iPods on it. The iPod Classic, as the famous scroll-wheel design is now known, hasn't been updated now since September 2009, with a modest capacity jump from 120GB to 160GB. On the Apple Online Store, shipping times have slipped from 24 hours to 1-3 day in the UK. Across the US, several major retailers have reported short supplies, leading to speculation the device may soon be...
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