...After World War II, tension growing between the United States and USSR during the late 1900’s became known as the Cold War. Dominating International affairs was one of the reasons for the Cold War, while weapons of mass destruction became known as one of the main concerns. The Cold War had two main superpowers: the United States and the Soviet Union. Neither Nation fought against each other, but they did fight for their beliefs throughout client states (Truman). On June 5, 1967 until the 10th of the same month there was a war called the Six Day War. Israel was supported by the United States to combat the Arab, including the countries of Egypt, Syria, Jordan, Iraq, Kuwait, and Algeria, because Israel saw them as a threat. The Arab countries surrounding Israel allied, and the war between Arabs and Israel began. The war provides a perfect...
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...for this century old conflict, however this reasoning is too simple for a conflict that has lasted for more than a century. An ancient claim, a nationalist movement, two wars, foreign powers, genocide and the UN created Israel, however there is more than one group of people; the other peoples that live in the land of Palestine can share the responsibility for the conflict alongside their Arab neighbours. However it is reasonable to say one can be held more responsible than the other. The Jewish people played an important part in the history of Palestine for many centuries before the birth of Christ. The Jewish version of this period is told in the Bible. It describes how God chose the Jews as his special people and gave them the land of Israel. Under the kings David and Solomon the Jews reached a peak of power in the 10th century before Christ however by the end of the second century AD Jews were no longer a majority in Palestine. The Diaspora had spread the Jewish people far across Europe where they suffered much anti-Semitic discrimination from persecution to the pogroms. This alongside the rise of nationalistic ideas in Europe paved the way for Zionism, the national movement of Jews and Jewish culture that supports the creation of a Jewish homeland in the territory defined as the Land of Israel. Many Israelis believe Israel was founded not in 1948 but in 1897 by Theodor Herzl at the First Zionist Congress in Basel. Many also believe that it is Zionism itself...
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...THE SIX DAY WAR - AIR CAMPAIGN INTRODUCTION 1. The 1967 Arab-Israel six day war was the 3rd major struggle faced by the Israel in order to maintain its existence since it became a state in 1948[1]. The war can be considered as one of the most perfect military operations in the modern period. Surprisingly in just six days, the Israel Defence Force (IDF) managed to defeat the armed forces of the three major Arab countries and conquered Sinai, The West Bank and The Golan Height. The victories gave Israel more security from attack and secured a dominant military position in the region[2]. The combination of three major (Air, Land and Maritime) strike planned by the Israel has resulted the victory for Israeli. Even though the war involved three main elements, this paper will just focus on the air campaign which can be considered as the main factor for the victory of Israel and the failure for the Arabs’ allies. 2. The purpose of this paper is to provide a general brief on the background of the war and will focus more on the air campaign as the decisive factor that lead to the Israel victory. The flow of this paper will start with the genesis of the war which will provide the background of the six days war followed by the comparison of the Order of Battle (ORBAT). The comparison of ORBAT will give the summary of the assets involved and destroyed in the war and its effects on the outcome of the war. Series of the event from the first day of war until the sixth...
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...a peaceful resolution of the Arab-Israeli conflict.’ How accurate is this statement? The Arab-Israeli conflict refers to the political tensions and open hostilities between the Arab peoples and the Jewish community of the Middle East that have lasted for decades. The conflict, which started as a political and nationalist conflict over competing territorial ambitions has become highly protracted and other issues such as the rise in terrorist organizations and its role in the Cold War arena have became stumbling blocks to a peaceful resolution of the Arab-Israeli conflict. Nevertheless, the issue of territory is the main reason that hindered the peace progress because of the unwillingness of all parties to make concessions on territories, which stalled all peace talks. The issue of territory is the key stumbling block to a peaceful resolution of the Arab-Israeli conflict due to competing territorial ambitions between Palestine-Arabs, Israelis and the Arab nations, that made the conflict intractable. Little compromises could be made on territorial issues as it involves the sovereignty of the state. The city of Jerusalem was also a much sought after territory due to its religious significance to both the Jews and Muslims. During the first Arab-Israel war of 1948, Israel managed to expand her territory beyond what was previously stated in the Partition Plan by 21% through the act of driving out the Arabs and seizing the areas promised to Arab Palestine to fulfill the acquisition...
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...The Arab-Israeli Relations Student’s Name Institutional Affiliation The Arab-Israeli Relations Part 1: The Conflict The Arab-Israeli conflict started way back after the end of the Second World War. Since then, it has become one the most violent regions when viewed in a global scope. The conflict has been characterized by some catastrophic inter-state wars within the region, and it has been a matter of concern for most global powers. The conflict is one of the most profound and prolonged conflicts in the recent times and has been the major cause of wars in the Middle East. Though most people view it as an Arab-Israeli conflict, others see it in two dimensions namely; the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, and the Arab-Israeli conflict. The conflict can be traced back to that time in history when the Zionist movement came up with the idea to build a home for the Israelis in Palestine (Bickerton, 2012). The idea was met with opposition on the part of the Arab population in Palestine. The conflict attracted the neighboring Arab countries who took the Palestinian Arab side. In 1948, the state of Israel was established, and the existing conflict between Arabs in Palestine and the Israeli shifted from the local context to the inter-state level (Bickerton, 2012). Since then, the Israeli relations with the Arab world has taken different directions. The shifting process has been based on new and broken relationships between single Arab states and Israel. It has also...
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...Arab Israel Conflict 1948 War started when 5 Arabs nations (Egypt, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan & Iraq) invaded territory in the just-ended-to-be-British Mandate. It happens right after the announcement of the independence of the state of Israel on 14th May 1948. The fight has actually begins before that, because of the Partition Resolution, the United State Resolution (that would divide Great Britain’s former Palestinian mandate into Jewish and Arab states) on 29/11/1947. Arab do not want to accept the arrangement that they think Jewish get more benefits in the arrangement. The United Nations resolution sparked conflict between Jewish and Arab groups within Palestine. Fighting began with attacks by irregular bands of Palestinian Arabs attached to local units of the Arab Liberation Army composed of volunteers from Palestine and neighboring Arab countries. These groups launched their attacks against Jewish cities, settlements, and armed forces. The Jewish forces were composed of the Haganah, the underground militia of the Jewish community in Palestine, and two small irregular groups, the Irgun, and LEHI. The goal of the Arabs was initially to block the Partition Resolution and to prevent the establishment of the Jewish state. The Jews, on the other hand, hoped to gain control over the territory allotted to them under the Partition Plan. The fighting intensified with other Arab forces joining the Palestinian Arabs in attacking territory in the former Palestinian mandate. On...
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...Kippur Wars in Historical Context HARRY BOOTY, MAR 27 2012 THIS CONTENT WAS WRITTEN BY A STUDENT AND ASSESSED AS PART OF A UNIVERSITY DEGREE. E-IR PUBLISHES STUDENT ESSAYS & DISSERTATIONS TO ALLOW OUR READERS TO BROADEN THEIR UNDERSTANDING OF WHAT IS POSSIBLE WHEN ANSWERING SIMILAR QUESTIONS IN THEIR OWN STUDIES. The confrontation between the Jewish state and its Arab neighbours is one of the most enduring and iconic conflicts that still persist today. Many scholars have argued that ‘for the best part of a century the Arab-Israeli conflict has been a complex problem with important ramifications for the international community’[1] – and this is in many ways the truth. Created out of the ashes of the Second World War under the awful spectre of the Nazi Holocaust, Israel as a nation has survived and prospered both politically and economically, in no small part due to Western – primarily French and American – assistance. The Arab states have correspondingly been opposed to America and the West based on this implied support for Israel and has therefore turned to different stratagems in an attempt to combat this alliance – such as balancing with the USSR during the Cold War and increasingly using its market power (derived from the various oil reserves in the region) to further its political aims in the two decades since the Iron Curtain fell. Into this context there were two major (albeit rather short) wars – the Six Day War of 5-10 June 1967 and the Yom Kippur War of October...
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...Issues that continue to block peace between Palestinians and Israelis The issue of Palestine and Israel is one that has been hotly contested for over a thousand years. The last fifty years have been especially important in the history of the Jewish people and Palestinians. Since the death of Yasser Arafat on the 11th of November 2004, and the election of Mahmoud Abbas as his successor as leader of the Palestinian Authority, significant steps have been taken towards a lasting peace. This will hopefully lead to a conclusion of the second Palestinian intifada, which began in late September 2000, and to an end of the oppression of the Palestinian people by the Israeli Defense Forces. Both Jews and Arabs have suffered heavily from the conflict, thousands of innocent civilians have died on both sides, and peace is in the interests of all. History of the Conflict The disputed territory that has been alternately referred to as Palestine and Israel is relatively small, the total area is only roughly 22 000 square kilometers. It is bordered by Jordan on the East, Lebanon on the North, Egypt and the Mediterranean Ocean on the West, and shares 76 kilometers of border with Syria in the North East. The two disputed territories that are occupied by the Israeli Army but under the autonomous control of the Palestinian Authority are the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. These two territories amount to roughly 6400 square kilometers, the West Bank makes up the majority of this area – it amounts...
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...Essay 2 US and Soviet Involvement: Yom Kippur War While the United States and the Soviet Union never came into direct combat with one another during the Cold wWar, there were many instances in which the two states competition nearly led to global nuclear destruction. In the book “The World Was Going Our Way: The KGB and the Battle for the Third World”, written by Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin, the authors bring up many circumstances where this has happened. One instance in which the Soviet Union opposed the United States indirectly while coming close to the brink of war, was the fourth Arab-Israeli War, much more commonly known as the Yom Kippur War. The purpose of this paper is to outline what happened in this war, and how the United States versus Soviet Union’s so called “cold war” actually drove indirect fighting and war between many other smaller nations such as Israel and a few Arab nations, and how these two superpowers were on the brink of an a out war. To be able to fully identify the role that the United States and Soviet Union played in this war, the history and background must be understood. This war was the fourth battle of the ongoing dispute today known as the Arab-Israeli conflicts that started in 1948 when the Jewish state of Israel was formed. In the earlier war known as the “Six Days War” in the year of 1967, Israel had captured the Sinai Peninsula from the state of Egypt and half of the Golan Heights from its neighbor Syria. “On June 19, 1967...
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...The recent affair in Israel seems to be escalating everyday as the Israelis and Palestinians are clashing over the costs of past events and the conflict has been one of the most unstable and constant wars in modern world history. The Israeli military have continued to occupy Palestinian Territories and on a daily basis, inhabitants of those lands have been killed, injured or kidnapped. Despite recent major Israeli violence, Palestinians have created pacific marches and demonstrations in the West Bank and Gaza, to retaliate. There have been attempts by other nations such as neighbouring Arab nations, the USA, Britain and USSR, to solve the crisis, although, their intervention have seemed to make the situation even worse. According to Theodore Herzl, an Austrian Jew living in Paris in 1896, he feels that the Jewish should have a homeland. This source is useful because historically, the Jews do have a rightful claim to Israel; however, it is biased because he is a Jew, after all. The Jewish (Israelis) claim Israel due to Israel, itself, becoming a nation two thousand years before the rise of Islam. The Jews of modern day Israel share the same tongue and traditions of ancient Israel, formed by the Jewish custom and religion, descended from the founding father, Abraham. They believe that Israel is their “Promised Land” as it is stated in the Bible, in the Book of Deuteronomy 1:8, from Moses that the Israelites should, “Go in and take possession of the land the Lord swore he would...
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...Lebanon The Israel Hamas Hezbollah Conflict The United States and the Israel-Hezbollah War Prof. Jeremy Pressman Although American soldiers were not involved in the fighting in Lebanon and Israel this past summer, the United States was nonetheless a central player in the war. U.S. policy was defined by staunch American support for Israel and repeated calls by U.S. officials to use the crisis as a means to get at the root causes of violence in the region. What were the American objectives in this war? Does a preliminary assessment suggest that Washington took steps toward achieving them? How does U.S. policy on the Arab-Israeli conflict look moving forward? American Objectives in the Israel-Hezbollah War Two global foreign policy commitments informed the United States view of the Israel-Hezbollah confrontation this past summer; the war on terror and the democratization of the Middle East. Since September 11, 2001, the American war on terror has been defined to include several different international actors. In his speech of September 20, 2001, President George W. Bush stated that the war would “not end until every terrorist group of global reach has been found, stopped and defeated,” and that “any nation that continues to harbor or support terrorism will be regarded by the United States as a hostile regime.” In addition, he warned, terrorists could not be accommodated but instead must be met by force. This approach has most directly been applied to al-Qaeda and its satellites...
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...devastating tolls on both the Israeli peoples and the Palestinian peoples. The constant violence and killing has only remained a fuel for the hatred and blood thirsty motivation against one another. This conflict has torn families apart, ruined ties between two groups of people, and put the rest of the world in difficult position, as well as their neighboring countries, due to the fact that no one knows how to help. How do you calmly and efficiently resolve an issue that has ensued for over one hundred years? Which there lies another portion of the problem....
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...Israel’s Reconciliation With Its Arab Citizens Israel achieved basic reconciliation with its Arab citizens, but it was a challenge. Likewise, the establishment of Israel was an extensive and difficult process. The idea of a Jewish state in the Middle East outraged the Arab community, especially the Palestinians that currently lived on the land of the proposed Jewish state. On November 2, 1917, Arabs started to become unnerved that a Jewish state might be created in the Middle East. British Foreign Secretary, Lord Arthur Balfour, issued a statement of British government policy, which has since become known as the Balfour Declaration. It stated: "His Majesty's government view with favor the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people.” This is a major milestone for the Jews worldwide. Then in 1920, the borders of the proposed Jewish state were created, which was called, the British Mandate. The Council of the League of Nations appointed Britain as the Mandatory entrusted with the administration of the Land of Israel. The area designated for the Jewish homeland was displeasing for the Arabs. As a result, the Arabs who lived on the land, which was originally called Palestine, vocally and physically expressed their disapproval through riots and other means. The backlash from the Arabs forced the British government to create a commission to analyze how the British Mandate’s government was performing and how to create solutions for the causes of the riots...
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...Six Day War?” The Israeli death toll is nearly twenty times less than that of their opposition in the Six Day War. The Six Day War was fought in June, 1967. It was fought between Israel and a coalition of Arab forces including Egypt, Syria and Jordan. The United States and Soviet Union were both involved. The U.S. supported Israel and the U.S.S.R. supported the Arab forces. Countries like France and Great Britain were also involved but tried to remain neutral. The war was caused by the mutual distrust, mounting tension and military build up on each side. The war led to more conflict and tension in the Middle East. The Six Day War was caused by the history of war between Israel and Arab countries. Before the Six Day War, there had already been two wars involving Israel and a neighboring Arab country. Israel was involved in the Arab-Israeli War and the Suez Crisis. Israel won both wars, securing their spot in the Middle East. Israel also had numerous armed conflicts with Arab forces. In between major armed conflicts, there were terrorist attacks committed by Arabic. Groups like the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) and Arabic guerrillas from countries like Syria, Egypt and Jordan committed these attacks. Another cause of the Six Day War was the mounting tensions on each side. Although Arabic guerrillas already conducted attacks on Israel, the formation of the PLO in 1964 resulted in an increased level of terrorism in Israel. In May, only one month before the war, Egypt...
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...Mid-Term Examination The Clash of Civilizations and Its International Implications By: Meidina Felita Alifandra 016201400183 IRE 2014 Diplomacy 2 Semester 7 I. Introduction As being stated by Samuel P. Huntington, the Clash of Civilization is a hypothesis in which the primary sources of conflicts in the post-cold war era are more dominant to the people’s cultural and religious identities. Civilization has three attributes which are the objective elements – language, history religion, customs, and institution; the subjective elements – variable levels of self-identification; and civilization itself is dynamic – they rise and fall, divide and merge. II. The Relation between the “Kin-Country” Theory by Samuel P. Huntington and The U.S. Attitudes Towards the Palestinian-Israeli Issues. Samuel P. Huntington also stated a theory about civilization rallying – or well-known as “Kin-Country Syndrome”. In his “Kin-Country...
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