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Argument for and Against the British Monarchy

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Contents

1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 3
2. Definition………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 4
3. History…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 4
4. Analysis of Current Situation……………………………………………….……………………………………. 5
5. Evaluation of Strengths and Weaknesses………………………………………………………………....... 6 A. Strengths……………………………………………………………………………………………………………...... 6 I. Representing the Nation at Home and Abroad………………………........................................... 6 II. Neutral and Worthwhile Political Role………………………………............................................... 7 III. Uniting and Stabilizing the Nationality……………...……………….............................................. 7 B. Weaknesses…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 8 I. An Obsolete and Non-democratic Institution………...……………………………………………... 8 II. Obstructing the Future Development of the Britain…….………………………………………. 8 III. Expensive……………………………………………...…………………………………………………………. 9
6. Comparison to American Head of State…………………………………………………………………… 11
7. Recommendation……………………………………………..……………………………………………………. 11
8. Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 12
9. References……………………………………………..……………………………………………………………… 14

1. Introduction
Monarchy was the primary government form for a majority of European countries before 1914 (Bogdanor, 1995). However, in modern Europe, few countries retain the monarchies. The United Kingdom, as one of the most developed countries, still maintains the position of monarch as the head of state. Today’s British monarchy, which is also called a Constitutional Monarchy, is quite different from the past ‘absolute monarchy’. “The monarchical shell remains intact, but the inner workings have been taken over by party political leaders,” says Norton (2007). In the past, the monarch possessed a wide range of powers, but many have been restricted or eliminated after a series of battles and reforms (Peele, 2004). The monarch now plays an important symbolic and ceremonial role but the power of making policy has been shifted to a more representative function of government (Norton, 2007).
Faced with this powerless and traditional shell, its existence has been criticized and debated by the public and politicians in this democratic and liberal era. However, many polls (e.g. MORI) and surveys have shown that the number of monarch supports outweighs those who oppose it (Olechnowicz, 2007). This report will examine the benefits and risks of Constitutional Monarchy currently in the United Kingdom and demonstrate that although the monarch is outmoded, obsolete and even costly, it still plays a crucial position in Britain today. First, it will provide the exact definition of Constitutional Monarchy. Secondly, it will focus on the history of Constitutional Monarchy. Thirdly, several current situations will be analysed. Fourthly, it will assess the strengths and weaknesses of the Constitutional Monarchy. Finally, it will attempt to provide several recommendations.

2. Definition
A Constitutional Monarchy is a kind of government system where a monarch acts as head of state but rules according to a “written, unwritten or blended constitution” (Miller et al, 2010). It differs from the traditional ‘absolute monarchy’, which refers to a state governed by a “single absolute crown” (Bogdanor, 1995). Under the Constitutional Monarchy, the government generally adopts a parliamentary system where the monarch is the head of the state and an elected Prime Minister is the head of government who exercises the political power (Miller et al, 2010).

3. History
The conception of Constitutional Monarchy originates from the Magna Carta in 1215 (Harris & Rawcliffe, 2005). It was signed by King John with the purpose of confirming the relationship between monarch and barons and preventing the civil war (Williams, 1998). It consisted of a preamble and sixty-three clauses, two of which embody the Constitutional Monarchy: the first was to make sovereign rule in accordance with the law; the second was that the rights of individuals were first to the personal wishes of the monarch (Bogdanor, 1995). Then, during the period of the Glorious Revolution in 1688-1689, King William III and Queen Mary replaced the position of King James II and issued the Bill of Rights for proving that they were willing to be constitutional monarchies (Orend, 2002). Subsequently, in 1701, the Act of Settlement, by which the parliament exercised the right to determine the crown, further strengthened the idea of Constitutional Monarchy (Bogdanor, 1995). Furthermore, the establishment of an electoral system in the Great Reform Act of 1832 led to a shift of political power from the monarch (Norton, 2007). Finally, the British modern Constitutional Monarchy was formed under Queen Victoria (1837-1901). (Harris and Rawcliffe, 2005). Queen Victoria was the last monarch who affected the legislation and chose the Prime Minister according to individual will (Hardie, 1970).

4. Analysis of Current Situation
Currently, the monarch of the United Kingdom is Queen Elizabeth II who became Queen on February 6, 1952 (Harris, 2009). She acts as the head of state but rules on ‘advice’ that comes from the British Prime Minister without making any important political decisions (Harris & Rawcliffe, 2005). However, the Queen still has two important political functions: one is to appoint a Prime Minister and another is to dissolve the Parliament (Peele, 2004).
The next successor of the British monarch is Prince Charles, the eldest son of the Queen Elizabeth II. However, there have been doubts among British citizens if the monarchy might end following Queen Elizabeth II’s reign, because Prince Charles is not as popular as his mother (Olson, 2010). According to a 2007 poll, only 37 per cent of British citizens thought Prince Charles would exceed the accomplishments of his mother and it also found that 39 per cent preferred Prince William, the eldest son of Prince Charles, to skip his father to become the next king (Olson, 2010).
Additionally, the funding of the royal family has been controversial for some time. In 2005, the Prime Minister sent consultants to Buckingham Palace to investigate the Queen's accounts because he was concerned about how the Royal Family spends the public’s money (The Independent, 2010). Nevertheless, it seems that the spending of the royal family has negligible impact on the preference of the monarchy. In a MORI poll in April 2006, 72 per cent of adults leant toward retaining the monarchy, 85 per cent were satisfied the Queen Elizabeth II and 64 per cent hoped that the Queen will never retire in the future (Ipsos MORI, 2006). According to a telephone poll of BBC, nearly 80 per cent of respondents held the view that Britain should retain its monarchy (BBC, 2007). It is clear that the monarchy, particularly Queen Elizabeth II, occupies a high position in Briton’s minds.

5. Evaluation of Strengths and Weaknesses
It is important and worthwhile to examine the inner functions of this government institution, a constitutional monarchy, which is contradictory to this democratic society. Meanwhile, it is necessary to keep a clear head toward its existing problems. The following is a specific and detailed analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of the Constitutional Monarchy.

5.A. Strengths
5.A.I. Representing the Nation at Home and Abroad
The monarch is an appropriate representative for the country at home or abroad because of its historical and symbolic status. At home, the monarch, as the head of the state, undertakes the important ceremonial duties including opening Parliament, holding the annual ‘ceremony of Trooping and Colour’ and other public events (Peele, 2004). In these important ceremonial occasions, the Queen is regarded as the leader of the whole nation instead of any political party leader, whereby ensuring the uniform representativeness of the entire country (Norton, 2007). Likewise, the Queen attends a variety of international activities and receives visitors from other states as the symbolic head of state. To this extent, the Queen is more likely an ‘ambassador’ and can enhance overseas interests for Britain (Oakland, 2006). Unlike other countries, the head of state generally is the head of government, which probably leads to doubt and objection over its actions (Norton, 2007). Moreover, this function is irreplaceable since its symbolic meaning is one of crucial property granted by the tradition and history of Britain (Blake and O’Donnell, 2003).

5.A.II. Neutral and Worthwhile Political Role
The monarch acts as head of state according to the constitution, and therefore does not make any political decisions. It implies that the position of the monarch and her attitudes toward politics are neutral and unbiased. Hence the institution of the constitutional monarchy provides a solution to place the position of head of state out of political fighting (Bogdanor, 1995). Furthermore, it can remove a large number of the ceremonial and symbolic duties from the Prime Minister so that he can concentrate on the governmental matters (Birmingham Post, 2004). In addition, the Queen is an experienced and helpful advisor for the Prime Minister (Norton, 2007). Former Prime Ministers have proven that the Queen, as an experienced and private consulter, could be of considerable assistance as well as reminding the responsibilities of the Prime Minister (Norton, 2007).

5.A.III. Uniting and Stabilizing the Nationality
The British Constitutional Monarchy is a way to ‘personify the state’, having the function of keeping the national stability and continuity (Oakland, 2006). Under this institution, a variety of public activities are carried out in the name of the monarch, which can avoid the conflicts among different parts of the UK territory. It is well known that the United Kingdom consists of England, Scotland, Whales, and Northern Ireland. When conflicts between local government and the UK government arise, members of the government are ultimately loyal to the Queen (Norton, 2007). In terms of the individual, the British Constitutional Monarchy is also an approach to guarantee citizens’ loyalty to the nation (Graham, 1972). One example of this loyalty was seen in the events following the death of the Queen Mother: British citizens followed her coffin as an expression of respect (Blain and O’Donnell, 2003). Some people said the reason was that it expressed their feeling of the ‘British identity’ (Norton, 2007). Hence, regardless of region, class or religion, all Britons can have the same feeling of belonging to the United Kingdom via the uniting power of the monarchy.

5.B. Weaknesses.
5.B.I. An Obsolete and Non-Democratic Institution
Today’s Constitutional Monarchy still retains the traditional monarchical rules e.g. the firstborn of the reigning monarch will inherit the throne. This symbolizes the conservative values of ‘primogeniture and gavelkind’ which breach the democratic principles (Heywood, 2000). Game (2005) argued that the right of the eldest son to inherit the throne cannot be treated as a ‘basic human right’. Indeed, it could constitute persistent existence of this outmoded notion in British minds. It is also said that the monarchy embodies the ‘class inequality’ (Orbach, 2009). The members of the royal family, as aristocrats in society, are social celebrities attracted by the public and the media (Blain and O’Donnell, 2003). This remote distance between royal family and the public might encourage social hierarchy.

5.B.II. Obstructing the Future Development of the Britain
The retaining of this traditional regime means difficulty removing the conservative and obsolete notions that plague the monarchy. It stimulates ‘British nostalgia’ for the past rather than looking forward to the future (Hattersley, 2009). For example, the sentiments to adhere to the monarchy reached to a high level after the death of the Queen Mother and the ‘Golden Jubilee’ of the Queen (Blain and O’Donnell, 2003). Harbouring high respect to the British symbolic leader is worthwhile and significant because it facilitates the unity of the nation. However, the modernizing process of the nation will be stagnated and the country will be restricted to the past and out-dated ways (Heywood, 2000). Furthermore, the symbols of ‘deference and hierarchy’ within this constitutional monarchy are at a likelihood to impede various democratic and social reforms (Bogdanor, 1995).

5.B.III. Expensive
The funding and cost of the monarchy have been a controversial topic for several years (Norton, 2007). Most of the costs of the monarchy can be observed from the civil list including staff salary, catering and hospitality, housekeeping and furnishings, ceremonial functions and other (House of Commons, 2010).

Source: Report of the Royal Trustees, 2010
From above data, the expenditures of the monarchy are not a small amount and on average keep an ascendant trend. In response to whether the monarchy deserves the money, 45 per cent support it and 48 per cent thought it was not valuable (Norton, 2007). Oakland (2006) argues that a cheaper powerless head of state replacing this expensive monarch would be better if the monarch simply has ceremonial function but no power. Therefore, although a large number of citizens support the monarchy, they are considerably concerned about the spending of the monarchy.
6. Comparison to American Head of State Whereas the monarch is a hereditary position passed through a family line, the American elected president serves as their head of state. Therefore, not only is President Obama the head of state, but he is also the head of the federal government, more specifically, the executive branch. In a similar manner to that of the Queen, Mr. Obama has various ceremonial functions, greets foreign heads of state, and unites the nation regardless of political affiliation. However, the latter is rather complicated to achieve because the president is associated with a particular political party. This creates somewhat of a divide among Americans because they doubt that any action the president takes is for the better of the nation and not just one political side. Compared to the British monarch who has no political affiliation or agenda, it becomes much more of a challenge to unite the country. Something that American citizens do not lack (with differentiates us from some members of the United Kingdom) is pride in their country, regardless of who is in power. Additionally, the president representing America while abroad may encounter more difficulties than the British monarch because of his ties to a political agenda.

7. Recommendations
Confronted with the position of the monarchy in today’s society, most Britons call for several changes made in this institution in spite of their favour of sustaining the monarchy. In a MORI poll in 2002, 54 per cent of responders agreed that the monarchy should be modernized and only 28 per cent of them considered that the monarchy could remain unchanged (Norton, 2007). The following statements will make several recommendations concerning the British monarchy.
First of all, it could abolish those obsolete royal customs and make royal family more democratic and elected. Johnson (1996) claimed that the monarch would be elected by abolishing the ‘primogeniture’. Expanding on this, Hames and Leonard (1998) suggested that there could be a vote to confirm the monarch after succeeding the throne. In fact, there have been some monarchy supporters preferring Prince William to skip his father (Prince Charles) to become the next king.
Secondly, the royal family should make itself more accessible to society and British citizens rather than standing in a high and untouchable position. In the past, the Crown was remote and unreachable to the ordinary members of the public who regarded the Crown conferred by God (Olechnowicz, 2007). However, in the present, the alienated relationship between the public and the sovereign would make the monarchy useless and unpractical. Bogdanor (1995) pointed out that removing the distance over the sovereigns could make the monarch considered part of society. It is believed that the citizens would prefer a closer monarch.

8. Conclusion
Constitutional Monarchy is a significant and controversial issue in the UK. After experiencing numerous reforms and modifications, this traditional institution still remains today. Whereas the inner functions of the monarchy today are distinct from the past, in the present, the monarch is a symbolic head of state, but parliament and the Prime Minister, in the name of the Queen, executes crucial political duties. Historically, the transformation of policy-making power from the monarch to other representative parties was a gradual and long process. Toward the end of Queen Victoria’s reign, the modern Constitutional monarchy really began to take shape. During the period of Queen Elizabeth II (1952-present), the issues of successor and the funding of the Queen are constantly debated by the public and critics.
However, many polls indicated that a majority of the respondents support retaining the monarch. It might be attributed to the significant advantages of the Constitutional Monarchy: the monarch can be a neutral representative at home and abroad, thereby avoiding political conflicts as well, more importantly, it facilitates the unity and stability of the country. On the contrary, the institution is expensive as well as outmoded and nondemocratic which is likely to hinder the progress and modernization of the country. Now is not the time to abandon these political, national, and symbolic needs. Modernizing the monarchy by abolishing old-fashioned rules and making it practical can alleviate the conflicts between despotism and democracy. References

BBC (2007) Poll respondents back UK monarchy. Retrieved 18 February 2013. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7162649.stm

Bogdanor, V. (1995) The monarchy and the constitution. Oxford: Oxford University Press

Blain, N. and O’Donnell, H. (2003) Media, monarchy, and power. Bristol: Intellect Books

Game, C. (2005, 14 January) Perspective: Crowning Absurdity of the British System Even in Japan. The Birmingham Post, p. 10.

Graham, W. (1972) Our Social Heritage. USA: Ayer Publishing

Heywood, A. (2000) Key concepts in politics. New York: Palgrave Macmillan

Harris, N. and Rawcliffe, J.R. (2005) Monarchy. London: Evans Brothers

Harris, N. (2009) Systems of Governmental Monarchy. London: Evans Brothers

Hardie, F. (1970) The political influences of the British Monarchy. London: Batsford.

House of Commons (2010) Report of the Royal Trustees. London: The Stationary Office

Hames, T. and Leonard, M. (1998) Modernising the Monarchy. London: Demos.

Ipsos MORI (2006) Monarchy Poll, April 2006. Retrieved February 17th, 2013. http://www.ipsos-mori.com/researchpublications/researcharchive/378/Monarchy-Poll-April-2006.aspx

Johnson, P. and Bogdanor, V. (1996, 20 August) Two leading historians debate the merits of modernizing the monarchy. The Daily Mail, p. 8.

Miller, F.P., Vandome, A.F. and McBrewster, J. (2010) Constitutional Monarchy. USA: Alphabet Publishing

Norton, P., Jones, B., Kavanagh, D. and Moran, M. (2007) Politics UK. Essex: Pearson Education

Oakland, J. (2006) British Civilization: An Introduction. 6th ed. Oxon: Routledge

Orend, B. (2002) Human rights: concept and context. Canada: Broadview Press

Olechnowicz, A. (2007) the Monarchy and the British Nation, 1280 to the present. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Olson, D. (2010) London for Dummies: Twenty-first-century royals. London: For Dummies

Peele, G. (2004) Governing the UK: British politics in the 21st century. 4th ed. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell

The Independent (2010) The monarchy: A long fight for control, and for transparency. Retrieved 20 February 2013. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/the-monarchy-a-long-fight-for-control-and-for-transparency-2087077.html

The Post Debate: the Constitutional Monarchy Association Explains Why It Believes the British Monarchy Still Has an Important Role in the 21st Century. (11 June 2004) The Birmingham Post. P. 4.

Williams, A. (1998) UK government & politics. 2nd ed. Oxford: Heinemann.

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...Thomas Paine, a political activist and philosopher, was the author of an important document called Common sense. In 1776, this document played a vital role in the American Revolution. In Common Sense, Paine attacked monarchy and hereditary succession in the beginning of his argument because he wanted to gain more support on the revolt against Britain. His approach was straightforward and got right to the point for the independence movement and the rights of all men. He wanted to show that supporting the independence movement instead of remaining loyal to the British Crown was a better idea and would result in happier lives. Freedom was the entire goal here because Paine believed the colonists deserved the right to be free from the British monarchy. If America were to remain under British rule it would only cause more conflict between the countries in Europe because other countries were trying to get a piece of America for themselves. Paine is saying that if America gains independence the fighting will stop among Europe, and America can benefit all countries with trade. On the other hand, some people didn't buy what Paine was trying to get across in Common Sense. Maybe they didn't have any at that time. James Chalmers, a Maryland plantation owner, made a case for the Loyalists. He was on the side for those who opposed American independence. His document Plain Truth, was an instant response to Paine's document Common Sense. "A failure of commerce [would] preclude the numerous tribe...

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Rhetorical Analysis Of What To The Slave Is The Fourth Of July

...reasoning behind their pride against them in order to open the eyes of white men in the United States. They then may see the injustice of celebrating freedom when so many men are still bound by chains. Douglass establishes credibility in his humble stance by grasping the audience’s attention with his story of being a former slave. He modestly introduces himself and his hard work by explaining “the difficulties to be overcome in getting from the latter to the former, are by no means slight”, the latter being the “slave plantation” and the former being “[the] platform”. By describing his path to freedom as a challenge, it gives the audience an understanding that Douglass not only speaks as a free man allowed to express himself, but as a former slave who was once held back from going anywhere. He then addresses his limitations due to his “little experience and…less learning”, but despite that, “[he was] able to throw [his] thoughts hastily and imperfectly together”. In describing these...

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