...fallacy in question, and examine whether or not their use of this type of fallacy is effective. From part 1 of this discussion, consider alternate strategies that the advertisers could have used in order to develop a more sound and persuasive argument. Explain the main reasons why you believe consumers ignore these errors in reasoning. “False Authority “ Tom Cruise Calls Psychiatric a pseudo science https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Y7CpS0gtlk The advertisers uses this holly wood actor because he is famous, while claiming to do his research a holly wood actor is not an Authority on the subject of psychology This type of fallacy is very effective. Consumers tend to connect with people in the media. A more sound and persuasive argument would have been if the information being presented came from a psychologist. Consumers ignore these reasons in reasoning because they think if a famous actor is presenting the information then it must be true. “Appeal To Ignorance” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Ra8_gyY9R8 The argument from ignorance, (“appeal to ignorance”) which means, argument by lack of imagination, or negative evidence, is a logical fallacy in which it is claimed that a premise is true only because it has not been proven false, or is false only because it has not been proven true. The argument from personal incredulity, also known as argument from personal belief or argument from personal conviction, refers to an assertion that because one personally finds a premise unlikely...
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...uments Arguments from religious experience are never convincing. Discuss Throughout the years, many people claim to have religious experiences, as seen in the research of the Alister Hardy research centre or the work of David Hay. When people say that they have experienced God or the divine in some way; they are not saying that it ‘seemed like’ God but was something else. The issue for many philosophers is: are religious experiences veridical? By this is meant can we actually demonstrate that the religious experiences of people are what they seem to be, i.e. experiences of God, rather than delusions, products of the mind or of some other source such as LSD? Can a person saying they have had a religious experience really be convincing. To know whether religious arguments are convincing or not, Richard Swinburne has suggested two principles that may be used to assess claims about religious experiences. First, he suggested what he calls that ‘principle of credulity’. Swinburne argued that, other things being equal, we have good reason to believe what a person tells us is correct. In general, if a person tells us that they can see a cat crossing the road, we believe them, even if we have not seen the event. Even if only one person sees the event, they still count. Swinburne says “the principle of credulity states that we ought to belie that things are as seen to be… unless and until we have evidence that they are mistaken” by the evidence that they are mistake, Swinburne means...
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...Is Religious experience a valid and trustworthy argument for the existence of God? Introduction In this essay I shall be making a case for why I believe Religious experience to be a valid and trustworthy argument for the existence of God, I will be focusing primarily on the Christian faith and some of it’s faithful adherents. I shall address some counter arguments, and conclude with what I believe counts for a valid religious experience, so as to decipher, to an extent, subjective human experience in contrast to what adherents to their faith would believe is a universal, absolute truth. Religious Experience The argument for ‘religious experience’ being a valid and trustworthy argument for the existence of God is often termed ‘the argument from perception’ as the one experiencing perceives that the experience itself is birthed by something or someone independent of the recipient . The logic behind the ‘argument from perception is that since there are so many people who at various times in history have claimed to have Theistic perceptions, there simply must be something to them’( Gellman,17,2001). Concerning the area of ‘Religious experience’ It is interesting to note that in an article for ‘The Guardian’ by columnist Mark Vernon, he cites renowned Harvard University psychologist and philosopher William James as stating that the ‘strongest evidence for the existence of God was found in personal, inner religious experience’ ( Vernon, 2010). After extensive...
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...The argument from religious experience is the argument from experiences of God to the existence of God. In its stronger form, this argument asserts that it is only possible to experience that which exists, and so that the ‘God’ therefore must be a God; case closed. In its weaker form (logically) the argument asserts only that religious experiences constitute evidence for God’s existence. Richard Swinburne has defended this form of argument with an appeal to the principle of credulity. The principle of credulity claims that rationally we should believe a person’s claim about what they have experienced. Generally, says Swinburne ‘it is reasonable to believe that the world is probably as we experience it to be. Unless we have an obvious objection to question a religious experience, therefore we should accept it as prima facie evidence from the existence of God at least. Although, the atheist Michael Martin criticised Swinburne’s use of the principle of credulity, If as Swinburne suggests that experiences are generally to be treated as veridical, an Atheist could logically argue that as he experiences the absence of God using the principle of credulity, that the world is then as this experience represents it as being Godless. Arguments therefore for the existence of God through credulity can be met with arguments from atheist experiences (fire with fire) which brings the two equal. Swinburne in defence argues that you can’t have a negative principle of credulity. Furthermore...
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... Bioethics is a prevelent and sensitive topic of debate in health care. A single mother with children who is particially dependent upon welfare takes it upon herself to pay privately for a single treatment of Invitro Fertilization (IVF). This mother is implanted with several embryos and chooses not to reduce the number of fetuses and successfully delivers multiple premature babies. We must take into account the cost of delivery, care in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU), and future cost to the Welfare system for all of this mother’s children. Reviewing this issue from a health care professional’s point of view, the four basic principles of ethics, beneficence, autonomy, nonmaleficence, and social justice, are part of this issue. The Four Basic Principals Autonomy Medicine Net (2011), defines autonomy as the right of a patient to make decisions about the care received without influence from a health care provider. Providing education to a patient is allowed as part of autonomy. Autonomy does not allow the provider to make decisions for the patient. Kapp states that “in addition to exercising the right to make choices about which diagnostic or...
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...informed and ineffectual. The ethical focus of the euthanasia issue concerns the moral legitimacy of ‘voluntary euthanasia.’ Euthanasia is a deliberate intervention or omission with the express intention of hastening or ending an individual’s life, to relieve intractable pain or suffering. As per the given problem of a 60 year old patient with stage 4 cancer asking for euthanasia, I would choose to be the lawyer of the doctor who refuses to perform euthanasia. ETHICAL AND LEGAL ASPECTS My client’s refusal of performing euthanasia is primarily because the act itself is against the principles of Beneficence, Nonmaleficence and Life Preservation. By virtue of the Principle of Beneficence, one should act to further the welfare and benefits of another and to prevent evil or harm to that person. Also, the Principle of Nonmaleficence provides that one should refrain from inflicting harm or unduly risking the infliction of harm on another. Lastly, we have a moral duty to protect and preserve human life whenever possible as within the context of life preservation. It is therefore clear that my client only refused to performing euthanasia in consideration of the following principles. Further, even if the patient invokes the Principle of Autonomy, such principle is overridden by the other three principles consequentially because the duty to preserve life has more weight than a person’s right to die. Not only will killing someone for whatever reason...
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... Death will present itself to everyone eventually and presumably no one in their right mind would choose not to die with dignity. That being said why is it that so many people who would choose to die a good death are no allowed to. For some people no death is a good death, but that is silly because as everyone knows death is inevitable. No one can escape this fact. The controversy herein lies within the circumstances people who are suffering or lingering with a terminal illness that debilitates them such that they have no quality of life are not afforded the comfort of dying with dignity. It seems that this high merit is available to our beloved pets, but not our beloved family members. Aunt Bessie is forced to endure unrelenting pain from here incurable pancreatic cancer. No amount of pain medication is available to treat her pain and allow her to maintain consciousness. She knows her time is limited and she does not feel she should have to wait out the inevitable in such a terrible state. At the same time the family pet Bassett hound is found to have a mass in her intestines. She cannot eat and barely moves as she is in so much pain. The veterinarian has given the option of putting her to sleep or euthanizing her to put her out of her misery as she is suffering so. This sits well with most people. Aunt Bessie requesting euthanization though is out of the question. Why is the question that this paper will attempt to answer and why this is wrong will also be addressed? Euthanasia...
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...ADRESSING PROFESSIONAL BEHAVIOUR: THE ACT OF WHISTLE BLOWING Healthcare professionals face various challenges in their workplace. One such challenge is dealing with criminal behavior which one has witnessed or has knowledge of. An ethical issue of human rights has to be keenly looked upon when addressing this; if one has to report such incidences yet the involved party is his or her colleague or friend. This situation could prove challenging but by adhering to and evaluating various bioethical principles in conjunction with one’s own beliefs, professionalism and the organization’s set standards, a solution to such scenarios can occur. This assay argument will base on ethical principles of primary loyalty to the patient. Often individual are identified as the source of the ethical failure. However, one the most important aspects of creating ethical behavior are the culture of environment of the organization in which individuals functions. Managerial ethics assume a position of profound consequences here in the form of organization policies and process, culture espoused vs. values, leadership behavior, rewards punishment, social networks and treatment of employees. As much as organizational policies and process and procedures dictate actions that may have ethical content. The responsibility cannot be “farmed out” to others in order to place the blame outside the organization when the failure occurs. The code of ethics incorporates standards of ethical behavior, particularly...
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...The Four Principles of Ethics in New Reproductive Technology Jamie Cormier Health Care Ethics Baker College January 14, 2014 How can the principles of ethics (autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, justice) assist in finding a middle ground on new reproductive technologies? The principles of ethics can assist in finding a middle ground on reproductive technologies by forcing the healthcare provider to consider first the patient and their well-being above all else, yet keeping in consideration the benefits and morality of the care they are giving. More often than not, there are more than two sides to every argument, especially when it comes to the latest reproductive technologies. “To obtain justifiable resolutions of these complex issues, it is necessary to have an ethical framework. Science alone cannot resolve these questions.” (Strong, 1997, p.3) Reproductive technology is moving forward at a high rate, and with that advancement comes great debate on what is ethical, moral, just, and beneficial to the parties involved. Applying the principles of ethics to reproductive technologies can guide health professionals toward the best possible outcome. There are multitudes of people who want desperately to have a child that is genetically their own, but cannot by the natural method, so they consult fertility specialists and reproductive health professionals and utilize an expanse of resources and technology in order to have a child or children. In applying...
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...Ethical Principles and Issues within Addiction Counseling Jennifer Spivey Liberty University Abstract Addiction counselors have many ethical and legal considerations in when providing services to substance abusers. There are ethical principles that including justice, autonomy, nonmaleficence, beneficence, and fidelity. Along with these principles there are federal and state regulations when providing services. As an addiction counselor there should be ethical guidelines to follow with informed consent, compensation, confidentiality, and collection and protection of data. Furthermore, addiction counselors must avoid coercion, provide alternative treatment options, protect vulnerable clients, and select representative participants for addictions research. The ultimate goal of addictions counseling is to benefit the clients and society as a whole. Keywords: ethical, principles, addiction, counselor Introduction There are many counselors that are faced with ethical issues on a regular basis. These issues are intensified for an addiction counselor. There are a number of reasons for ethical issues for addiction counselors. One is that there is a high correlation between addiction and criminal activity. There is also the concern that ethical issues such as informed consent can be complicated by problems arising out of substance abuse. The counselor’s ability to cope with these and other issues is dependent, to a large degree, on their ability to weigh up the inherent risks...
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...advancements in the realm of genetic testing, especially in the field of autosomal dominate diseases. Major breakthroughs in this field have produced ethical and moral dilemmas for physicians; conflicts between a patients’ autonomy vs. beneficence and nonmaleficence (doing what’s best for the patient), which has made counseling patients who have severe genetic disorders like Huntington’s disease very difficult. Do you tell a patient that he/she will likely die from a fatal disease? Do you tell the relatives? Do you choose the benefits of notifying the patient over the Psychological harm it may cause? These are so many questions and ethical considerations that arise for a provider when genetic testing predicts a serious, life-threatening disease. One question of particular interest for this case is whether or not a child should be informed or not of his increased genetic risk of a fatal disease, which sparks another round of ethical and moral consideration. Should parents have the right to tell their child that he/she is likely to contract a fatal disease? Does the provider have a duty to inform? Many legal arguments can be made to support a child’s right to decide whether or not they want to reveal genetic testing, and many arguments can be made to support the right for a provider to withhold the devastating results of the fatal disease because of the potential adverse effects. Despite the legal impacts, the decision to inform or not will always vary depending on the ethical principles...
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...Events Ethical Dilemma 2 Introduction The prosecution has rested in trial of Michael Jackson’s physician, Dr. Conrad Murray, who stands accused of involuntary manslaughter in relation to the death of Michael Jackson. Dr. Conrad Murray was hired by concert promoters to serve as Michael Jackson’s personal physician. He was paid $150,000 a month to ensure that Mr. Jackson was well enough to withstand the strenuous rehearsals and grueling schedule of his sold out comeback concerts. The doctor was with the pop star six nights a week, helping him sleep. Mr. Jackson died June 25, 2009 of an apparent overdose. The prosecutors in the case, David Walgren and Deborah Brazil, both Los Angeles deputy district attorneys who, in their opening argument, told jurors that "misplaced trust in the hands of Conrad Murray cost Michael Jackson his life."The Los Angeles County coroner’s office determined that Michael Jackson died of acute propofol poisoning. Propofol is a drug that reduces anxiety and tension, and promotes relaxation and sleep or loss of consciousness. Propofol provides loss of awareness for short diagnostic tests and surgical procedures, sleep at the beginning of surgery, and supplement other types of general anesthetics. "Propofol is an agent that requires very close monitoring and is often limited only to use by anesthesiologists," said Dr. Richard Page, head of cardiology at the University of Washington medical center. "The main issue with this agent is respiratory depression...
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...Ethical Arguments of Physician Assisted Suicide With mounting increase of decriminalization, the ethics of physician assisted suicide (PAS) continues to be debated throughout the media, courtrooms and health care settings11. This debate is rooted in bioethics, as it examines values and moral issues in healthcare, health policy and medical research12. The arguments for and against PAS are founded in these values and morals of our healthcare system and health policy. Key arguments for supporters of PAS focus on two values: autonomy (self-determination) and individual well-being. That is, as individuals we have the right to make decisions not only on how we live, but how and when to end our life. Additionally, PAS supports the principle of beneficence,...
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...beneficence, justice and nonmaleficence are often brought into consideration in ethical dilemmas. Healthcare professionals often use these ethical principles as a premise to make morally sound judgements on care provision. Ethical dilemmas surface when these principles conflict with one another. The correct course of action is not clearly defined and the decisions made may be challenged. Decisions made on moral grounds are often intrinsically complex and intricate. This essay will cover the principles of distributive justice, autonomy, and beneficence. Drawing from personal experience, three individual case pertaining to each principle are provided to illustrate how each principle is either observed or breached. A conclusion is presented at the end of each case study to summarize the ethical reasoning and concepts discussed. A final conclusion will also be presented at the end of the essay to provide closure to the discussion. Distributive Justice Case Study: Dr Adams is a physician working in an acute medical ward. During his shift, he reviewed two critically ill patients. Patient A was an 80-year old lady with thrombocytopenia secondary to lymphoma with a low haemoglobin level. She had been receiving palliative care prior to admission. Patient B was a 50-year old man with an actively bleeding peptic ulcer. His haemoglobin had dropped significantly and was passing malena stools. Dr Adams decided to transfuse both patients but received notification from the Blood Transfusion...
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...Healthcare in America is threatened by rising health care costs and the increasing incidence and financial burden of chronic diseases. As employers, insurance companies, and the government seek to decrease these escalating costs, there is a concentration on individual health behavioral choices and the personal obligation of the individual to adopt healthy lifestyle choices. Within the framework of health care reform, there is a growing initiative by employers to impose financial health insurance penalties for unhealthy lifestyle choices. Financial penalties levied by employers and health insurance companies for unhealthy lifestyles are unethical targeting the most vulnerable and sick in our society. Employers and insurance companies have an argument for penalties based on the cost analysis of health expenditures on high risk populations such as smokers and obese...
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