...Media Topic 1: Explanations of Media Influences on Antisocial Behaviour Observational Learning Where individuals observe and imitate the behaviour of others. Many argue that watching television can teach viewers violent behaviour/draw their attention to behaviours they wouldn’t have previously considered. Bandura (1983) used his Social Learning Theory to explain this. Watching violent role models may increase violent behaviour in those who are already motivated to behave aggressively. TV may also teach viewers the positive and negative consequences of behaving aggressively. Research on the role of observational learning from media in antisocial behaviour has shown: ‐ Bandura et al (1986): Children aged 3‐5 were shown films of a model behaving aggressively towards a “bobo doll”. The doll was hit, thrown, sat on and punched in the nose 3 times during the film. The children were then lead to laboratory containing toys (including the bobo doll), and were observed during free play. 88% of the children imitated the behaviour seen in the film‐ significantly more than a control group of children who did not see the film. ‐ Bobo dolls do not retaliate when hit. This raises questions as to how much this study tells us about the effect of media influences on antisocial behaviour towards other human beings. ‐ Smith et al (2004): The children’s behave would be better defined as “rough and tumble play” rather than aggression. ‐ Some have labelled Bandura’s study as artificial...
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...deformities, can be put into one of two categories; man or woman. Generally, the views and expectations one has for their own gender and the views and expectations one has for the opposite gender can be described as gendered stereotypes. Although stereotypes are not always close to the truth, in some cases they can hold some weight to an argument when they present the generalized representation of a certain group or groups. In this essay I will show how gendered stereotypes are used by advertising companies to appeal to each gender. Here in the U.S., you need not go far to bear witness the very apparent signs of genderfication and gendered stereotypes, tools used by advertisers that play important roles in our consumer-styled society. One only needs to go as far as their living room couch and turn on the television to be bombarded with shows and advertisements containing gendered images of the expectations our society has for its men and women by men and women. Author Steve Craig puts these gendered ideals into four distinct categories; Men’s men, Men’s women, Women’s men, and Women’s women (Craig). For this essay I will analyze four video advertisements, and, using Craig’s criteria, I will try to see under which of his categories each advertisement would fall and why. The first advertisement I will analyze is a three part series of Bud Light commercials entitled “Bud Light – Real Men of Genius”. In this three part commercial each of the three men have a fault that would...
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...perceptive marketing stunt’ and ‘what role does the media play in legitimizing gender discrepancies through framing and cultivation strategies? Coaxed by the issue of female objectification in the mass media, the following research was conducted both practically, and theoretically, to overtly annunciate the social and democratic problems associated with advertised female subordination. The relative research involves a semiotic analysis of two sources, coupled with a survey of 40 candidates of varying ages. Furthermore, theoretical mechanisms of media framing and cultivation have been deconstructed throughout this article to uncover the impact of magnified female subordination on the domestic expectations of children and young adults. Through the collection of data, it was able to be conclusively recognized the impact of objectification on social attitudes. Results had shown the many conceptions concerning the female purpose, these include; a woman’s role as a domestic and sexual slave to her male partner. Through the convergence of data, semiotic analysis and academic theory, it may be meticulously understood how female objectification in the mass media is a social complication in the construction of an egalitarian future. ‘Women’s bodies are predominantly valued for its use to others’ Fredrickson & Roberts 1997 During the past decade, society has witnessed the progression of information technology, and has been a part of a global communication network that surpasses domestic...
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...time to discussing not only the structure of government, but also what it means for us today as citizens. However, it is very important you understand the nature of this course. Being a fully online course means there is a great amount of responsibility being placed on you the student. The course is designed so that you have to keep working in at least a certain pace, but you can work as quickly as you like. Therefore, it is very important that you look at the grading scale, and schedule. It is your responsibility to keep up with the schedule of this class. Because it is an online course, it is also your responsibility to contact me with questions or concerns. You will have no formal lecture, although you will have an introductory video before each chapter. Thus, learning the material rests more on you in this format than an in-class format. Please do contact me with questions you have. I have also set up a discussion page on Canvas for you to ask questions. That...
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...Video games, allegedly responsible for a tragedy. It is no secret that in recent times there has been a substantial increase in criminal activity , which has radically changed the lifestyle of people , even causing them vulnerable even in places that were considered safe in the past. Like any tragic event you try to find a suspect of the unfortunate events that have taken the lives of thousands of people in the United States , though such a search has no reason to be as real culprit lies in the eyes of all , this is an industry that moves dividends million a year , this is the game industry . Based on a series of scientific studies conducted by several universities , it is confirmed that there is a direct relationship between prolonged use of video games and aggressive behaviors in players . An immoderate exposure to this type of entertainment causes direct damage to the central nervous system, causing the individual to present a state of anxiety. There is a directly proportional correlation between the use of video games and an increase in the consumption of alcohol and drugs in young people aged 13-17 years. Additionally users become more frivolous in their interpersonal relationships , and although this type of entertainment does not promote isolation, if ideologically influence the player , making images witnessed remain in the subconscious and therefore intends to recreate them later. It is for this reason that it is intended to show the evidence that confirms the claims...
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...Journal of Consumer Behaviour, J. Consumer Behav. 11: 467–476 (2012) Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com) DOI: 10.1002/cb.1396 If I want you to like me, should I be like you or unlike you? The effect of prior positive interaction with the group on conformity and distinctiveness in consumer decision making VERONIKA PAPYRINA* College of Business, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA, USA ABSTRACT The extant research points to conflicting results regarding social influence in consumer decision making. On the one hand, there is empirical evidence that suggests that people conform to other members of their groups. On the other hand, several studies demonstrated the opposite pattern, namely, that individuals seek distinctiveness from others in the group. The goal of the present research is to reconcile these contradictory findings. To this end, I propose that whether a person will conform to or seek distinctiveness from others in a particular consumption situation is contingent on the absence or presence of one’s prior positive interaction with the group. I also suggest that this effect will occur in a public context, that is, when an individual’s choice is visible to other group members. The results of experiment supported these propositions. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Suppose Alice wants to start figure skating and goes to watch a training session conducted by a local skate club before making the final decision. She likes what...
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...Proposition and Opposition Arguments Worksheet Cari M. Stephens, Greer Cimbalik, Tawni Brown, and Yolanda Martinez HUM/114 June 5, 2012 Mac Wrigley Proposition and Opposition Arguments Worksheet Proposition and Opposition Arguments Worksheet Detailed Initial Argument Preparation: For each of the 10 general arguments that you defined as supporting your stance on the problem or issue being debated in your Week Two Debate Plan Worksheet, research and list at least two facts that support each of the supporting arguments. Be sure to cite your source. Finally, determine how and what you are going to focus on for your debate by ranking the strength or importance of your arguments with 1 being the best or most important argument, and 10 being the weakest or least important argument. General arguments that support your stance on the problem or issue being debated“Proposition” | Two facts that support the argument | Rank of Argument Importance / Strength | Footprints have not been able to be disproven as credible evidence that Bigfoot does exist. | * Size of foot and distance between strides justifies that the footprint cannot be human. Footprints cannot be faked of staged due to size, (Big Foot And Yeti, ). * These footprints are bigger and are different shapes than any other animal on record, (Big Foot And Yeti, ). | 6 | Eyewitness sightings of the North American Bigfoot date back to the 1830’s. | * The fact that there are still eyewitness sightings...
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...piece to the last piece, it is evident that once I embraced the writing process from the brainstorming to the multiple drafts to discussions among peers to the final copy, I was able to create a focus and stick to that focus without going off on a tangent. For Project One, I was asked to choose a video series which speaks about a certain topic, then identify three episodes that I would analyze. In this analysis, I would need to identify how a channel’s episodes persuades viewers to subscribe and also encourage other members to do the same. In addition, I needed to identify how the episodes within the series appeal to the viewer’s pathos, logos, and ethos. In other words, I was writing a rhetorical analysis. I needed to specifically focus on how the speaker attempts to persuade the audience to subscribe to the channel through the use of images, texts, and sounds. “Throughout all three episodes, it is clear Erakat aims to engage his audience through emotional appeal with his use of humor, rhetorical questions, and dialogue. In addition, he uses his charismatic personality to speak to his audience post-episode and encourage them to subscribe, comment (good or bad), and share this video. While it seems like Erakat uses logos and pathos equally and does not incorporate ethos to the same degree, the clear frontrunner in terms of appeal goes to pathos. While there was minimal use of text and sound and no use of images, it did not take away from the series. The text was used to introduce...
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...this TOK Essay, I will be conducting an analysis illustrating how disagreements can be used to aid the pursuit of knowledge in both the natural and human sciences and in some cases, hinder the pursuit of knowledge in these areas. First, it is necessary to define the key terms in this topic, which are “pursuit of knowledge”, “natural sciences”, and “human sciences”. “Pursuit of knowledge” is the act of obtaining knowledge. Natural science refers to the study of natural phenomena of the universe. Fields associated with this are: chemistry (elements), biology (contrasting ideas between Lamarckism and the Darwinian concept of evolution), and physics (gravity). On the other hand, human science refers to the study of people themselves and their behaviours which includes matter in history, literature and philosophy where “man is the measure of all things and human nature” as uttered by the classical Greek philosopher Plato. There is also anthropology, economics, and ethics; for example the explanation of criminal behaviour in cognitive and social psychology in human science. The term “disagreement” is ambiguous in the sense that it can represent a variety of things. For instance, it can refer to a difference of opinion between two people or groups of people, or it can refer to personality clashes among scientists, in which disagreement may arise from a difference in paradigms or assumptions; a great example of this is the Bohr-Einstein debate video on YouTube. Disagreement is a fundamental...
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...Have Become Alien to Us” originally appearing in the Christianity magazine, U.S. Catholic (1996), argues that monsters, especially in modern movies, are simply a representation of humans and our disconnection to needy individuals in the real world. McCormick supports his argument by comparing classic monster tales with characters of a certain depth and humanity, such as Count Dracula and Frankenstein’s monster, that grabs at the compassionate hearts of audiences to contemporary films that often include a united human race defeating alien-like monsters without hesitation. The purpose of McCormick’s essay is to show how most people treat monsters, no matter how they were created or place themselves in this world, in order to answer the question of whether monsters reside within us. Given the article's location in a sophisticated magazine, McCormick aims this essay at an educated audience interested in the human need to destroy, rather than accept, monsters. 1. There are many reasons why monster stories have endured popularity over the years. One reason McCormick points out is the action and adrenaline associated with modern movies. He claims that these movies tend to be designed for theme park rides and video games since they are all about the fight or flight response that adrenaline. The contemporary...
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...articulate what you study, being open to all possibilities and able to draw your own conclusions based on what you have learned. There are six steps to the critical thinking process. The first is knowledge; you are able to identify with what you hear and read, the topic, issues, and main points. Step two is comprehension, being able to relate to the information and put it into your own words. Step three is application, taking what you have learned and apply it to an actual situation. Step four is analysis, which means breaking the information down to see how they are connected to other ideas. The final step is evaluation, this occurs when you understand with supporting details and you are able to form a conclusion. According to "Ethical Reasoning: A Key Capability" (2013), ethical reasoning is the “ability to reflect on moral issues in the abstract and in historical narratives within particular traditions. Ethical reasoning is the ability to identify, assess, and develop ethical arguments from a variety of ethical positions” (What Counts As Ethical...
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...Merveille I. Kazimoto June 28, 2015 English Writing 112: College Writing Prof. Fadia Hasan Gender and Video Games The contemporary society has grown to be more liberal, offering women more freedom than ever before. One of the 21st century’s instrumental defining medium—video games—is experiencing sharp growing pains. Whether video games are a technology product or a cultural experience, one thing that both video games developers and enthusiasts vividly agree upon is that the way we talk and write about video games has gradually changed over the last few decades. Female representation (or should I say: underrepresentation) in video games has, for a long period of time, been a heavily debated and controversial issue, with the most trending argument being that the portrayal of female video game characters, as well as the treatment of female gamers, is frequently sexist. One of the prominent literatures that keenly scrutinizes the culture of video games and its effect on the social construct is Maja Mikula’s essay “Gender and Videogames: The Political Valency of Lara Croft”. In her essay, Mikula accuses video games of poor portrayals of gender and being extraneously violent. She writes, “Her body is excessively feminine-her breasts are massive and very pert, her waist is tiny, her hips are rounded and she wears extremely tight clothing (9)… she is clearly shaped by the desire to embody male sexual fantasies… (15)”, questioning whether “Lara Croft is a (genuine) feminist icon or...
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...1. What does an advertiser want? Sales, leads, brand awareness? What are the best metrics for measuring these? The primary role of an advertiser is to attract and increase a customer base so as to ultimately produce sales. Leads and brand awareness primarily serve as opportunities for product placement and/or services in front of potential consumer in an effort to influence their behavior. Generally, this influence sparks an interest in the product or service thus causing the consumer to view a webpage (awareness) or click on an advertisement (lead). A company will determine, based on its advertising budget, which method adds the most value to their business. Therefore, best metric for measuring sales would be to calculate the revenue generated from an advertising medium. Moreover, web analytics have developed software-tracking databases that capture the behavior of each visitor, making it easier for advertisers to simply calculate the rate of return from these advertising methods. Most website advertisers employ cost-per-thousand-impression (CPM) or click-through pricing based model (CTR) to aid in determining generated sales. CPMs are determined by the number of visitors who actually saw an online advertisement through accessing a webpage, versus CTRs which account for visitors who actually clicked on the advertisement to learn more about an advertised product on a webpage. CTRs are calculated by taking the number of click-throughs and dividing it by the number of ad impressions...
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...His people that exists on earth. If this institution can be defamed, then it distorts the picture of Christ and His bride (17). Despite this, many cannot fathom the hundreds of dollars that it would take to potentially save their marriage even after thousands of dollars are spent on a wedding and tens of thousands of dollars would be spent on a divorce (22). There are differences between good counselors and bad ones—theoretically (29). However, let there be no mistaking that the counselor is an external influence in this process and he or she will not fix all of the problems right away or apart from the couple (42). Moreover, the success of these counseling times is dependent upon the couple’s ability to visualize what resolution they desire (56) with one issue at a time (59). This particular approach focuses on instilling willpower, waitpower and waypower (30). Willpower speaks of motivation for the couple to make things work; waitpower to be patient while their efforts are bringing fruit; waypower gives the couple resources to make it work. Willpower is affected greatly when people understand that marriage is an organism that requires energy. Marriage, like...
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...Michael Johnsons book, A Typology of Domestic Violence: Intimate Terrorism, Violent Resistance, and Situational Couple Violence provides an in-depth analysis of intimate partner violence, broken up into four different categories in hopes to clarify past research that has created misleading, problematic and contradictory findings. The four different types of intimate partner violence, according to Johnson, are intimate terrorism, violent resistance, situational couple violence, and mutual violent control. Johnson argues that intimate partner violence is not a unitary phenomenon and that understanding intimate partner violence as having different types will help those in the field of domestic violence to diminish overgeneralizations and provide better support for women experiencing intimate partner violence. Johnson formulates his book with an initial overview of the four different types of intimate partner violence and how determining which type of intimate partner violence, either intimate terrorism, violent resistance, situational couple violence, or mutual violent control, will help researchers move forward with their findings and the various conclusions that have surfaced over the past thirty years. Johnson dedicates three chapters of his book, one to intimate terrorism, and another to violent resistance, and a third to situational couple violence, claiming that these are the most prevalent forms of intimate partner violence found today. Johnson does not dedicate a chapter...
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