...Is it dangerous for Politics to define Science? Political discourses entail following cultural and unwritten behaviors, which in most cases are driven by organizational and personal agendas, aimed at attaining particular objectives. The need to practice politics effectively has led to the emergence of political science, which covers the study of governments, political systems and process, and political policies. On the other hand, science refers to a methodical approach that is used in understanding the natural world (McLelland 1). Science is one of the most fundamental disciplines that can be relied upon in an effort to transform the society through effective decision-making. This observation arises from the fact that, science leads to the formulation of scientific theories, which are comprehensive and well-integrated set of facts. The objective of this paper is to analyze if there are any dangers to this effect. The credibility of scientific ‘facts’ arises from the construct that, the facts are repeatedly tested and accepted, thus increasing their effectiveness in making predictions on certain natural phenomena. McLelland posits, “Science is a human endeavor, which subjects it to bias, misapprehensions, and personal prejudices” (4). This argument is in line with the assumption that humans can accurately observe and measure a given phenomenon in an effort to understand the universe. However, the conclusions arrived at by humans is limited by how effective they can make sense...
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...Plato’s Rule of Man vs Aristotle’s Rule of Law Commonalities between them • Democracy as a form of governance is not only synonymous with rule of law, but also the most effective in enforcing law itself. • The law is subject to all individuals, whether part of the polis or a member of government. • Law according to both is constant and absolute Plato’s Rule of Men Historical Context • Understand that Plato’s opinion on democracy was largely influenced by the manner in which Socrates, his teacher, was put on trial and sentenced to death under the Athenian democracy. He thus concluded based on this experience that democracy is the most corrupt and unjust form of government. • Plato thus set out in his work, Republic to examine the meaning of justice, assess different types of government and then outlining his idea of the ideal state. He examined oligarchy, in which the poor would eventually overthrow the rich, democracy which would be set up by the victorious poor but flawed on the fact that the unquenchable desire for limitless liberty causes disorder and pits the poor against the rich who the poor perceive as plotting against the hence they seek protection. In tyranny, no outside governing power controls the tyrant’s selfish behavior. Only law to Plato can guard against tyranny-the law serves as the external authority. His thoughts on law • Where the law is subject to some other authority and has none of its own, the collapse of the state in my view is not far off, but...
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...Explain Plato’s analogy of the cave. (25 marks) The analogy of the cave is written in Plato’s famous book known as Republic. It is one of the three similes he uses to illustrate his theory of Forms. Plato uses analogy to help describe philosophical difference between physical world and the difference of the world of forms. In short the analogy explains to others about the physical world as nothing but full of illusion. He describes the true reality is to be found in the eternal unchanging world of forms. The analogy begins in the cave. The cave represents the visible world or the world of sense experience, where the shadows seem more real than truth itself. It indirectly represents the human body, which imprisons the soul preventing it from seeking the true knowledge. People are chained up in the cave such a way that all prisoners are facing the wall. They are chained up in a way that they can only look ahead of them at the wall of the cave. The only light in the cave comes from the fire. There is a wall behind the prisoners and fire is located behind the wall. Behind the wall other people are walking up and down carrying statues on their heads. The prisoners observe the shadows that flicker before them. The prisoners believe the shadows are reality as that is all they are able to see. If they hear the people behind the wall they associate the sounds made by individuals with the shadows. They think of the shadows as the true reality. Plato represents our condition as human...
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...XBCOM/230 Organizational Politics Check Point Week 6 The definition of organizational politics is the use of power within an organization for the pursuit of agendas and self-interest without regard to their effect on the organization’s efforts to achieve its goals (Businessdictionary.com). Organizational politics does not only have to come from an individual but it can come from a group within the organization. All organizations have some sort of a political environment, but not all of it has to be bad. If you know how to play the politics of your organization, it can work in your favor and help to open communication. By being able to read the environment that you are in, you will have a better understanding of the rules and how to play on them. This balance act of trying to understand the rules of office politics affects communication because you need to try and figure out when would be a good time for you to act. You may need to keep your eye open to learn some of the likes and dislikes of coworkers or even manager so that in speaking to them you can communicate more on their level and have less negative conversations thus helping yourself in what you are trying to achieve. The communication with organizational politics is something that can be subjective. What one person may consider being an alliance, the other person may consider it to be a friendship. In the end all organizations have politics, knowing how to play the game and understand that it exists will help...
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...In politics, average English people living in North America think colonies are independent from Britain. Especially after the Glorious Revolution happens, individual colonies re-establish, which shows their intention to be separated from the British’s government. They regard themselves as American but not English. However typical English people still think Britain is taking control of the colonies in America and they think that English people living in colonies are inferior to them. Furthermore, their opinions about government are quite different either. English people in North America think that government should not be related with churches, which means church membership should not interfere with government’s decisions. They share the idea that land ownership, not church membership is required to vote. And they think it’s fairer to elect governors than appoint. But on the other hand, typical English people hold the opinion that bishops have the authority to participate in the politics and it’s all right for them to make important decisions. They think religion membership can be parts of the government. In religion, average English people living in North America think that there’s possibility for religion diversity. Like the Quaker Liberty, they believe that liberty is a universal entitlement and religious freedom is a fundamental principle. People shouldn’t be punished if their religions are different than others. However, typical English people still have no tolerance for...
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...What i think is the bad influence of the old corrupted Politics practice made these University Students protesting the current emergency state of Bangladesh. I should request to the authorities to think about Banning the Student Politics in Bangladesh for next few years. The old fashion Student Politics Practice could be the main seed of facing the corrupted Politicians in future. There are 3 types of Student in any University or College: * A type: Career Oriented (focused only in study and career issues) * B type: Mid-type Student (they needs proper guidance about their career) * C type: Politics Oriented Students (who always prefer the Politics Involvement rather then Career) In usual scenario we loosed the fame and name of Dhaka University just for the reason of our Bad Political Practice which was practiced by the C Type students. And sometimes B type students were the ultimate victim of the Fight of C Type Students and Security Forces in different Protests. From my past experience B type students gets the influence or sometimes forced to support the C Type students. Which makes the ratio of protesting supporters increases than the usual ratio of C type students. Then the conflict seems more strong and bold to different media. Even the media influences in any activities needs to be monitored cause a Public focus is very much influencing for those C type students. Sometimes you will see only to show their face in medias for different protest or awareness...
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...Compare the concept of God as a prime mover to the idea of him as a craftsman If we were to accept the concept of God as a prime mover we would then have to accept that while God created humanity, he really wants nothing to do with it. If we were to accept the contrasting view of him as a craftsman then we have to accept that God created us for a reason and wants to forma relationship with us, this has its negativites however. IF we accept that then we must accept that all atrocities that have occurred have happened and God has no qualms with it happening. The support for viewing God as a creator comes from the Book of Genesis. The mention of God in this book has led to the belief that God created the world “ex nihilo” or out of nothing. In Genesis it is also implied that God wants to have a relationship with his creation because he has given them a list of commands to follow (the Ten Commandments.) This draws a parallel with the Aristotelian idea of God as more of a prime mover. This would make God an external agent working with matter, nor is he an agent over against other agents. This two ideas contrast here because if God were to not be against other agents, he would not have banished Lucifer, as it is told in the bible. Another point of conflict between these two ideas of God lies in the problem of evil. If we accept the traditional idea of God as a master craftsman we must accept that he himself made all things in the world and therefore they must be perfect. This...
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...Courtesans and Fishcakes written by James Davidson explore the ancient Greek culture of the Athenians and elaborate on not only the desire for sex, but the appetites of life. Author James Davidson is a professor in the Department of Classics and Ancient History at the University of Warwick. In his biography, it says that he is a regular contributor to the London Review of Book and the author of the award winning The Greeks and Greek Love. Courtesans and Fishcakes is divided into four parts: Feasts, Desire, The Citizen, and The City. Within each part of the book, there are multiple sub-sections that go into depth about the particular section of each ‘chapter’. In Part I: Feasts, Davidson goes into some background of the ancient Greek culture of Athens, and their preferences of eating and drinking. In Part II: Desires, Davidson talks about the interactions between men and women, and the purchase and selling of sex. Also included in Courtesans and Fishcakes are multiple maps of Athens and ancient art work including pottery and paintings. Part III: The Citizen explains the characteristics of the different types of people that are living in Athens. Also explained in Part III is the economic situation as it relates to fish, drink, and sex. In Part IV: The City, Davidson brushes over the Politics and Society, Politics and Politicians, and the Tyranny and Revolution in ancient Greek culture. In his final section, Davidson explains the different classes in Athens by also explaining the...
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...helps the material efficient formal and final causes to come into play. 2) “the prime mover “being eternal, substance and actuality”” 1. Aristotle’s idea of the Prime Mover is explained in this quote form the book Metaphysics to be “eternal”- forever living, “substance”- a particular kind of matter with uniform properties. And “actuality”- the state of existing in reality. 3) The Prime mover “moves without being moved” and “produces motion by being loved”, This shows that the relationship between the prime mover and the world is that everything in the world is attracted to the prime mover and aspires to be like it but they can’t reach their because the prime mover exists out of time and space therefore it cannot move. 4) Aristotle...
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...or changing our contemporary notion of friendship by these social media platforms such as Twitter, Facebook, MySpace and LinkedIn. If so, what are the implications for life as we know it? Will we be happier? Humans are social beings, ever since we are born links are created, first with our family then with other people close to us, some of them start to become important to us and with maturity friendship starts to arise. Nowadays social interaction became even bigger with globalization, communication became more immediate, but yet more superficial. As a result, trying to define the word friend became a much more complex task than it was years earlier. According to the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle the definition of friend is "A single soul dwelling in two bodies." Aristotle wrote widely about the conception and importance of true friendship as a determinant of meaningful living. However his definition of friend is definitely not the one we are having these days through social media, the concept of personal and face to face interactions seems to be less important as time goes by and social media takes over. Social media plays a big role in our daily life; we keep in touch with our loved ones and get to know about what others are doing “enhancing” our social lives. However, this make us think about how real and meaningful is our social life on the web. The people we pretend to be on social media is not the ones we are on real life, this being one of the major issue...
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...Euthyphro In this essay I will explain the concept of the holiness emerges and why it takes a prominent position in the conversation between Socrates and Euthyphro. I will also explain the three definitions that Euthyphro uses in his response to Socrates and then present Socrates’s refutation of each of Euthyphro definitions. Also this essay will test my ability to develop my own argument as to what I think Socrates’s goal is in this dialogue. How do you know that is his goal? What features of the dialogue align his goals? I will also give own definition of piety/holiness and then take on the role of Socrates and respond to my own definition as I think he would. Plato conversation set close to the king Archon court were Socrates and Euthrophy cross words. The conversation surround Socrates trying to understand the concept of how gods see piety and impious in mankind. The debate between Socrates and Euthrophy is that Socrates wants a new form of definition for pious and impious needs to man needs to be judge by man not from god’s justice. The concept of holiness explain how to be devout religiously not the act of being love. The conversation emphasize the true meaning of piety and impiety, and important conversation between Socrates and Euthrophy took place because Socrates does not believe in tales mythology and Socrates would like a more reasonable answer to all his questions. At the end of the conversation both Socrates and Euthrypho concluded that holiness as something...
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...So last night I did some playing around on a philosophy assignment. I had to do a dialogue between Plato and Aristotle. I call onto all experts, and those that enjoy the subject to read it and tell me what you think. Here it is…. Epitaphs Plato v.Aristotle Plato: Aristotle, may I ask you why you disagree with my theory of forms? Can you explain, or reveal your thoughts as to why? Better yet, express a theory you could replace my theory with. Aristotle: Sure, do you mind answering some questions for me? Just to confirm my understanding of your theory. Plato: Certainly. Aristotle: Is it safe to assume that the way you define the word ‘form’ in your theory of forms is synonymous with the word ideas? Plato: Yes. Aristotle: Ideas are perfect as long as they are in your mind. Would you agree with that statement? Plato: Yes, I would agree with that statement. Aristotle: This could be taken a step forward, a step so far that even you will disagree with it. Would you like to hear my progression based on your theory? Plato: Sure. Aristotle: According to your theory of form every idea a person has is perfect, and every attempt to bring life to that idea is imperfect. Is that right? Plato: Yes it is. I’ve said this before. Aristotle: Do you realize that someone could very well take your theory and assume you are insulting the Gods, or at the very least someone could interpret it in that way. Plato: What do you mean? You believe that I imply that God’s...
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...Scott Jorgensen American Government Dr. Gollob 8/31/14 Americans have all different political views, but when I think about how most Americans define the concept of logical when judging their government, I think of chaos. I think many Americans base their logic off how the government should be run that is best fit for them. Previous decisions made by government also make a large impact in how Americans define the concept of logical. If the government makes decisions that are highly questionable, there are two likely outcomes. One, Americans will support the decisions that these high officials make. Or two, as something goes not as planned or not promised (which seems to happen quite often) people will instantly judge our governments’ concept of logic and questions start to arise as to if our government is making the right decisions. Americans should define the concept of logical when judging their government based off what is right for America as a whole. Some decisions made by government are necessary and might be directed to a certain economy class. For instance, the government might pass a law or act that benefits the lower classes while those in middle and higher class are not affected. Decisions that are made that won’t necessarily be effective right away, but more towards the near future should be brought to attention as well. People don’t understand that when the government says they are going to improve something or pass a law that will be beneficial...
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...Science and its Evolution Science which comes from the Latin word scire, to know, I would say is method of observing natural events and conditions so that we can discover facts about them and to formulate laws based on these observations. Another way of defining science is to say that it is the philosophy that the natural world can be known through human reason and that nature is rational, ordered and regular. When things seem irrational in human eyes, the scientific answer is to say that we don’t have enough data to solve the problem. Also, science has several branches under it such as biology, physics, geology, and astronomy, to name a few. Modern science has been evolving since the foundation was laid by the first scientists ways back then. It wasn’t always highly regarded; it emerged from the darkness of mysticism, alchemy, astrology, and better yet, sorcery. Metaphysics was the first attempt to give rational explanations for natural phenomena. Overall any field was used to try to give an explanation to unanswered questions, some people agree with these “answers” and some people don’t. Ancient civilizations practiced what we now refer to as applied science and mathematics. The discoveries made during these times were sought for practical uses. Counting could’ve been the fundamental beginning of recording information. (Isenhour, 2013) Babylonians, Egyptians and other ancient civilizations practiced astronomy and engineering. Astronomy was and is still useful for the...
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...BACKGROUND St. Thomas Aquinas was philosopher and theologian. Hewas born circa 1225 in Roccasecca, Italy. He is the son of Landulph, count of Aquino and his mother, Theodora, countess of Teano. Thomas had eight siblings, and was the youngest child. Though Thomas's family members were descendants of Emperors Frederick I and Henry VI, they were considered to be of lower nobility. Combining the theological principles of faith with the philosophical principles of reason, he ranked among the most influential thinkers of medieval Scholasticism. An authority of the Roman Catholic Church and a prolific writer. In January 1274, St. Thomas Aquinas embarked on a trip to Lyon, France, on foot to serve on the Second Council, but never made it there. Along the way, he fell ill at the Cistercian monastery of Fossanova, Italy. The monks wanted St. Thomas Aquinas to stay at the castle, but, sensing that his death was near, Thomas preferred to remain at the monastery, saying, "If the Lord wishes to take me away, it is better that I be found in a religious house than in the dwelling of a layperson." On his deathbed, St. Thomas Aquinas uttered his last words to the Cistercian monks who had so graciously attended him: "This is my rest forever and ever: Here will I dwell for I have chosen it." (Psalm 131:14) Often called "The Universal Teacher," St. Thomas Aquinas died at the monastery of Fossanova on March 7, 1274. He canonized by Pope John XXII in 1323. Source: http://www.biography.com/people/st-thomas-aquinas-9187231#early-life& ...
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