...with intellect and will aside from our passions. These faculties make it possible for a human to feel being loved and to love back in return. The faculty intellect is the one that perceives and comprehends love, where we can interpret it, while the faculty of the will is the one that is responsible for conveying and reciprocating love. Our acts as human beings such as loving are very much different from those of the animals’. This is because human acts require the use of both the intellect and the will. It requires knowing and willing a particular act, making it voluntary. Aristotle notes that “What is voluntary would seem to be that of which the moving principle is in the agent himself, he being aware of the circumstances of the action”(NE, trans. by Ross, 2001, pp. 967). But love is more than just a voluntary act. For love to be considered a virtue, it should also have to be a decision. Aristotle continues that “For both children and the lower...
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...Dr. Katherine Heenan English 472 Spring 2007 February 20, 2007 Aristotle’s Life and the Rhetoric Books I and II Aristotle (384-322 BCE) • Aristotle was a student of Plato’s who disagreed with his mentor over the place of public speaking in Athenian life • born in Macedonia about the time Plato was opening the Academy in Athens • age seven went to Athens and entered the Academy--stayed on as teacher; left 20 yrs later on Plato’s death in 347 • Was ineligible to inherit Academy because he wasn’t Athenian • believed only scientific demonstration and the analysis of formal logic could arrive at transcendent truth • Dialectic and rhetoric form 2 major divisions in his view of human inquiry but they deal with subjects on which true knowledge isn’t available • Rhetoric: making persuasion possible • for Aristotle, rhetoric as the discovery in each case of the available means of persuasion--this discovery requires scientific investigation o in terms of speech situations, he focused on civic affairs • forensic speaking considers guilt or innocence—judicial speech centering on accusation and defense • deliberative speaking considers future policy—political speech centering on future policy • epideictic speaking considers praise and blame—ceremonial speech ▪ Aristotle classified rhetoric as the counterpart of dialectic o dialectic is on-on-one conversation; rhetoric is one...
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...or principal that motivated the action”(Cahn pg. 98). The only actions that are correct are the ones that can serve as universal laws. People should act only on principles or maxims that can be universalized without contradiction. Another theory that is the theory of a leading English philosopher known as John Stuart Mill (1806-1873), his theory differentiates between Kant’s in that his concentrates on the consequences of an action rather than the motive for an action. Mill’s theory is known as utilitarianism, this view is grounded off that principle that morality is to act as so to produce as much happiness as possible, each person counting equally. Mill’s view of happiness is defined as pleasure with the absence of pain. The theory of Aristotle, student of Plato...
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...Nicomachean Ethics Aristotle Translated by W. D. Ross Batoche Books Kitchener 1999 Contents BOOK I ....................................................................... 3 BOOK II ................................................................... 20 BOOK III .................................................................. 33 BOOK IV .................................................................. 53 BOOK V ................................................................... 71 BOOK VI .................................................................. 91 BOOK VII............................................................... 105 BOOK VIII ............................................................. 127 BOOK IX ................................................................ 145 BOOK X ................................................................. 163 BOOK I 1 Every art and every inquiry, and similarly every action and pursuit, is thought to aim at some good; and for this reason the good has rightly been declared to be that at which all things aim. But a certain difference is found among ends; some are activities, others are products apart from the activities that produce them. Where there are ends apart from the actions, it is the nature of the products to be better than the activities. Now, as there are many actions, arts, and sciences, their ends also are many; the end of the medical art is health, that of shipbuilding a vessel, that of strategy victory, that of...
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...I. THE THEORY OF THE IDEAS AND PLATO’S ONTOLOGY I. 1. The ontological dualism The theory of the Ideas is the base of Plato’s philosophy: the Ideas are not only the real objects ontologically speaking, but they are the authentically objects of knowledge epistemologically speaking. From the point of view of ethics and politics, they are the foundation of the right behaviour, and anthropologically speaking they are the base of Plato’s dualism and they even allow him demonstrate the immortality of the soul. Plato defends a clear ontological dualism in which there are two types of realities or worlds: the sensible world and the intelligible world or, as he calls it, the world of the Ideas. The Sensible World is the world of individual realities, and so is multiple and constantly changing, is the world of generation and destruction; is the realm of the sensible, material, temporal and space things. On the contrary, the Intelligible World is the world of the universal, eternal and invisible realities called Ideas (or "Forms"), which are immutable and do not change because they are not material, temporal or space. Ideas can be understood and known; they are the authentic reality. The Ideas or Forms are not just concepts or psychic events of our minds; they do exist as objective and independent beings out of our consciences. They are also the origin of sensible things, but although they are the authentic beings, Plato, unlike Parmenides of Elea, do not completely...
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...the mind over pleasures of the body. The term “happiness” seems to capture this broadened sense best, and Utilitarian philosophers sometimes call their principle the “greatest happiness principle.” To apply correctly the utilitarian approach, one should avoid several possible misunderstandings of the utilitarian principle. First, the principle does not refer to that action which produces the most utility for the person performing that action; rather, an action is right if it produces the most utility for all persons affected by the action (including the person performing the action). Nor does the utilitarian principle say that an action is right so long as its benefits outweigh its costs. Rather, utilitarianism holds that, in the final analysis, only one action is right: that one action whose net benefits are greatest by comparison to the net benefits of all other possible alternatives. Finally, the utilitarian principle does not require us to consider only the direct and immediate consequences of our actions. Instead, both the immediate and...
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...similar accounting system, moreover there will face less communication barrier. On the other side, if this director is Chinese, he knows a lot about china then he will invest business in china because it fits his person desires. (2) “P → J → D depicts the deontology viewpoint that emphasizes the rights of individuals and on the judgments associated with a particular decision process rather than on its choices.” (Rodgers, Gago 2001) This model are rules based, followed by guide lines. ABC company’s decision which place to invest business should vote by board of director. Another important aspect needs to consider is that whether UK government had certain law would encourage firm to trading with candidate country. Director also need to analysis both US and china’s law and tax policy, then decide which to go. (3) “I → P → D highlights the relativist perspective which assumes that decision makers use themselves or the people around them as their basis for defining ethical standards.” (Rodgers, Gago...
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...interpreted one aspect of the classical tradition from the standpoint of "~ibertarianY' political theory, in his essay "The State and the Community in Aristotle's Polieics. "' This curious attempt to defend the "libertarianism9' of Lykophron and Mippodamus3 against Aristotle's '6ppaternalism9'is a daring, if ill-conceived, enterprise. In Miller's presentation, Aristotle seems t o emerge as a villain who misunderstand the enlightened political thought of the Greek "libertarians" and, we are to infer, derails subsequent political thought in the name of "'paternalism." Fundamental to Miller's reading of the Politics is the idea t h a t there is a distinction between ""cmmunity" and "'state" that Aristotle confuses in his use of golis. He argues that in Book 1 Aristotle is using polis in the former sense, at the beginning of Book 3 in t h e latter, but that later in Book 3 he confuses the two. The pskis of Book 1, according to Miller, '%is understood as the community itselt a complex system of human relationships, voluntary as well as coercive, personal as well as public9' (p, 63). But, he maintains, in Book 3 Aristotle shifts his...
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...INTERPERSONAL ATTRACTION What is Interpersonal attraction? Interpersonal attraction * is the desire to approach another person. * is the attraction between people which leads to friendships and romantic relationships.. * refers to positive feelings about another person. It can take manyforms,including liking, love, friendship, lust, and admiration. * is anything that draws two or more people together characterized by affection, respect, liking, or love ("Interpersonal attraction," 2010) Affiliation Needs As Aristotle called humans “the social animal”, indeed we have an intense need to belong – to connect with others in enduring, close relationship(Myers,2007). Around the world and across age-groups, most people spend about 3/4 of their time with others. People want not merely the presence of others but close ties with people who care about them. Two theories explain the reasons for our affiliation needs: 1. Social comparison Theory 2. Social exchange theory Social comparison Theory One way to know ourselves and better understand our place in the social environment is to compare ourselves with others. This information is required to evaluate the self. Theory of Social exchange Focus of this theory is on interaction between people. This theory proposes that we seek out and maintain those relationships in which the reward exceeds the cost. The exchanged goods can be either material (money, food, etc.) or nonmaterial (social influence, affection...
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...1: Philosophy, sophism/sophistry, “pilosopo” 1 [Published in Rolando M. Gripaldo, ed. 2004. Philosophical landscape. Manila: Philippine National Philosophical Research Society.] PHILOSOPHY, SOPHISM/SOPHISTRY, “PILOSOPO” Rolando M. Gripaldo PHILOSOPHY: Ancient Philosophy literally means “love of wisdom.” In contemporary philosophy there are as many definitions of philosophy as there are schools of philosophy.1 What is interesting is that one school defines philosophy to the exclusion of other schools. For instance, the analytic school defines philosophy as the clarification of the meanings of words, phrases, and sentences, and it rejects metaphysical propositions as cognitively meaningless. Its emphasis is logic and language. On the other hand, the continental school defines philosophy in terms of the meaning of life and one’s relationship with the world and the Other (other human beings and/ or God). It considers the activities of the analytic tradition as meaningless to one’s life. Its emphasis is life. It is therefore advisable to just leave the definition of philosophy in its original etymological meaning, although even this is not safe. Quite recently, Hans-Georg Gadamer (1989), an hermeneute, has rejected epistemic wisdom as within the realm of human control. The ancient Greeks defined philosophy as love of (epistemic) wisdom. Thales, who is traditionally considered the father of philosophy, was interested in “knowing” the ultimate reality,...
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...Can one be moral and not believe in God? The argument set forth is best understood by the first line given by Hamlet in Act 3, Scene 1 in this 1600 play, “Hamlet,” written by William Shakespeare (1600). “To be, or not to be, that is the question: Whether 'tis nobler in the mind to suffer The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune, Or to take arms against a sea of troubles, And by opposing end them?...” Believing in a spiritual entity or a supernatural supreme being can play a role in one’s moral beliefs, but it is not necessary. The argument will start with breaking down what it is to be moral with the definition of moral, which is “of or relating to principles of right and wrong in behavior,” (ethically speaking) “conforming to a standard of right behavior.” (Merriam-Webster, 2011) With that in mind now, one can be moral and not believe in GOD, because it is up to the person to choose to be moral, hence “To be, or not to be…” This argument will consist of a brief history in a few religions, church and state, moral education, ethics, and Plato's and Aristotle's take on living morally. Again, believing in God is not necessarily needed for one to be moral; all that is needed is good ethics, belief in oneself, and knowledge. The origin of religion, experts think, arose from the fear and wonder of natural events (i.e. storms, earthquakes, and the how babies were born). Experts believe that the explanations of death were the outcome of supernatural powers...
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...In Conjunction with History of Ethics Instructor: Robert Cavalier Teaching Professor Robert Cavalier received his BA from New York University and a Ph.D. in Philosophy from Duquesne University. In 1987 he joined the staff at Carnegie Mellon's Center for Design of Educational Computing (CDEC), where he became Executive Director in 1991. While at CDEC, he was also co-principal in the 1989 EDUCOM award winner for Best Humanities Software (published in 1996 by Routledge as A Right to Die? The Dax Cowart Case). He also coauthored the CD-ROM The Issue of Abortion in America (Rountledge, 1998) Dr. Cavalier was Director of CMU's Center for the Advancement of Applied Ethics and Political Philosophy from 2005-2007. He currently directs the Center's Digital Media Lab which houses Project PICOLA (Public Informed Citizen Online Assembly), and is also co-Director of Southwestern Pennsylvania Program for Deliberative Democracy. Co-Editor of Ethics in the History of Western Philosophy (St. Martin's/Macmillan, England, 1990), Editor of The Impact of the Internet on Our Moral Lives (SUNY, 2003) and other works in ethics as well as articles in educational computing, Dr. Cavalier is internationally recognized for his work in education and interactive multimedia. He was President of the "International Association for Computing and Philosophy" (2001 - 2004) and Chair of the APA Committee on Philosophy and Computers (2000-2003). Dr. Cavalier has given numerous addresses and...
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... Page TITTLE PAGE i APPROVAL SHEET ii ACKNOWLEDGMENT iii DEDICATION iv ABSTRACT v LIST OF TABLES vi LIST OF FIGURES vii LIST OF APPENDICES viii I INTRODUCTION Background of the Study Statement of the Problem Hypothesis Theoretical and Conceptual Framework Significance of the Study Scope and Limitation of the Study Definition of Terms II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES III METHODOLOGY Research Design Location of the Study Respondents/Subject Sample Size Sampling Techniques Research Instrument Data Collection Procedure Data Analysis...
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...TABLE OF CONTENTS * Acknowledgement 2 * Abstract 3 * Executive Summary 4 * Introduction * Objective 6 * Methodology 10 * Results and Discussion 13 * Conclusion 19 * Limitation 20 * Appendices 21 * References 32 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We would like to express our gratitude to all those who gave us the possibility to complete this work. The project wouldn’t have been completed without their help and support. We fulfill our duty of thanking them, to whom we are highly indebted. We are deeply indebted to our Faculty Prof. A. K. Sinha whose help, stimulating suggestions and encouragement helped us in all the time of research for and writing of this work. We thank our colleagues, friends, faculty and other well wishers for their encouraging words and support while doing this project. We also thank our friends who took out their precious time to participate in our survey We also want to thank the IME Department and this institute for providing this learning and also assisting in infrastructure and administrative work. We are grateful to all the professors for their guidance and support at each step. Their insights and teachings have played a critical role in developing this report. ABSTRACT The purpose of the project is to find out the attributes that is considered as favoritism in the workplace. A different person has different perceptions about favoritism...
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...4 March: City of God – Utopian Reader – include a little bit on it – 22 volumes in all. Christianity – Augustine – classicly trained greek scholar. City in north Africa. Story like apostle Paul – orginially a person who persecuted Christians – north African wealth family from – found enlightenment in Christianity. Once he joined became one of the early scholars trained in greek – regulized Christian theology. Influence on western world – top four or five who influenced. Confessions and City of God his writings…look up! What’s the purpose of improving human society – complex – why do it? Can human society be made better? Why bother, what is the point, justification? Takes effort, misery involved, change, unknowns, takes energy, takes risks. HAPPINESS – justification for improving society. What do you have to have to be happy? What is happiness – PHI 101 – happiness according to whom? Lack of misery; literally the elimination of misery. Secondly, food – gives pleasure – Happiness is lack of human misery and maximizing /pleasure and happiness. Bliss 24/7 – hedonism Epicureanism – eliminating misery and maximizing happiness. The justification of utopianism = why did plato want the republic? Justisifcation for improving human society among the Greeks? Poor always poor, always unhappy, death claims everyone - it is rational to maximize pleasure and eliminate misery. Do eternally accouding to plato. Opinions – 1. Relativism is a retreat in the 20th century. Can’t...
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